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Ahuja N, Awad K, Yang S, Dong H, Mikos A, Aswath P, Young S, Brotto M, Varanasi V. SiON x Coating Regulates Mesenchymal Stem Cell Antioxidant Capacity via Nuclear Erythroid Factor 2 Activity under Toxic Oxidative Stress Conditions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:189. [PMID: 38397787 PMCID: PMC10885901 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Healing in compromised and complicated bone defects is often prolonged and delayed due to the lack of bioactivity of the fixation device, secondary infections, and associated oxidative stress. Here, we propose amorphous silicon oxynitride (SiONx) as a coating for the fixation devices to improve both bioactivity and bacteriostatic activity and reduce oxidative stress. We aimed to study the effect of increasing the N/O ratio in the SiONx to fine-tune the cellular activity and the antioxidant effect via the NRF2 pathway under oxidative stress conditions. The in vitro studies involved using human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to examine the effect of SiONx coatings on osteogenesis with and without toxic oxidative stress. Additionally, bacterial growth on SiONx surfaces was studied using methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonies. NRF2 siRNA transfection was performed on the hMSCs (NRF2-KD) to study the antioxidant response to silicon ions. The SiONx implant surfaces showed a >4-fold decrease in bacterial growth vs. bare titanium as a control. Increasing the N/O ratio in the SiONx implants increased the alkaline phosphatase activity >1.5 times, and the other osteogenic markers (osteocalcin, RUNX2, and Osterix) were increased >2-fold under normal conditions. Increasing the N/O ratio in SiONx enhanced the protective effects and improved cell viability against toxic oxidative stress conditions. There was a significant increase in osteocalcin activity compared to the uncoated group, along with increased antioxidant activity under oxidative stress conditions. In NRF2-KD cells, there was a stunted effect on the upregulation of antioxidant markers by silicon ions, indicating a role for NRF2. In conclusion, the SiONx coatings studied here displayed bacteriostatic properties. These materials promoted osteogenic markers under toxic oxidative stress conditions while also enhancing antioxidant NRF2 activity. These results indicate the potential of SiONx coatings to induce in vivo bone regeneration in a challenging oxidative stress environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Ahuja
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
| | - Kamal Awad
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
| | - Su Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
| | - He Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
| | - Antonios Mikos
- Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, Center for Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Pranesh Aswath
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
| | - Simon Young
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
| | - Venu Varanasi
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
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Awad K, Ahuja N, Yacoub AS, Brotto L, Young S, Mikos A, Aswath P, Varanasi V. Revolutionizing bone regeneration: advanced biomaterials for healing compromised bone defects. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1217054. [PMID: 37520216 PMCID: PMC10376722 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1217054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we explore the application of novel biomaterial-based therapies specifically targeted towards craniofacial bone defects. The repair and regeneration of critical sized bone defects in the craniofacial region requires the use of bioactive materials to stabilize and expedite the healing process. However, the existing clinical approaches face challenges in effectively treating complex craniofacial bone defects, including issues such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and soft tissue loss. Given that a significant portion of individuals affected by traumatic bone defects in the craniofacial area belong to the aging population, there is an urgent need for innovative biomaterials to address the declining rate of new bone formation associated with age-related changes in the skeletal system. This article emphasizes the importance of semiconductor industry-derived materials as a potential solution to combat oxidative stress and address the challenges associated with aging bone. Furthermore, we discuss various material and autologous treatment approaches, as well as in vitro and in vivo models used to investigate new therapeutic strategies in the context of craniofacial bone repair. By focusing on these aspects, we aim to shed light on the potential of advanced biomaterials to overcome the limitations of current treatments and pave the way for more effective and efficient therapeutic interventions for craniofacial bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Awad
- Bone Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovations, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Neelam Ahuja
- Bone Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovations, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Ahmed S. Yacoub
- Bone Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovations, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Leticia Brotto
- Bone Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovations, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Simon Young
- Katz Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Antonios Mikos
- Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, Center for Excellence in Tissue Engineering, J.W. Cox Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pranesh Aswath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Venu Varanasi
- Bone Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovations, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
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Awad K, Young S, Aswath P, Varanasi V. Interfacial adhesion and surface bioactivity of anodized titanium modified with SiON and SiONP surface coatings. SURFACES AND INTERFACES 2022; 28:101645. [PMID: 35005303 PMCID: PMC8741176 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) surface modification via coating technologies (plasma spraying, electron-beam deposition) has been used to enhance bone-implant bonding by increasing the rate of hydroxyapatite (HA) formation, a property known as bioactivity. Regardless the enhancement in the surface activity, the high fabrication-temperature (> 600 °C) reduces coating-implant adhesion due to thermal expansion mismatch and reduces bioactivity due to increased crystallinity in the coating. Thus, amorphous surface coatings with strong Ti-substrate adhesion that can be fabricated at relatively low temperatures are crucially needed for enhanced osseointegration. Therefore, this study aimed to enhance the Ti surface bioactivity via strongly adherent bioactive thin film coatings deposited by low temperature (< 400 °C) plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique on nanopore anodized-Ti (A-Ti) surface. Two groups of coating (silicon oxynitride (SiON) and silicon oxynitrophosphide (SiONP)) were deposited on anodized Ti and tested for interfacial adhesion and surface bioactivity. TEM and XPS were used to investigate the interfacial composition while interfacial adhesion was tested using nano-indentation tests which indicated a strong interfacial adhesion between the coatings and the A-Ti substrate. Surface bioactivity of the modified Ti was tested by comprehensive surface characterization (i.e., chemical composition, surface energy, morphology, and mechanical properties) and apatite formation on each surface. SiONP coating significantly enhanced the Ti surface bioactivity that presented the highest surface coverage of carbonated hydroxyapatite (HCA, ~ 40%) with a Ca/P ratio (~ 1.65) close to the stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (~ 1.67) found in bone biomineral. The HCA structure and morphology were confirmed by HR-TEM/SAED, XRD, FT-IR, and HR-SEM/EDX. MSCs in-vitro studies indicated preferable cells adhesion and proliferation on the modified surfaces without any cytotoxic effects. This study concluded that the improved surface bioactivity of Ti-SiON and Ti-SiONP coatings suggests their potential use as strongly adherent bioactive surface coatings for Ti implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Awad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Simon Young
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Pranesh Aswath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Venu Varanasi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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do Monte FA, Ahuja N, Awad KR, Pan Z, Young S, Kim HKW, Aswath P, Brotto M, Varanasi VG. Silicon Oxynitrophosphide Nanoscale Coating Enhances Antioxidant Marker-Induced Angiogenesis During in vivo Cranial Bone-Defect Healing. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10425. [PMID: 33869985 PMCID: PMC8046063 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical-sized bone defects are challenging to heal because of the sudden and large volume of lost bone. Fixative plates are often used to stabilize defects, yet oxidative stress and delayed angiogenesis are contributing factors to poor biocompatibility and delayed bone healing. This study tests the angiogenic and antioxidant properties of amorphous silicon oxynitrophosphide (SiONPx) nanoscale-coating material on endothelial cells to regenerate vascular tissue in vitro and in bone defects. in vitro studies evaluate the effect of silicon oxynitride (SiONx) and two different SiONPx compositions on human endothelial cells exposed to ROS (eg, hydrogen peroxide) that simulates oxidative stress conditions. in vivo studies using adult male Sprague Dawley rats (approximately 450 g) were performed to compare a bare plate, a SiONPx-coated implant plate, and a sham control group using a rat standard-sized calvarial defect. Results from this study showed that plates coated with SiONPx significantly reduced cell death, and enhanced vascular tubule formation and matrix deposition by upregulating angiogenic and antioxidant expression (eg, vascular endothelial growth factor A, angiopoetin-1, superoxide dismutase 1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and catalase 1). Moreover, endothelial cell markers (CD31) showed a significant tubular structure in the SiONPx coating group compared with an empty and uncoated plate group. This reveals that atomic doping of phosphate into the nanoscale coating of SiONx produced markedly elevated levels of antioxidant and angiogenic markers that enhance vascular tissue regeneration. This study found that SiONPx or SiONx nanoscale-coated materials enhance antioxidant expression, angiogenic marker expression, and reduce ROS levels needed for accelerating vascular tissue regeneration. These results further suggest that SiONPx nanoscale coating could be a promising candidate for titanium plate for rapid and enhanced cranial bone-defect healing. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A do Monte
