1
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Naso JN, Bellesi FA, Pizones Ruiz-Henestrosa VM, M. R. Pilosof A. Solubilization of lipolysis products in mixed micelles is enhanced in presence of bile salts and Tween 80 as revealed by a model study (oleic acid) and emulsified chia-oil. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Iwasaki T, Endo N, Nakayama Y, Kamei T, Shimanouchi T, Nakamura H, Hayashi K. Possible Role of Bent Structure of Methylated Lithocholic Acid on Artificial and Plasma Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:997. [PMID: 36295756 PMCID: PMC9610195 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids form micelles that are essential for the absorption of dietary lipids. However, excessive bile acid micelles can disrupt the plasma membrane by removing phospholipids, resulting in cell death. We hypothesized that the bent geometrical structure of the steroid scaffold of bile acids decreases the lipid order (similar to unsaturated phospholipids with cis double bonds), disrupting the plasma membrane. Here, lithocholic acid (LCA), a bile acid, was methylated to prevent micellization. Methylated lithocholic acid (Me-LCA) was mixed with a thin phase-separated lipid bilayer comprising 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), and cholesterol (Chol). Me-LCA was not localized in the DPPC-rich rigid phase but localized in the DOPC-rich fluid phase, and excess Me-LCA did not affect the phase separation. Me-LCA is distributed in the plasma and organelle membranes. However, Me-LCA with bent structure did not affect the membrane properties, membrane fluidity, and hydrophobicity of liposomes composed of DOPC, DPPC, and Chol and also did not affect the proliferation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Iwasaki
- Division of Medical Research Support of the Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Endo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama 639-1080, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuta Nakayama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama 639-1080, Nara, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kamei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama 639-1080, Nara, Japan
| | - Toshinori Shimanouchi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hidemi Nakamura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama 639-1080, Nara, Japan
| | - Keita Hayashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama 639-1080, Nara, Japan
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3
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Tunçer E, Bayramoğlu B. Molecular dynamics simulations of duodenal self assembly in the presence of different fatty acids. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Malyshev MD, Guseva DV, Vasilevskaya VV, Komarov PV. Effect of Nanoparticles Surface Bonding and Aspect Ratio on Mechanical Properties of Highly Cross-Linked Epoxy Nanocomposites: Mesoscopic Simulations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6637. [PMID: 34772168 PMCID: PMC8587117 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The paper aims to study the mechanical properties of epoxy resin filled with clay nanoparticles (NPs), depending on their shapes and content on the surface of a modifying agent capable of forming covalent bonds with a polymer. The cylindrical clay nanoparticles with equal volume and different aspects ratios (disks, barrel, and stick) are addressed. The NPs' bonding ratio with the polymer (RGC) is determined by the fraction of reactive groups and conversion time and varies from RGC = 0 (non-bonded nanoparticles) to RGC = 0.65 (more than half of the surface groups are linked with the polymer matrix). The performed simulations show the so-called load-bearing chains (LBCs) of chemically cross-linked monomers and modified nanoparticles to determine the mechanical properties of the simulated composites. The introduction of nanoparticles leads to the breaking of such chains, and the chemical cross-linking of NPs with the polymer matrix restores the LBCs and strengthens the composite. At small values of RGC, the largest value of the elastic modulus is found for systems filled with nanoparticles having the smallest surface area, and at high values of RGC, on the contrary, the systems containing disk-shaped particles with the largest surface area have a larger elastic modulus than the others. All calculations are performed within the framework of a mesoscopic model based on accurate mapping of the atomistic structures of the polymer matrix and nanoparticles into coarse-grained representations, which, if necessary, allow reverse data mapping and quantitative assessment of the state of the filled epoxy resin. On the other hand, the obtained data can be used to design the functional materials with specified mechanical properties based on other practically significant polymer matrices and nanofillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim D. Malyshev
- Departments of Physical Chemistry and General Physics, Tver State University, Zhelyabova 33, 170100 Tver, Russia;
| | - Daria V. Guseva
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | | | - Pavel V. Komarov
- Departments of Physical Chemistry and General Physics, Tver State University, Zhelyabova 33, 170100 Tver, Russia;
