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Nabhan MA, Cordova-Huaman AV, Cliffel DE, Jennings GK. Interfacing poly( p-anisidine) with photosystem I for the fabrication of photoactive composite films. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:620-629. [PMID: 38235093 PMCID: PMC10790974 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00977g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is an intrinsically photoactive multi-subunit protein that is found in higher order photosynthetic organisms. PSI is a promising candidate for renewable biohybrid energy applications due to its abundance in nature and its high quantum yield. To utilize PSI's light-responsive properties and to overcome its innate electrically insulating nature, the protein can be paired with a biologically compatible conducting polymer that carries charge at appropriate energy levels, allowing excited PSI electrons to travel within a composite network upon light excitation. Here, a substituted aniline, 4-methoxy-aniline (para-anisidine), is chemically oxidized to synthesize poly(p-anisidine) (PPA) and is interfaced with PSI for the fabrication of PSI-PPA composite films by drop casting. The resulting PPA polymer is characterized in terms of its structure, composition, thermal decomposition, spectroscopic response, morphology, and conductivity. Combining PPA with PSI yields composite films that exhibit photocurrent densities on the order of several μA cm-2 when tested with appropriate mediators in a 3-electrode setup. The composite films also display increased photocurrent output when compared to single-component films of the protein or PPA alone to reveal a synergistic combination of the film components. Tuning film thickness and PSI loading within the PSI-PPA films yields optimal photocurrents for the described system, with ∼2 wt% PSI and intermediate film thicknesses generating the highest photocurrents. More broadly, dilute PSI concentrations show significant importance in achieving high photocurrents in PSI-polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Nabhan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1604 USA
| | - Allison V Cordova-Huaman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1604 USA
| | - David E Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
| | - G Kane Jennings
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1604 USA
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2
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Wolfe KD, Gargye A, Mwambutsa F, Than L, Cliffel DE, Jennings GK. Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Photosystem I and PEDOT:PSS Biohybrid Films for Photocurrent Generation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:10481-10489. [PMID: 34428063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The design of electrode interfaces to achieve efficient electron transfer to biomolecules is important in many bioelectrochemical processes. Within the field of biohybrid solar energy conversion, constructing multilayered Photosystem I (PSI) protein films that maintain good electronic connection to an underlying electrode has been a major challenge. Previous shortcomings include low loadings, long deposition times, and poor connection between PSI and conducting polymers within composite films. Here, we show that PSI protein complexes can be deposited into monolayers within a 30 min timespan by leveraging the electrostatic interactions between the protein complex and the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) polymer. Further, we follow a layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition procedure to produce up to 9-layer pairs of PSI and PEDOT:PSS with highly reproducible layer thicknesses as well as distinct changes in surface composition. When tested in an electrochemical cell employing ubiquinone-0 as a mediator, the photocurrent performance of the LBL films increased linearly by 83 ± 6 nA/cm2 per PSI layer up to 6-layer pairs. The 6-layer pair samples yielded a photocurrent of 414 ± 13 nA/cm2, after which the achieved photocurrent diminished with additional layer pairs. The turnover number (TN) of the PSI-PEDOT:PSS LBL assemblies also greatly exceeds that of drop-casted PSI multilayer films, highlighting that the rate of electron collection is improved through the systematic deposition of the protein complexes and conducting polymer. The capability to deposit high loadings of PSI between PEDOT:PSS layers, while retaining connection to the underlying electrode, shows the value in using LBL assembly to produce PSI and PEDOT:PSS bioelectrodes for photoelectrochemical energy harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kody D Wolfe
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science & Engineering Program, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee 37235-0106, United States
| | - Avi Gargye
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee 37235-1604, United States
| | - Faustin Mwambutsa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee 37235-1604, United States
| | - Long Than
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee 37235-1604, United States
| | - David E Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, United States
| | - G Kane Jennings
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee 37235-1604, United States
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3
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López-Ortiz M, Zamora RA, Antinori ME, Remesh V, Hu C, Croce R, van Hulst NF, Gorostiza P. Fast Photo-Chrono-Amperometry of Photosynthetic Complexes for Biosensors and Electron Transport Studies. ACS Sens 2021; 6:581-587. [PMID: 33591733 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic reactions in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are driven by photosystem I and photosystem II complexes, which specifically reduce or oxidize partner redox biomolecules. Photosynthetic complexes can also bind synthetic organic molecules, which inhibit their photoactivity and can be used both to study the electron transport chain and as herbicides and algicides. Thus, their development, characterization, and sensing bears fundamental and applied interest. Substantial efforts have been devoted to developing photosensors based on photosystem II to detect compounds that bind to the plastoquinone sites of this complex. In comparison, photosystem I based sensors have received less attention and could be used to identify novel substances displaying phytotoxic effects, including those obtained from natural product extracts. We have developed a robust procedure to functionalize gold electrodes with photo- and redox-active photosystem I complexes based on transparent gold and a thiolate self-assembled monolayer, and we have obtained reproducible electrochemical photoresponses. Chronoamperometric recordings have allowed us to measure photocurrents in the presence of the viologen derivative paraquat at concentrations below 100 nM under lock-in operation and a sensor dynamic range spanning six orders of magnitude up to 100 mM. We have modeled their time course to identify the main electrochemical processes and limiting steps in the electron transport chain. Our results allow us to isolate the contributions from photosystem I and the redox mediator, and evaluate photocurrent features (spectral and power dependence, fast transient kinetics) that could be used as a sensing signal to detect other inhibitors and modulators of photosystem I activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel López-Ortiz