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
- Center for Excellence in Hip DisordersTexas Scottish Rite HospitalDallasTXUSA
| | - Neelam Ahuja
- Bone‐Muscle Research CenterUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Kamal R Awad
- Bone‐Muscle Research CenterUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Zui Pan
- Bone‐Muscle Research CenterUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Simon Young
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryThe University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of DentistryHoustonTXUSA
| | - Harry KW Kim
- Center for Excellence in Hip DisordersTexas Scottish Rite HospitalDallasTXUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA
| | - Pranesh Aswath
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone‐Muscle Research CenterUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Venu G Varanasi
- Bone‐Muscle Research CenterUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
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Ahuja N, Awad KR, Brotto M, Aswath PB, Varanasi V. A comparative study on silicon nitride, titanium and polyether ether ketone on mouse pre-osteoblast cells. MEDICAL DEVICES & SENSORS 2021; 4:e10139. [PMID: 35765350 PMCID: PMC9236125 DOI: 10.1002/mds3.10139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study provides more insights about the surface bioactivity of the silicon nitride (Si3N4) as a potential candidate for bone regeneration in craniofacial and orthopaedic applications compared with conventional implantation materials. Current skeletal reconstructive materials such as titanium and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) are limited by poor long-term stability, biocompatibility and prolonged healing. Si3N4 is an FDA-approved material for an intervertebral spacer in spinal fusion applications. It is biocompatible and has antimicrobial properties. Here, we hypothesize that Si3N4 was found to be an osteoconductive material and conducts the growth, differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells for extracellular matrix deposition, mineralization and eventual bone regeneration for craniofacial and orthopaedic applications. MC3T3-E1 cells were used to study the osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization on sterile samples of Si3N4, titanium alloy and PEEK. The samples were then analysed for extracellular matrix deposition and mineralization by FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, Alizarin Red, qRT-PCR and ELISA. The in vitro study indicates the formation of collagen fibres and mineral deposition on all three sample surfaces. There was more profound and faster ECM deposition and mineralization on Si3N4 surface as compared to titanium and PEEK. The FTIR and Raman spectroscopy show formation of collagen and mineral deposition at 30 days for Si3N4 and titanium and not PEEK. The peaks shown by Raman for Si3N4 resemble closely to natural bone. Results also indicate the upregulation of osteogenic transcription factors such as RUNX2, SP7, collagen type I and osteocalcin. The authors concluded that Si3N4 rapidly conducts mineralized tissue formation via extracellular matrix deposition and biomarker expression in mouse calvarial pre-osteoblast cells. Thus, this study confirms that the bioactive Si3N4 could be a potential material for craniofacial and orthopaedic applications leading to rapid bone regeneration that resemble the natural bone structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Ahuja
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Kamal R. Awad
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Pranesh B Aswath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Venu Varanasi
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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Awad K, Ahuja N, Fiedler M, Peper S, Wang Z, Aswath P, Brotto M, Varanasi V. Ionic Silicon Protects Oxidative Damage and Promotes Skeletal Muscle Cell Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E497. [PMID: 33419056 PMCID: PMC7825403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss injuries overwhelm the endogenous regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle, and the associated oxidative damage can delay regeneration and prolong recovery. This study aimed to investigate the effect of silicon-ions on C2C12 skeletal muscle cells under normal and excessive oxidative stress conditions to gain insights into its role on myogenesis during the early stages of muscle regeneration. In vitro studies indicated that 0.1 mM Si-ions into cell culture media significantly increased cell viability, proliferation, migration, and myotube formation compared to control. Additionally, MyoG, MyoD, Neurturin, and GABA expression were significantly increased with addition of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mM of Si-ion for 1 and 5 days of C2C12 myoblast differentiation. Furthermore, 0.1-2.0 mM Si-ions attenuated the toxic effects of H2O2 within 24 h resulting in increased cell viability and differentiation. Addition of 1.0 mM of Si-ions significantly aid cell recovery and protected from the toxic effect of 0.4 mM H2O2 on cell migration. These results suggest that ionic silicon may have a potential effect in unfavorable situations where reactive oxygen species is predominant affecting cell viability, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Furthermore, this study provides a guide for designing Si-containing biomaterials with desirable Si-ion release for skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Awad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (K.A.); (P.A.)