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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5
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di Gregorio MC, Cautela J, Galantini L. Physiology and Physical Chemistry of Bile Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1780. [PMID: 33579036 PMCID: PMC7916809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are facial amphiphiles synthesized in the body of all vertebrates. They undergo the enterohepatic circulation: they are produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, released in the intestine, taken into the bloodstream and lastly re-absorbed in the liver. During this pathway, BAs are modified in their molecular structure by the action of enzymes and bacteria. Such transformations allow them to acquire the chemical-physical properties needed for fulling several activities including metabolic regulation, antimicrobial functions and solubilization of lipids in digestion. The versatility of BAs in the physiological functions has inspired their use in many bio-applications, making them important tools for active molecule delivery, metabolic disease treatments and emulsification processes in food and drug industries. Moreover, moving over the borders of the biological field, BAs have been largely investigated as building blocks for the construction of supramolecular aggregates having peculiar structural, mechanical, chemical and optical properties. The review starts with a biological analysis of the BAs functions before progressively switching to a general overview of BAs in pharmacology and medicine applications. Lastly the focus moves to the BAs use in material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara di Gregorio
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jacopo Cautela
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Parrow A, Larsson P, Augustijns P, Bergström CAS. Molecular Dynamics Simulations on Interindividual Variability of Intestinal Fluids: Impact on Drug Solubilization. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3837-3844. [PMID: 32787279 PMCID: PMC7704030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Efficient delivery
of oral drugs is dependent on their solubility
in human intestinal fluid, a complex and dynamic fluid that contains
colloidal structures composed of small molecules. These structures
solubilize poorly water-soluble compounds, increasing their apparent
solubility, and possibly their bioavailability. In this study, we
conducted coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations with data
from duodenal fluid samples previously acquired from five healthy
volunteers. In these simulations, we observed the self-assembly of
mixed micelles of bile salts, phospholipids, and free fatty acids.
The micelles were ellipsoids with a size range of 4–7 nm. Next,
we investigated micelle affinities of three model drugs. The affinities
in our simulation showed the same trend as literature values for the
solubility enhancement of drugs in human intestinal fluids. This type
of simulations is useful for studies of events and interactions taking
place in the small intestinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin Parrow
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N II Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Vargas LD, Chapela GA, Guzmán O, Díaz Leyva P, Sánchez R, del Río F. Self-assembling and phase coexistence of SW trimers as complex amphiphile analogues. I. Simulations. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1726519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis D. Vargas
- Depto de Física, Universidad Autonónoma Metropolitana, México, México
| | | | - Orlando Guzmán
- Depto de Física, Universidad Autonónoma Metropolitana, México, México
| | - Pedro Díaz Leyva
- Depto de Física, Universidad Autonónoma Metropolitana, México, México
| | - Rodrigo Sánchez
- Depto de Física, Universidad Autonónoma Metropolitana, México, México
| | - Fernando del Río
- Depto de Física, Universidad Autonónoma Metropolitana, México, México
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8
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Nguyen VV, Ponchunchoovong S, Kupittayanant S, Kupittayanant P. Effects of egg yolk and soybean lecithin on sperm quality determined by computer-assisted sperm analysis and confocal laser scanning microscope in chilled canine sperm. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:345-360. [PMID: 30848107 PMCID: PMC6682803 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of spermatozoa survival time is a major problem of canine chilled sperm for artificial insemination. The aim of the study was to improve the quality of canine chilled sperm during storage time. We therefore, evaluated the effects of eight treatments with different levels of soybean lecithin concentration (1, 3 and 5%) and egg yolk (20%) in Tris-citric-fructose or Tris-citric-fructose-mineral salts extender on chilled canine sperm quality during 10 days of storage. The sperm motility was analysed by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA), whereas plasma membrane integrity, acrosome membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential parameters were determined using a fluorescent