- IBEC - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology. Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN - Network Biomedical Research Center in Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo A. Zamora
- IBEC - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology. Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN - Network Biomedical Research Center in Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Antinori
- IBEC - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology. Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vikas Remesh
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chen Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics , Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics , Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niek F. van Hulst
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- IBEC - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology. Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN - Network Biomedical Research Center in Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
The biological process of photosynthesis was critical in catalyzing the oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere 2.5 billion years ago, changing the course of development of life on Earth. Recently, the fields of applied and synthetic photosynthesis have utilized the light-driven protein–pigment supercomplexes central to photosynthesis for the photocatalytic production of fuel and other various valuable products. The reaction center Photosystem I is of particular interest in applied photosynthesis due to its high stability post-purification, non-geopolitical limitation, and its ability to generate the greatest reducing power found in nature. These remarkable properties have been harnessed for the photocatalytic production of a number of valuable products in the applied photosynthesis research field. These primarily include photocurrents and molecular hydrogen as fuels. The use of artificial reaction centers to generate substrates and reducing equivalents to drive non-photoactive enzymes for valuable product generation has been a long-standing area of interest in the synthetic photosynthesis research field. In this review, we cover advances in these areas and further speculate synthetic and applied photosynthesis as photocatalysts for the generation of valuable products.
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Passantino JM, Wolfe KD, Simon KT, Cliffel DE, Jennings GK. Photosystem I Enhances the Efficiency of a Natural, Gel-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4465-4473. [PMID: 35025445 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photosystem I (PSI) protein complex is known to enhance bioelectrode performance for many liquid-based photoelectrochemical cells. A hydrogel as electrolyte media allows for simpler fabrication of more robust and practical solar cells in comparison to liquid-based devices. This paper reports a natural, gel-based dye-sensitized solar cell that integrates PSI to improve device efficiency. TiO2-coated FTO slides, dyed by blackberry anthocyanin, act as a photoanode, while a film of PSI deposited onto copper comprises the photocathode. Ascorbic acid (AscH) and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) are the redox mediator couple inside an agarose hydrogel, enabling PSI to produce excess oxidized species near the cathode to improve device performance. A comparison of performance at low pH and neutral pH was performed to test the pH-dependent properties of the AscH/DCPIP couple. Devices at neutral pH performed better than those at lower pH. The PSI film enhanced photovoltage by 75 mV to a total photovoltage of 0.45 V per device and provided a mediator concentration-dependent photocurrent enhancement over non-PSI devices, reaching an instantaneous power conversion efficiency of 0.30% compared to 0.18% without PSI, a 1.67-fold increase. At steady state, power conversion efficiencies for devices with and without PSI were 0.042 and 0.028%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Passantino
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Kody D Wolfe
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Keiann T Simon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - David E Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - G Kane Jennings
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Grattieri M, Beaver K, Gaffney EM, Dong F, Minteer SD. Advancing the fundamental understanding and practical applications of photo-bioelectrocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8553-8568. [PMID: 32578607 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02672g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photo-bioelectrocatalysis combines the natural and highly sophisticated process of photosynthesis in biological entities with an abiotic electrode surface, to perform semi-artificial photosynthesis. However, challenges must be overcome, from the establishment and understanding of the photoexcited electron harvesting process at the electrode to the electrochemical characterization of these biotic/abiotic systems, and their subsequent tuning for enhancing energy generation (chemical and/or electrical). This Feature Article discusses the various approaches utilized to tackle these challenges, particularly focusing on powerful multi-disciplinary approaches for understanding and improving photo-bioelectrocatalysis. Among them is the combination of experimental evidence and quantum mechanical calculations, the use of bioinformatics to understand photo-bioelectrocatalysis at a metabolic level, or bioengineering to improve and facilitate photo-bioelectrocatalysis. Key aspects for the future development of photo-bioelectrocatalysis are presented alongside future research needs and promising applications of semi-artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Grattieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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7
