1
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González-Jiménez M, Barnard T, Russell BA, Tukachev NV, Javornik U, Hayes LA, Farrell AJ, Guinane S, Senn HM, Smith AJ, Wilding M, Mali G, Nakano M, Miyazaki Y, McMillan P, Sosso GC, Wynne K. Understanding the emergence of the boson peak in molecular glasses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:215. [PMID: 36639380 PMCID: PMC9839737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A common feature of glasses is the "boson peak", observed as an excess in the heat capacity over the crystal or as an additional peak in the terahertz vibrational spectrum. The microscopic origins of this peak are not well understood; the emergence of locally ordered structures has been put forward as a possible candidate. Here, we show that depolarised Raman scattering in liquids consisting of highly symmetric molecules can be used to isolate the boson peak, allowing its detailed observation from the liquid into the glass. The boson peak in the vibrational spectrum matches the excess heat capacity. As the boson peak intensifies on cooling, wide-angle x-ray scattering shows the simultaneous appearance of a pre-peak due to molecular clusters consisting of circa 20 molecules. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations indicate that these are caused by over-coordinated molecules. These findings represent an essential step toward our understanding of the physics of vitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trent Barnard
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - Ben A. Russell
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nikita V. Tukachev
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Uroš Javornik
- grid.454324.00000 0001 0661 0844Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Laure-Anne Hayes
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew J. Farrell
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah Guinane
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hans M. Senn
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew J. Smith
- grid.18785.330000 0004 1764 0696Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Martin Wilding
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Chemistry, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gregor Mali
- grid.454324.00000 0001 0661 0844Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Motohiro Nakano
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Research Center for Thermal and Entropic Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyazaki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Research Center for Thermal and Entropic Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Paul McMillan
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriele C. Sosso
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - Klaas Wynne
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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2
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Fractional Coupling of Primary and Johari-Goldstein Relaxations in a Model Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245560. [PMID: 36559927 PMCID: PMC9787821 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A polymer model exhibiting heterogeneous Johari−Goldstein (JG) secondary relaxation is studied by extensive molecular-dynamics simulations of states with different temperature and pressure. Time−temperature−pressure superposition of the primary (segmental) relaxation is evidenced. The time scales of the primary and the JG relaxations are found to be highly correlated according to a power law. The finding agrees with key predictions of the Coupling Model (CM) accounting for the decay in a correlation function due to the relaxation and diffusion of interacting systems. Nonetheless, the exponent of the power law, even if it is found in the range predicted by CM (0<ξ<1), deviates from the expected one. It is suggested that the deviation could depend on the particular relaxation process involved in the correlation function and the heterogeneity of the JG process.
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3
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Shi G, Geng X, Liu Y, Wu G. Nanophase Separation-Induced Anomalous Enthalpy Hysteresis in Poly( n-alkyl methacrylate)s. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaopeng Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoning Geng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanbiao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guozhang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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4
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Becher M, Flämig M, Rössler EA. Field-cycling 31P and 1H NMR relaxometry studying the reorientational dynamics of glass forming organophosphates. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:074502. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Becher
- Nordbayerisches NMR-Zentrum, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - M. Flämig
- Nordbayerisches NMR-Zentrum, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - E. A. Rössler
- Nordbayerisches NMR-Zentrum, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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5
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Saito M, Kurokuzu M, Yoda Y, Seto M. Microscopic observation of hidden Johari-Goldstein-β process in glycerol. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:L012605. [PMID: 35193193 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.l012605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Johari-Goldstein-β (JG-β) process is widely observed in a variety of glass-forming systems and recognized as an intrinsic process in deeply supercooled and glassy states. However, in some systems, e.g., glycerol, a clear sign of the JG-β process is often not apparent; for example, an isolated JG-β peak may not be observed in the dielectric relaxation spectrum. In this study, we directly investigated the angstrom-scale dynamics of glycerol through quasielastic scattering experiments using time-domain interferometry. The relaxation times of the local motions start to decouple from the timescale of the diffusion process and follow the established behavior of the JG-β process. This finding microscopically indicates the existence of the hidden JG-β process in glycerol. In addition, we succeeded in determining the decoupling temperature of the JG-β process by using the spatial-scale selectivity of the quasielastic scattering technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makina Saito