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (N.A.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (Z.W.)
| | - Neelam Ahuja
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (N.A.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (Z.W.)
| | - Matthew Fiedler
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (N.A.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (Z.W.)
| | - Sara Peper
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (N.A.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (Z.W.)
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (N.A.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (Z.W.)
| | - Pranesh Aswath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (K.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (N.A.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (Z.W.)
| | - Venu Varanasi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (K.A.); (P.A.)
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (N.A.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (Z.W.)
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Lim KY, Kim DU, Kong JH, Choi BI, Seo WS, Yu JW, Choi WK. Ultralow Water Permeation Barrier Films of Triad a-SiN x:H/n-SiO xN y/h-SiO x Structure for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:32106-32118. [PMID: 32588616 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic electronic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), quantum dot LEDs, and organic photovoltaics are promising technologies for future electronics. However, achieving long-term stability of organic-based optoelectronic devices has been regarded as a crucial problem to be solved. In this work, a simple and reproducible fabrication method for ultralow water permeation barrier films having a triple-layered (triad) hydrogenated silicon nitride (a-SiNx:H)/nanosilicon oxynitride (n-SiOxNy)/hybrid silicon oxide (h-SiOx) multistructure is presented. Two triad (a-SiNx:H/n-SiOxNy/h-SiOx)n=2 multistructure barrier films are deposited on both sides of a poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate using a combination of low-pressure plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and dip coating. The deposited films show a high average transmittance (400-700 nm) of 84% and an ultralow water vapor transmission rate of 2 × 10-6 g/m2/day. In the electroluminescence characteristics of OLEDs encapsulated with two triad barrier films, the operational lifetime (T50) of OLEDs is 1584 h, which is almost similar to that (1416 h) of OLEDs encapsulated with a glass lid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Yong Lim
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information & Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daro 1732, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Uk Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information & Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daro 1732, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Kong
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information & Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daro 1732, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Il Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seon Seo
- Energy and Environmental Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology (KICET), Soho-ro 101, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52851, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Yu
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information & Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daro 1732, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kook Choi
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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do Monte FA, Awad KR, Ahuja N, Kim HK, Aswath P, Brotto M, Varanasi VG. Amorphous Silicon Oxynitrophosphide-Coated Implants Boost Angiogenic Activity of Endothelial Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:15-27. [PMID: 31044666 PMCID: PMC6983748 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of osteointegration is a major cause of aseptic loosening and failure of implants used in bone replacement. Implants coated with angiogenic biomaterials can improve osteointegration and potentially reduce these complications. Silicon- and phosphorus-based materials have been shown to upregulate expression of angiogenic factors and improve endothelial cell functions. In the present study, we hypothesize that implants coated with amorphous silica-based coatings in the form of silicon oxynitrophosphide (SiONP) by using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique could enhance human umbilical vein endothelial cell angiogenic properties in vitro. The tested groups were: glass coverslip (GCS), tissue culture plate, SiON, SiONP1 (O: 7.3 at %), and SiONP2 (O: 14.2 at %) implants. The SiONP2 composition demonstrated 3.5-fold more fibronectin deposition than the GCS (p < 0.001). The SiONP2 group also presented a significant improvement in the capillary tubule length and thickness compared with the other groups (p < 0.01). At 24 h, we observed at least a twofold upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, angiopoietin-1, and nesprin-2, more evident in the SiONP1 and SiONP2 groups. In conclusion, the studied amorphous silica-coated implants, especially the SiONP2 composition, could enhance the endothelial cell angiogenic properties in vitro and may induce faster osteointegration and healing. Impact Statement In this study, we report for the first time the significant enhancement of human umbilical vein endothelial cell angiogenic properties (in vitro) by the amorphous silica-based coatings in the form of silicon oxynitrophosphide (SiONP). The SiONP2 demonstrated 3.5-fold more fibronectin deposition than the glass coverslip and presented a significant improvement in the capillary tubule length and thickness. At 24 h, SiONP reported twofold upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, angiopoietin-1, and nesprin-2. The studied amorphous silica-coated implants enhance the endothelial cell angiogenic properties in vitro and may induce faster osteointegration and healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A. do Monte