staining combination of propidium iodide (PI), Hoechst 33342 (H342), fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin (FITC-PSA) and 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) by confocal laser scanning microscope. The results showed that egg yolk was found to be better than soybean lecithin in Tris-citric-fructose or Tris-citric-fructose-mineral salts extender for maintaining the quality of chilled canine sperm within 10 days of storage (P < 0.05). Although egg yolk in Tris-citric-fructose extender could maintain the motility better than other extenders, egg yolk in Tris-citric-fructose-mineral salts extender was the highest in intact plasma membrane, intact acrosome membrane and high mitochondrial membrane potential (P < 0.05). In contrast, the sperm quality of soybean lecithin in Tris-citric-fructose-mineral salts extender was lower than that of soybean lecithin in Tris-citric-fructose extender, and soybean lecithin 1% was greater than soybean lecithin 3% and 5% in plasma membrane integrity, acrosome membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential (P < 0.05). In conclusion, soybean lecithin cannot replace egg yolk in Tris-citric-fructose or Tris-citric-fructose-mineral salts extenders, and egg yolk in Tris-citric-fructose-mineral salts extender is superior to other extenders in chilling canine sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vui V. Nguyen
- School of Animal Technology and InnovationInstitute of Agricultural TechnologySuranaree University of TechnologyNakhon RatchasimaThailand
| | - Samorn Ponchunchoovong
- School of Animal Technology and InnovationInstitute of Agricultural TechnologySuranaree University of TechnologyNakhon RatchasimaThailand
| | - Sajeera Kupittayanant
- School of PreclinicInstitute of ScienceSuranaree University of TechnologyNakhon RatchasimaThailand
| | - Pakanit Kupittayanant
- School of Animal Technology and InnovationInstitute of Agricultural TechnologySuranaree University of TechnologyNakhon RatchasimaThailand
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9
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Komarov PV, Baburkin PO, Ivanov VA, Chen SA, Khokhlov AR. Controlling Morphology of the Polymer Photoactive Layer in Photovoltaic Elements: Mesoscopic Simulation. DOKLADY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012501619030011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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di Gregorio MC, Travaglini L, Del Giudice A, Cautela J, Pavel NV, Galantini L. Bile Salts: Natural Surfactants and Precursors of a Broad Family of Complex Amphiphiles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6803-6821. [PMID: 30234994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bile salts (BSs) are naturally occurring rigid surfactants with a steroidal skeleton and specific self-assembly and interface behaviors. Using bile salts as precursors, derivatives can be synthesized to obtain molecules with specific functionalities and amphiphilic structure. Modifications on single molecules are normally performed by substituting the least-hindered hydroxyl group on carbon C-3 of the steroidal A ring or at the end of the lateral chain. This leads to monosteroidal rigid building blocks that are often able to self-organize into 1D structures such as tubules, twisted ribbons, and fibrils with helical supramolecular packing. Tubular aggregates are of particular interest, and they are characterized by cross-section inner diameters spanning a wide range of values (3-500 nm). They can form through appealing pH- or temperature-responsive aggregation and in mixtures of bile salt derivatives to provide mixed tubules with tunable charge and size. Other derivatives can be prepared by covalently linking two or more bile salt molecules to provide complex systems such as oligomers, dendrimers, and polymeric materials. The unconventional amphiphilic molecular structure imparts specific features to BSs and derivatives that can be exploited in the formulation of capsules, drug carriers, dispersants, and templates for the synthesis of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leana Travaglini
- CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006 , Université de Strasbourg , 8 allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Alessandra Del Giudice
- Dipartimento di Chimica , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , P. le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Jacopo Cautela
- Dipartimento di Chimica , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , P. le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Nicolae Viorel Pavel
- Dipartimento di Chimica , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , P. le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Dipartimento di Chimica , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , P. le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Roma , Italy
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11
