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Hsiao YN, Ilhami FB, Cheng CC. CO 2-Responsive Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymers as a Multifunctional Fluorescent Probe for Bioimaging Applications. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:997-1008. [PMID: 38153011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe important progress in the synthesis and development of gas-responsive water-soluble conjugated polymers (WSCPs) with potential as multifunctional fluorescent materials for biomedical imaging and probes. A water-soluble WSCP (I-PT) composed of a hydrophobic fluorescent polythiophene backbone and a hydrophilic imidazole side chain was successfully prepared through a facile and efficient two-step synthetic route. Owing to the repulsive force between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments and the highly sensitive carbon dioxide (CO2)- and nitrogen (N2)-responsive imidazole groups in its structure, I-PT can spontaneously self-assemble into spherical-like nanoparticles in an aqueous environment, and thus exhibits unique light absorption and fluorescence properties as well as rapid responsiveness to CO2 and N2. In addition, its structure, optical absorption/fluorescence behavior, and surface potential can be quickly turned on and off through alternating cycles of CO2 and N2 bubbling and exhibit controllable cyclic switching stability, thereby allowing effective manipulation of its hierarchical structure and chemical-physical characteristics. More importantly, a series of in vitro cell experiments confirmed that, compared to the significant cytotoxicity of pristine and N2-treated I-PT nanoparticles, CO2-treated I-PT nanoparticles exhibit extremely low cytotoxicity in normal and cancer cells and undergo greatly accelerated cellular uptake, resulting in a significant increase in the intensity and stability of their fluorescence signal in the intracellular environment. Overall, this newly discovered CO2/N2-responsive system provides new insights to effectively enhance the biocompatibility, cellular internalization, and intracellular fluorescence characteristics of WSCPs and holds great potential for biomedical imaging/sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Nong Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Fasih Bintang Ilhami
- Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya 60231, Indonesia
| | - Chih-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
- Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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2
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Zhao Z, Zhang L, Zhang H, Lu G, Meng T, Hao H, Zhang Y, Li J, Yan H. Computational Insights into a CO 2-Responsive Emulsion Prepared Using the Superamphiphile Assembled by Electrostatic Interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:938-949. [PMID: 38134444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The superamphiphiles exhibit broad prospects for fabricating stimuli-responsive emulsions. Because the superamphiphiles are assembled via noncovalent interactions, they have the advantage of fast response and high efficiency. Recently, a series of switchable emulsions using CO2-responsive superamphiphiles have been developed, which extends the applications of CO2-responsive materials in widespread field. However, there is still a lack of fundamental understanding on the switching mechanism related to the assembled structure of superamphiphiles at the oil-water interface. We employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the reversible emulsification/demulsification process of a responsive emulsion system stabilized by a recently developed responsive superamphiphile (BTOA), which consists of oleic acid (OA) and cationic amine (named 1,3-bis(aminopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane, BT). The simulation results present the morphologies in both the emulsion and demulsification states. It is found that the ionized OA- and the protonated BT+ together form an adsorption layer at the oil-water interface. The hydrophobic parts of BT+ are inserted into the adsorption layer, and the two amine groups contact the water phase. This adsorption layer reduces the interfacial tension and stabilizes the emulsion. After the bubbling of CO2, the surfactants were fully protonated to OA and BT2+. Because of the changes in the molecular polarity, OA and BT2+ entered the oil and water phases, respectively, resulting in demulsification. The structural and dynamical properties were analyzed to reveal the different intermolecular interactions that were responsible for the reversible reversibility of the emulsion. The observations are considered to be complementary to experimental studies and are expected to provide deeper insights into studies on developing responsive materials via supramolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Tong Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, P. R. China
| | - Hongguo Hao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, P. R. China
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, P. R. China
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3
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Dowlati S, Mokhtari R, Hohl L, Miller R, Kraume M. Advances in CO 2-switchable surfactants towards the fabrication and application of responsive colloids. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 315:102907. [PMID: 37086624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
CO2-switchable surfactants have selective surface-activity, which can be activated or deactivated either by adding or removing CO2 from the solution. This feature enables us to use them in the fabrication of responsive colloids, a group of dispersed systems that can be controlled by changing the environmental conditions. In chemical processes, including extraction, reaction, or heterogeneous catalysis, colloids are required in some specific steps of the processes, in which maximum contact area between immiscible phases or reactants is desired. Afterward, the colloids must be broken for the postprocessing of products, solvents, and agents, which can be facilitated by using CO2-switchable surfactants in surfactant-stabilized colloids. These surfactants are mainly cationic and can be activated by the protonation of a nitrogen-containing group upon sparging CO2 gas. Also, CO2-switchable superamphiphiles can be formed by non-covalent bonding between components at least one of which is CO2-switchable. So far, CO2-switchable surfactants have been used in CO2-switchable spherical and wormlike micelles, vesicles, emulsions, foams, and Pickering emulsions. Here, we review the fabrication procedure, chemical structure, switching scheme, stability, environmental conditions, and design philosophy of such responsive colloids. Their fields of application are wide, including emulsion polymerization, catalysis, soil washing, drug delivery, extraction, viscosity control, and oil transportation. We also emphasize their application for the CO2-assisted enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process as a promising approach for carbon capture, utilization, and storage to combat climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Dowlati