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kamal R. Awad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Neelam Ahuja
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Harry K.W. Kim
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Pranesh Aswath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Venu G. Varanasi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
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A Review: Preparation, Performance, and Applications of Silicon Oxynitride Film. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10080552. [PMID: 31434246 PMCID: PMC6723468 DOI: 10.3390/mi10080552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Silicon oxynitride (SiNxOy) is a highly promising functional material for its luminescence performance and tunable refractive index, which has wide applications in optical devices, non-volatile memory, barrier layer, and scratch-resistant coatings. This review presents recent developments, and discusses the preparation methods, performance, and applications of SiNxOy film. In particular, the preparation of SiNxOy film by chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and oxynitridation is elaborated in details.
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Ilyas A, Velton M, Shah A, Monte F, Kim HK, Aswath PB, Varanasi VG. Rapid Regeneration of Vascularized Bone by Nanofabricated Amorphous Silicon Oxynitrophosphide (SiONP) Overlays. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2019; 15:1241-1255. [PMID: 31072432 PMCID: PMC9841885 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2019.2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fracture healing is a complex biological process. Severe bone loss and ischemia from traumatic fractures lead to inflammation and accumulation of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Fixative devices that not only provide mechanical support but also stimulate antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and influence signaling pathways for extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization, are critical for normal healing of such fractures. In this study, we report a novel biomaterial, silicon oxynitrophosphide (SiONP) that provides sustained release of ionic silicon (Si+4) and phosphorous (P) over few weeks under physiological conditions. Anti-oxidant role of Si+4 and augmented ECM mineralization by P ions lead to enhanced osteogenesis coupled with quick revascularization for rapid bone regeneration. Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) provided a conformal, well adherent and highly reproducible surface chemistry overlaid onto nanofabricated bioinspired surfaces. The Nitrogen to P and O content ratio was observed to change the dissolution rate and the release kinetics of the overlaid film. The SiONP films with optimal release kinetics promoted anti-oxidant expression via enhanced SOD1, which downstream upregulated other osteogenic markers with MC3T3-E1 cells. These surfaces also promoted angiogenesis evident by formation of thicker tubules by Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). In-vivo evaluation using a rat critical-sized calvarial defect model showed rapid bone-regeneration for these nanofabricated biomaterials as compared to control groups, and opens new horizon for future clinical trials of new antioxidant materials on biomedical devices that can reduce healing time, lower medical care cost, and increase the quality of newly formed bone in critical size defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Ilyas
- Bio-nanotechnology and Biomaterials (BNB) Lab, College of Engineering and Computing Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Megen Velton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington Texas 76019, USA
| | - Ami Shah
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington Texas 76019, USA
| | - Felipe Monte
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington Texas 76019, USA,Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Harry K.W. Kim
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital, Dallas, TX 75219, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Pranesh B. Aswath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington Texas 76019, USA
| | - Venu G. Varanasi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington Texas 76019, USA,Department of Graduate Nursing, College of Nursing and Health innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, USA, To whom correspondence should be addressed: Venu G. Varanasi, Ph.D., 411 S. Nedderman Drive, Arlington, TX 76019, USA, Phone: +1-817-272-2776 Fax: +1-817-272-5006,
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11