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurokuzu
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Yoda
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Makoto Seto
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
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6
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Wu G, Liu Y, Shi G. New Experimental Evidence for Thermodynamic Links to the Kinetic Fragility of Glass-Forming Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guozhang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanbiao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Gaopeng Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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7
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Caporaletti F, Capaccioli S, Valenti S, Mikolasek M, Chumakov AI, Monaco G. Experimental evidence of mosaic structure in strongly supercooled molecular liquids. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1867. [PMID: 33767148 PMCID: PMC7994800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
When a liquid is cooled to produce a glass its dynamics, dominated by the structural relaxation, become very slow, and at the glass-transition temperature Tg its characteristic relaxation time is about 100 s. At slightly elevated temperatures (~1.2 Tg) however, a second process known as the Johari-Goldstein relaxation, βJG, decouples from the structural one and remains much faster than it down to Tg. While it is known that the βJG-process is strongly coupled to the structural relaxation, its dedicated role in the glass-transition remains under debate. Here we use an experimental technique that permits us to investigate the spatial and temporal properties of the βJG relaxation, and give evidence that the molecules participating in it are highly mobile and spatially connected in a system-spanning, percolating cluster. This correlation of structural and dynamical properties provides strong experimental support for a picture, drawn from theoretical studies, of an intermittent mosaic structure in the deeply supercooled liquid phase. The Johari-Goldstein relaxation is a precursor of the glass transition in liquids. Caporaletti et al. use time-dependent interferometry data to substantiate its suggested structural appearance as a globally percolating, fluctuating mosaic.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Caporaletti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Povo (Trento), Italy. .,Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics/Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - S Capaccioli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione dell'Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Valenti
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Mikolasek
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - A I Chumakov
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,National Research Center 'Kurchatov Institute', Moscow, Russia
| | - G Monaco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Povo (Trento), Italy. .,Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy.
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8
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Puosi F, Tripodo A, Malvaldi M, Leporini D. Johari–Goldstein Heterogeneous Dynamics in a Model Polymer. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Puosi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “Enrico Fermi”, Università di Pisa, Largo B.Pontecorvo 3, Pisa I-56127, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Antonio Tripodo
- Dipartimento di Fisica “Enrico Fermi”, Università di Pisa, Largo B.Pontecorvo 3, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Marco Malvaldi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “Enrico Fermi”, Università di Pisa, Largo B.Pontecorvo 3, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Dino Leporini
- Dipartimento di Fisica “Enrico Fermi”, Università di Pisa, Largo B.Pontecorvo 3, Pisa I-56127, Italy
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IPCF-CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa I-56124, Italy
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9
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Vinod S, Camp PJ, Philip J. Observation of soft glassy behavior in a magnetic colloid exposed to an external magnetic field. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7126-7136. [PMID: 32661528 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00830c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We provide the first experimental evidence for soft glassy behavior in a sterically stabilized magnetic colloid (ferrofluid) of relatively low volume fraction (φ = 0.037) when a uniform magnetic field is applied at a sufficiently high rate (fast quench). Fast magnetic-field quenches favor structural arrest of field-induced aggregates, owing to insufficient time to settle into lower energy states, thereby pushing the system to a frustrated metastable configuration like a repulsive glass. Brownian dynamics simulations are used to show that the polydisperse ferrofluid (as in experiments) forms thick ropes aligned along the field direction, while a monodisperse ferrofluid does not. The simulations show that there is practically no ordering of the thin, monodisperse chains, while the thick, polydisperse ropes show positional ordering with a typical center-center separation between the particles in different ropes of about 0.39 μm. As a consequence of structural arrest, the ferrofluid exhibits aging with broken time-translational invariance, a hallmark of glassy dynamics. The superposition of strain and creep compliance curves obtained from rheological measurements at different waiting times in the effective time domain corroborates the soft glassy behavior when exposed to a magnetic field applied at a fast ramp rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sithara Vinod
- Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, HBNI, Kalpakkam 603 102, India.