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, D-13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rasoul Mokhtari
- Danish Offshore Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lena Hohl
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Miller
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Kraume
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Ngan VTT, Chiou PY, Ilhami FB, Bayle EA, Shieh YT, Chuang WT, Chen JK, Lai JY, Cheng CC. A CO 2-Responsive Imidazole-Functionalized Fluorescent Material Mediates Cancer Chemotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020354. [PMID: 36839677 PMCID: PMC9959563 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a breakthrough in the synthesis and development of functional gas-responsive materials as highly potent anticancer agents suitable for applications in cancer treatment. Herein, we successfully synthesised a stimuli-responsive multifunctional material (I-R6G) consisting of a carbon dioxide (CO2)-sensitive imidazole moiety and spirolactam-containing conjugated rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecule. The resulting I-R6G is highly hydrophobic and non- or weakly fluorescent. Simple CO2 bubbling treatment induces hydrophobic I-R6G to completely dissolve in water and subsequently form self-assembled nanoparticles, which exhibit unique optical absorption and fluorescence behaviours in water and extremely low haemolytic ability against sheep red blood cells. Reversibility testing indicated that I-R6G undergoes reversible CO2/nitrogen (N2)-dependent stimulation in water, as its structural and physical properties can be reversibly and stably switched by alternating cycles of CO2 and N2 bubbling. Importantly, in vitro cellular assays clearly demonstrated that the CO2-protonated imidazole moiety promotes rapid internalisation of CO2-treated I-R6G into cancer cells, which subsequently induces massive levels of necrotic cell death. In contrast, CO2-treated I-R6G was not internalised and did not affect the viability of normal cells. Therefore, this newly created system may provide an innovative and efficient route to remarkably improve the selectivity, safety and efficacy of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Thuy Thien Ngan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Fasih Bintang Ilhami
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Enyew Alemayehu Bayle
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Tarng Shieh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tsung Chuang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Jem-Kun Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Juin-Yih Lai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
- Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
- R & D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
- Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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5
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Amphiphile regulated ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems with tunable LCST and extraction behavior. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Yue W, Huang Z, Xiao M, Li X, Ma W, Zhang Y, Dai S, Lu H. Higher Fatty Acid-Based CO2-Controllable Dual-Circulation Approach for Oil Recovery. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Yue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest, Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest, Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Oilfield Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Mengli Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest, Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Xiaojiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest, Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest, Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest, Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Shanshan Dai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest, Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Hongsheng Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest, Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Oilfield Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60660, United States
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9
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Ma W, Dai S, Zhu P, Zhou R, Lu H. Dual CO 2 Responsiveness of an Oil-In-Water Emulsion by Using Sodium Oleate and Water-Soluble Tertiary Amines. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:750-758. [PMID: 33400537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two kinds of water-soluble tertiary amines (TAs), triethylamine (TEA, monoamine), and tetramethyltrimethylenediamine (TMA, diamine) were introduced into a NaOA stable oil-water (O/W) emulsion, respectively, and their dual reactivity to carbon dioxide was studied. TA was converted into bicarbonate after bubbling of CO2, which induced the increase of ionic strength of the aqueous phase, and formed ion pair with NaOA through electrostatic interaction. NaOA itself can also be protonated into oleic acid, which can be reverently deprotonated by alternating bubbles of CO2 at 25 °C and N2 at 50 °C, thus affecting the stability and demulsification process of the emulsion. In order to demonstrate TA's and NaOA's synergistic effect on CO2 responsiveness, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, ζ potential, electrical conductivity, pH value, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, morphological evolution, and interfacial tension were used to study the contributions of the single component and two components of NaOA, TEA, and TMA to emulsion stability and CO2 responsiveness, respectively. Combined with the composition distribution under different pH conditions, it was further proved that TAs had an effect on the stability and CO2 responsiveness of the NaOA emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Dai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Oilfield Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Peiyao Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Ru Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