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Awad KR, Ahuja N, Shah A, Tran H, Aswath PB, Brotto M, Varanasi V. Silicon nitride enhances osteoprogenitor cell growth and differentiation via increased surface energy and formation of amide and nanocrystalline HA for craniofacial reconstruction. MEDICAL DEVICES & SENSORS 2019; 2:e10032. [PMID: 35781939 PMCID: PMC9248716 DOI: 10.1002/mds3.10032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The bioactive silicon nitride (Si3N4) has been FDA cleared for use as spinal intervertebral arthrodesis devices. Because its surface properties promote bone ongrowth and ingrowth, it also has the potential to benefit craniofacial reconstruction. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine whether the surface properties of Si3N4 could enhance the osteoblast cell growth, differentiation and nucleation of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals compared to conventional implant materials such as titanium (Ti) and polyether ether ketone (PEEK). X-ray absorbance near-edge structure analysis (XANES) indicated the presence of Si-Si, Si-O and Si-N bonding. Surface wettability studies confirmed that Si3N4 exhibits the lowest contact angle and highest surface energy. Cell culture studies showed that osteoblast growth was enhanced on Si3N4 after 1 day and up to 7 days. Si3N4 surface induced highest surface coverage and thickness of nanocrystalline HA (211) and (203) in cell-free in vitro studies after 7 days of culture. Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of surface functional groups consisting of phosphate and carbonate species. Interestingly, Si3N4 surface showed amide and hydroxyproline groups, the precursors to collagen, which were not observed on Ti and PEEK surfaces. Furthermore, Si3N4 surface indicated high expression of RUNX2, enhanced cell differentiation and dense collagenous ECM after 30 days of the in vitro study. The present study concluded that Si3N4 surface enhances osteoprogenitor cell adhesion, growth, RUNX2 expression and ECM formation via the coupled effects of higher surface energy and the presence of amide and nanocrystalline HA functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal R. Awad
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- Department of Refractories and Ceramics, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Neelam Ahuja
- College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Ami Shah
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Henry Tran
- College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Pranesh B. Aswath
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Marco Brotto
- College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Venu Varanasi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
- College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
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12
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Park KW, Lee S, Lee H, Cho YH, Park YC, Im SG, Ko Park SH. High-performance thin H:SiON OLED encapsulation layer deposited by PECVD at low temperature. RSC Adv 2019; 9:58-64. [PMID: 35521588 PMCID: PMC9059308 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08449a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly moisture permeation resistive and transparent single layer thin films for the encapsulation of hydrogenated silicon oxynitrides (H:SiON) were deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using silane (SiH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen (H2) at 100 °C for applications to a top-emission organic light-emitting diode (TEOLED). Addition of H2 into the PECVD process of SiON film deposition afforded the hydrogenated SiON film, which showed not only improved optical properties such as transmittance and reflectance but also better barrier property to water permeation than PECVD SiON and even SiNx. The H:SiON film with thickness of only 80 nm exhibited water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) lower than 5 × 10−5 g per m2 per day in the test conditions of 38 °C and 100% humidity, where this WVTR is the measurement limit of the MOCON equipment. An additional coating of UV curable polymer enabled the H:SiON films to be flexible and to have very stable barrier property lower than 5 × 10−5 g per m2 per day even after a number of 10k times bending tests at a curvature radius of 1R. The mild H:SiON film process improved the electrical properties of top-emission OLEDs without generating any dark spots. Furthermore, single H:SiON films having high water vapor barrier could maintain the original illumination features of TEOLED longer than 720 hours. These excellent properties of the H:SiON thin films originated from the structural changes of the SiON material by the introduction of hydrogen. High-performance H:SiON single layer thin film encapsulation (TFE) was deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method. To control the characteristics of the SiON thin films, hydrogen gas was introduced during PECVD process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Woo Park
- Smart & Soft Materials & Devices Laboratory (SSMD)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- South Korea
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Smart & Soft Materials & Devices Laboratory (SSMD)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- South Korea
| | - Hyunkoo Lee
- Flexible Device Research Group
- Reality Device Research Division
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI)
- Daejeon 34129
- South Korea
| | | | - Yong Cheon Park
- Functional Thin Films Laboratory (FTFL)
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- South Korea
| | - Sung Gap Im
- Functional Thin Films Laboratory (FTFL)
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- South Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Ko Park
- Smart & Soft Materials & Devices Laboratory (SSMD)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- South Korea
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