1
|
Kwapiszewska K. Physicochemical Perspective of Biological Heterogeneity. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:314-321. [PMID: 39069985 PMCID: PMC11274282 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The vast majority of chemical processes that govern our lives occur within living cells. At the core of every life process, such as gene expression or metabolism, are chemical reactions that follow the fundamental laws of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics. Understanding these reactions and the factors that govern them is particularly important for the life sciences. The physicochemical environment inside cells, which can vary between cells and organisms, significantly impacts various biochemical reactions and increases the extent of population heterogeneity. This paper discusses using physical chemistry approaches for biological studies, including methods for studying reactions inside cells and monitoring their conditions. The potential for development in this field and possible new research areas are highlighted. By applying physical chemistry methodology to biochemistry in vivo, we may gain new insights into biology, potentially leading to new ways of controlling biochemical reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kwapiszewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish
Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiao Q, Burg JA, Zhou Y, Yan H, Wang C, Ding Y, Reed E, Miller RD, Dauskardt RH. Electrically Conductive Copper Core-Shell Nanowires through Benzenethiol-Directed Assembly. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4900-4907. [PMID: 29985626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin nanowires with <3 nm diameter have long been sought for novel properties that emerge from dimensional constraint as well as for continued size reduction and performance improvement of nanoelectronic devices. Here, we report on a facile and large-scale synthesis of a new class of electrically conductive ultrathin core-shell nanowires using benzenethiols. Core-shell nanowires are atomically precise and have inorganic five-atom copper-sulfur cross-sectional cores encapsulated by organic shells encompassing aromatic substituents with ring planes oriented parallel. The exact nanowire atomic structures were revealed via a two-pronged approach combining computational methods coupled with experimental synthesis and advanced characterizations. Core-shell nanowires were determined to be indirect bandgap materials with a predicted room-temperature resistivity of ∼120 Ω·m. Nanowire morphology was found to be tunable by changing the interwire interactions imparted by the functional group on the benzenethiol molecular precursors, and the nanowire core diameter was determined by the steric bulkiness of the ligand. These discoveries help define our understanding of the fundamental constituents of atomically well-defined and electrically conductive core-shell nanowires, representing significant advances toward nanowire building blocks for smaller, faster, and more powerful nanoelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiran Xiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Joseph A Burg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Yao Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Hao Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Can Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Yichuan Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Evan Reed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Robert D Miller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| |
Collapse
|