| | - Hongsheng Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Oilfield Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610500, P. R. China
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10
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Wang Y, Yan H, Zhong X, Yuan S. Computational investigation of a switchable emulsion stabilized by the mixture of a surfactant and tertiary amine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:368-377. [PMID: 33313634 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05686c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the CO2-responsiveness of an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion stabilized by sodium oleate (NaOA) with a tertiary amine additive, named pentamethyl diethylenetriamine (PMA). The simulated results were in accordance with the experimental observations. That is, the surfactant NaOA itself can stabilize dodecane/water emulsions in aqueous solution, while the CO2-reponsiveness was strongly related to the added PMA. The electroneutral PMA molecules preferred to be located in the core region of the droplets. Thus, under the same conditions, the size of the droplet containing PMA is predictably larger than that without PMA. The increased extent of the charged surfactant headgroups distribution can increase the electrostatic repulsion between the droplets in the emulsion solution, which is the important reason why a much more stable emulsion is obtained by adding PMA. When PMA molecules were protonated to PMA2+ by bubbling CO2, they migrated from the interior to the surface of the droplets under electrostatic attraction, forming ion pairs with OA-. The binding between PMA2+ and OA- made the distribution of the surfactants very concentrated on the droplet surface, leading to large hydrophobic areas exposed to water. Besides, the hydration interactions of OA- headgroups decreased because they were covered by PMA2+. The calculated potential of mean force (PMF) confirmed that the electrostatic repulsion between droplets was crucial for the emulsion stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
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11
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Dual roles of 4-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene as both catalyst and monomer in reversible complexation mediated polymerization for the synthesis of functional polystyrene and polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Zhang L, Lu X, Liu X, Li Q, Cheng Y, Hou Q. Molecular dynamics simulation of CO 2-switchable surfactant regulated reversible emulsification/demulsification processes of a dodecane-saline system. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23574-23585. [PMID: 33057504 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03904g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CO2-Switchable surfactants are of great potential in a wide range of industrial applications related to their ability to stabilize and destabilize emulsions upon command. Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to reveal the fundamental mechanism of the reversible emulsification/demulsification processes of a dodecane-saline system by a CO2-switchable surfactant that switches between active (i.e., N'-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylacetamidinium (DMAAH+)) and inactive (i.e., N'-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylacetamidine (DMAA)) forms. The density profiles indicate that DMAAH+ could increase the oil-water interfacial thickness to a greater extent compared to DMAA. DMAAH+ could sharply reduce the interfacial tension of the dodecane-saline system, while DMAA only exhibits a limited decrease, which is in accordance with the experimental observation that DMAAH+/DMAA can reversibly emulsify/demulsify alkane-water systems. Our simulations showed that both the number and lifetime of hydrogen bonds (HBs) between DMAA and water are almost equal to those between DMAAH+ and water. In DMAA, the N atom connecting with the alkyl tail acted as a HB acceptor, while the N atom attached by a proton in DMAAH+ acted as a HB donor. Furthermore, the HBs between DMAAH+ and HCO3- at the interfaces are relatively limited. Hence, it is deduced that the HBs are insufficient to achieve the CO2-switchability of DMAA/DMAAH+. The Lennard Jones and coulombic potentials between DMAA/DMAAH+ and other species show that the coulombic potentials between DMAAH+ and water or anions (i.e., Cl- and HCO3-) sharply decrease with the increase of DMAAH+ and are much lower than those in models with DMAA. The enhanced coulombic interactions between DMAAH+ and anions lead to a remarkable reduction in interfacial tension and the emulsification of the alkane-saline system. Therefore, coulombic interactions are of crucial importance to the reversible emulsification/demulsification processes regulated by CO2-switchable surfactants, namely DMAAH+/DMAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Ore Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Xiancai Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Ore Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China. and Key Lab of Surficial Geochemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xiandong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Ore Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Ore Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Yongxian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Ore Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Qingfeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
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Guan X, Liu D, Lu H, Huang Z. CO2 responsive emulsions: Generation and potential applications. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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