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10
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Batens M, Shmool TA, Massant J, Zeitler JA, Van den Mooter G. Advancing predictions of protein stability in the solid state. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:17247-17254. [PMID: 32685957 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00341g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The β-relaxation associated with the sub-glass transition temperature (Tg,β) is attributed to fast, localised molecular motions which can occur below the primary glass transition temperature (Tg,α). Consistent with Tg,β being observed well-below storage temperatures, the β-relaxation associated motions have been hypothesised to influence protein stability in the solid state and could thus impact the quality of e.g. protein powders for inhalation or reconstitution and injection. Why then do distinct solid state protein formulations with similar aggregation profiles after drying and immediate reconstitution, display different profiles when reconstituted following prolonged storage? Is the value of Tg,β, associated with the β-relaxation process of the system, a reliable parameter for characterising the behaviour of proteins in the solid state? Bearing this in mind, in this work we further explore the different relaxation dynamics of glassy solid state monoclonal antibody formulations using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and dynamical mechanical analysis. By conducting a 52 week stability study on a series of multi-component spray-dried formulations, an approach for characterising and analysing the solid state dynamics and how these relate to protein stability is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Batens
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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11
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Bannow J, Karl M, Larsen PE, Hwu ET, Rades T. Direct Measurement of Lateral Molecular Diffusivity on the Surface of Supersaturated Amorphous Solid Dispersions by Atomic Force Microscopy. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1715-1722. [PMID: 32207959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying molecular surface diffusivity is of broad interest in many different fields of science and technology. In this study, the method of surface grating decay is utilized to investigate the surface diffusion of practical relevant amorphous solid dispersions of indomethacin and the polymeric excipient Soluplus (a polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer) at various polymer concentrations (1-20% w/w). The study confirms that measuring surface diffusivity below the system's glass transition temperature is possible with a simplified atomic force microscopy setup. Results highlight a striking polymer influence on the surface diffusivity of drug molecules at low polymer concentrations and a turnover point to a polymer dominated diffusion at around three percent (w/w) polymer concentration. The surface diffusion measurements further correlate well with the observed increase in physical stability of the system as measured by X-ray powder diffraction. These findings are of vital interest in both the applied use and fundamental understanding of amorphous solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bannow
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Maximilian Karl
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter Emil Larsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - En Te Hwu
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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12
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Tombari E, Johari GP. Endothermic Effects on Heating Physically Aged Sucrose Glasses and the Clausius Theorem Violation in Glass Thermodynamics. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2017-2028. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elpidio Tombari
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico Physici del CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - G. P. Johari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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13
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Schmelzer JWP, Abyzov AS, Baidakov VG. Entropy and the Tolman Parameter in Nucleation Theory. ENTROPY 2019; 21:e21070670. [PMID: 33267384 PMCID: PMC7515167 DOI: 10.3390/e21070670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamic aspects of the theory of nucleation are commonly considered employing Gibbs’ theory of interfacial phenomena and its generalizations. Utilizing Gibbs’ theory, the bulk parameters of the critical clusters governing nucleation can be uniquely determined for any metastable state of the ambient phase. As a rule, they turn out in such treatment to be widely similar to the properties of the newly-evolving macroscopic phases. Consequently, the major tool to resolve problems concerning the accuracy of theoretical predictions of nucleation rates and related characteristics of the nucleation process consists of an approach with the introduction of the size or curvature dependence of the surface tension. In the description of crystallization, this quantity has been expressed frequently via changes of entropy (or enthalpy) in crystallization, i.e., via the latent heat of melting or crystallization. Such a correlation between the capillarity phenomena and entropy changes was originally advanced by Stefan considering condensation and evaporation. It is known in the application to crystal nucleation as the Skapski–Turnbull relation. This relation, by mentioned reasons more correctly denoted as the Stefan–Skapski–Turnbull rule, was expanded by some of us quite recently to the description of the surface tension not only for phase equilibrium at planar interfaces, but to the description of the surface tension of critical clusters and its size or curvature dependence. This dependence is frequently expressed by a relation derived by Tolman. As shown by us, the Tolman equation can be employed for the description of the surface tension not only for condensation and boiling in one-component systems caused by variations of pressure (analyzed by Gibbs and Tolman), but generally also for phase formation caused by variations of temperature. Beyond this particular application, it can be utilized for multi-component systems provided the composition of the ambient phase is kept constant and variations of either pressure or temperature do not result in variations of the composition of the critical clusters. The latter requirement is one of the basic assumptions of classical nucleation theory. For this reason, it is only natural to use it also for the specification of the size dependence of the surface tension. Our method, relying on the Stefan–Skapski–Turnbull rule, allows one to determine the dependence of the surface tension on pressure and temperature or, alternatively, the Tolman parameter in his equation. In the present paper, we expand this approach and compare it with alternative methods of the description of the size-dependence of the surface tension and, as far as it is possible to use the Tolman equation, of the specification of the Tolman parameter. Applying these ideas to condensation and boiling, we derive a relation for the curvature dependence of the surface tension covering the whole range of metastable initial states from the binodal curve to the spinodal curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürn W. P. Schmelzer
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 23-25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander S. Abyzov
- National Science Center Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir G. Baidakov
- Institute of Thermal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Amundsen Street 107a, 620016 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-381-498-6889; Fax: +49-381-498-6882
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