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Szewczyk S, Białek R, Burdziński G, Gibasiewicz K. Photovoltaic activity of electrodes based on intact photosystem I electrodeposited on bare conducting glass. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 144:1-12. [PMID: 32078102 PMCID: PMC7113217 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00722-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate photovoltaic activity of electrodes composed of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conducting glass and a multilayer of trimeric photosystem I (PSI) from cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 yielding, at open circuit potential (OCP) of + 100 mV (vs. SHE), internal quantum efficiency of (0.37 ± 0.11)% and photocurrent density of up to (0.5 ± 0.1) µA/cm2. The photocurrent measured for OCP is of cathodic nature meaning that preferentially the electrons are injected from the conducting layer of the FTO glass to the photooxidized PSI primary electron donor, P700+, and further transferred from the photoreduced final electron acceptor of PSI, Fb-, via ascorbate electrolyte to the counter electrode. This observation is consistent with preferential donor-side orientation of PSI on FTO imposed by applied electrodeposition. However, by applying high-positive bias (+ 620 mV) to the PSI-FTO electrode, exceeding redox midpoint potential of P700 (+ 450 mV), the photocurrent reverses its orientation and becomes anodic. This is explained by "switching off" the natural photoactivity of PSI particles (by the electrochemical oxidation of P700 to P700+) and "switching on" the anodic photocurrent from PSI antenna Chls prone to photooxidation at high potentials. The efficient control of the P700 redox state (P700 or P700+) by external bias applied to the PSI-FTO electrodes was evidenced by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. The advantage of the presented system is its structural simplicity together with in situ-proven high intactness of the PSI particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Szewczyk
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rafał Białek
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Gotard Burdziński
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gibasiewicz
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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8
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In situ spectroelectrochemical investigation of a biophotoelectrode based on photoreaction centers embedded in a redox hydrogel. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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Wolfe KD, Dervishogullari D, Stachurski CD, Passantino JM, Kane Jennings G, Cliffel DE. Photosystem I Multilayers within Porous Indium Tin Oxide Cathodes Enhance Mediated Electron Transfer. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kody D. Wolfe
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 United States
| | - Dilek Dervishogullari
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 United States
| | | | - Joshua M. Passantino
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 United States
| | - G. Kane Jennings
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 United States
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 United States
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10
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Buesen D, Hoefer T, Zhang H, Plumeré N. A kinetic model for redox-active film based biophotoelectrodes. Faraday Discuss 2019; 215:39-53. [PMID: 30982836 PMCID: PMC6677029 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00168e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Redox-active films are advantageous matrices for the immobilization of photosynthetic proteins, due to their ability to mediate electron transfer as well as to achieve high catalyst loading on an electrode for efficient generation of electricity or solar fuels. A general challenge arises from various charge recombination pathways along the light-induced electron transfer chain from the electrode to the charge carriers for electricity production or to the final electron acceptors for solar fuel formation. Experimental methods based on current measurement or product quantification are often unable to discern between the contributions from the photocatalytic process and the detrimental effect of the short-circuiting reactions. Here we report on a general electrochemical model of the reaction-diffusion processes to identify and quantify the "bottlenecks" present in the fuel or current generation. The model is able to predict photocurrent-time curves including deconvolution of the recombination contributions, and to visualize the corresponding time dependent concentration profiles of the product. Dimensionless groups are developed for straightforward identification of the limiting processes. The importance of the model for quantitative understanding of biophotoelectrochemical processes is highlighted with an example of simulation results predicting the effect of the diffusion coefficient of the charge carrier on photocurrent generation for different charge recombination kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Buesen
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry
, Ruhr University Bochum
,
Universitätsstr. 150
, D-44780 Bochum
, Germany
.
| | - T. Hoefer
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry
, Ruhr University Bochum
,
Universitätsstr. 150
, D-44780 Bochum
, Germany
.
| | - H. Zhang
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry
, Ruhr University Bochum
,
Universitätsstr. 150
, D-44780 Bochum
, Germany
.
| | - N. Plumeré
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry
, Ruhr University Bochum
,
Universitätsstr. 150
, D-44780 Bochum
, Germany
.
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11
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Design and modelling of a photo-electrochemical transduction system based on solubilized photosynthetic reaction centres. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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12
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Li W, Sun YY, Li L, Zhou Z, Tang J, Prezhdo OV. Control of Charge Recombination in Perovskites by Oxidation State of Halide Vacancy. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15753-15763. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linqiu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Zhaohui Zhou
- Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Tang
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic of China
| | - Oleg V. Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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