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Tuncer E, Bayramoglu B. Characterization of the self-assembly and size dependent structural properties of dietary mixed micelles by molecular dynamics simulations. Biophys Chem 2019; 248:16-27. [PMID: 30850307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The bile salts and phospholipids are secreted by the gallbladder to form dietary mixed micelles in which the solvation of poorly absorbed lipophilic drugs and nutraceuticals take place. A comprehensive understanding of the micellization and structure of the mixed micelles are crucial to design effective delivery systems for such substances. In this study, the evolution of the dietary mixed micelle formation under physiologically relevant concentrations and the dependence of structural properties on micelle size were investigated through coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. The MARTINI force field was used to model cholate and POPC as the representative bile salt and phospholipid, respectively. The micellization behavior was similar under both fasted and fed state concentrations. Total lipids concentration and the micelle size did not affect the internal structure of the micelles. All the micelles were slightly ellipsoidal in shape independent of their size. The extent of deviation from spherical geometry was found to depend on the micellar POPC/cholate ratio. We also found that the surface and core packing density of the micelles increased with micelle size. The former resulted in more perpendicular alignments of cholates with respect to the surface, while the latter resulted in an improved alignment of POPC tails with the radial direction and more uniform core density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Tuncer
- İzmir Institute of Technology, Food Engineering Department, Gulbahce Campus,Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey.
| | - Beste Bayramoglu
- İzmir Institute of Technology, Food Engineering Department, Gulbahce Campus,Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey.
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12
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Šindelka K, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. Computer study of the solubilization of polymer chains in polyelectrolyte complex cores of polymeric nanoparticles in aqueous media. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:29876-29888. [PMID: 30468444 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05907a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation and structure of nanoparticles containing non-polar polymer chains solubilized in interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPC) cores and the partitioning of non-polar chains between bulk solvent and IPC cores were studied by coarse-grained computer simulations. The choice of the model system was inspired by experimental results published by van der Burgh et al. (Langmuir, 2004, 20, 1073-1084). The dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations reproduced the structure and basic features of co-assembled nanoparticles described by experimentalists well at the semi-quantitative coarse-grained level and revealed new properties of co-assembled particles. The simulated co-assemblies were used as reference systems for the solubilization studies. Their results show that non-polar polymers (electrically neutral and compatible with core-forming chains) solubilize easily in IPC cores. They intermix with polyelectrolyte blocks in cores and do not hinder, but, on the contrary, they slightly promote the electrostatic co-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Šindelka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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13
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Naso JN, Bellesi FA, Pizones Ruiz-Henestrosa VM, Pilosof AMR. Studies on the interactions between bile salts and food emulsifiers under in vitro duodenal digestion conditions to evaluate their bile salt binding potential. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 174:493-500. [PMID: 30497011 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade a special interest has been focused on studying the relationship between the composition and structure of emulsions and the extent of lipolysis, driven by the necessity of modulate lipid digestion to decrease or delay fats absorption or increase healthy fat nutrients bioavailability. Because bile salts (BS) play a crucial role in lipids metabolism, understanding how typical food emulsifiers affect the structures of BS under duodenal conditions, can aid to further understand how to control lipids digestion. In the present work the BS-binding capacity of three emulsifiers (Lecithin, Tween 80 and β-lactoglobulin) was studied under duodenal conditions. The combination of several techniques (DLS, TEM, ζ-potential and conductivity) allowed the characterization of molecular assemblies resulting from the interactions, as modulated by the relative amounts of BS and emulsifiers in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta N Naso
- ITAPROQ-Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Fellowship Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Argentina
| | - Fernando A Bellesi
- ITAPROQ-Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Víctor M Pizones Ruiz-Henestrosa
- ITAPROQ-Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Ana M R Pilosof
- ITAPROQ-Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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