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Maroń AM, Cannelli O, Socie EC, Lodowski P, Oppermann M, Machura B, Chergui M. Early bird or night owl? Controlling the ultrafast photodynamics of triphenylamine substituted 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6265-6276. [PMID: 38305747 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04492k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the ultrafast photodynamics of metal-free organic molecules has great potential for technological applications. In this work, we use solvent polarity and viscosity as "external knobs" to govern the photodynamics of an electron-donating derivative of 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (terpy), namely 4'-(4-(di(4-tert-butylphenyl)amine)phenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (tBuTPAterpy). We combine femtosecond fluorescence upconversion (FlUC), transient absorption (TA) and quantum mechanical calculations to provide a comprehensive description of the tBuTPAterpy's photodynamics. Our results demonstrate that, by changing the solvent, the time scale of light-induced conformational changes of the system can be tuned over two orders of magnitude, controlling the tBuTPAterpy fluorescence spectral region and yield. As a result, depending on the local environment, tBuTPAterpy can act either as an "early bird" or a "night owl", with a tunability that makes it a promising candidate for metal-free sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Maroń
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Oliviero Cannelli
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy (LSU) and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC CH H1 625, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Etienne Christophe Socie
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy (LSU) and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC CH H1 625, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Lodowski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Malte Oppermann
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy (LSU) and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC CH H1 625, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Machura
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Majed Chergui
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy (LSU) and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC CH H1 625, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S.14 Km.163, 5 in Area Science Park, I - 34149, Trieste, Italy
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2
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Dimitriev OP. Dynamics of Excitons in Conjugated Molecules and Organic Semiconductor Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8487-8593. [PMID: 35298145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exciton, an excited electron-hole pair bound by Coulomb attraction, plays a key role in photophysics of organic molecules and drives practically important phenomena such as photoinduced mechanical motions of a molecule, photochemical conversions, energy transfer, generation of free charge carriers, etc. Its behavior in extended π-conjugated molecules and disordered organic films is very different and very rich compared with exciton behavior in inorganic semiconductor crystals. Due to the high degree of variability of organic systems themselves, the exciton not only exerts changes on molecules that carry it but undergoes its own changes during all phases of its lifetime, that is, birth, conversion and transport, and decay. The goal of this review is to give a systematic and comprehensive view on exciton behavior in π-conjugated molecules and molecular assemblies at all phases of exciton evolution with emphasis on rates typical for this dynamic picture and various consequences of the above dynamics. To uncover the rich variety of exciton behavior, details of exciton formation, exciton transport, exciton energy conversion, direct and reverse intersystem crossing, and radiative and nonradiative decay are considered in different systems, where these processes lead to or are influenced by static and dynamic disorder, charge distribution symmetry breaking, photoinduced reactions, electron and proton transfer, structural rearrangements, exciton coupling with vibrations and intermediate particles, and exciton dissociation and annihilation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
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3
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Sun J, Zhao E, Liang J, Li H, Zhao S, Wang G, Gu X, Tang BZ. Diradical-Featured Organic Small-Molecule Photothermal Material with High-Spin State in Dimers for Ultra-Broadband Solar Energy Harvesting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108048. [PMID: 34882850 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials with radical characteristics are gaining increasing attention, due to their potential implications in highly efficient utilization of solar energy. Manipulating intermolecular interactions is crucial for tuning radical properties, as well as regulating their absorption bands, and thus improving the photothermal conversion efficiency. Herein, a diradical-featured organic small-molecule croconium derivative, CR-DPA-T, is reported for highly efficient utilization of solar energy. Upon aggregation, CR-DPA-T exists in dimer form, stabilized by the strong intermolecular π-π interactions, and exhibits a rarely reported high-spin state. Benefiting from the synergic effects of radical characteristics and strong intermolecular π-π interactions, CR-DPA-T powder absorbs broadly from 300 to 2000 nm. In-depth investigations with transient absorption analysis reveal that the strong intermolecular π-π interactions can promote nonradiative relaxation by accelerating internal conversion and facilitating intermolecular charge transfer (ICT) between dimeric molecules to open up faster internal conversion pathways. Remarkably, CR-DPA-T powder demonstrates a high photothermal efficiency of 79.5% under 808 nm laser irradiation. By employing CR-DPA-T as a solar harvester, a CR-DPA-T-loaded flexible self-healing poly(dimethylsiloxane) (H-PDMS) film, named as H-PDMS/CR-DPA-T self-healing film, is fabricated and employed for solar-thermal applications. These findings provide a feasible guideline for developing highly efficient diradical-featured organic photothermal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangman Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Engui Zhao
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, HIT Campus of University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jie Liang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xinggui Gu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518172, China
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4
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Xu W, Wei L, Wang Z, Zhu R, Jiang J, Liu H, Du J, Weng TC, Zhang YB, Huang Y, Liu W. Tracking Ultrafast Fluorescence Switch-On and Color-Tuned Dynamics in Acceptor-Donor-Acceptor Chromophore. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10796-10804. [PMID: 34524821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how the conformational change of conjugated molecules with acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) architecture affects their physical and optoelectronic properties is critical for determining their ultimate performance in organic electronic devices. Here, we utilized femtosecond transient absorption, time-resolved upconversion photoluminescence spectroscopy, and tunable femtosecond-stimulated Raman spectroscopy, aided by quantum chemical calculations, to systematically investigate the excited state structural dynamics of the intramolecular charge transfer of the tetramethoxy anthracene-based fluorophore 2,3,6,7-tetramethoxy 9,10-dibenzaldehydeanthracene (AnDA) and its derivative 2,3,6,7-tetramethoxy 9,10-diphenylanthracene (TMDPAn) in chloroform. In the AnDA molecule, the tetramethoxy anthracene and benzaldehyde moieties exhibit a strong ability to donate and withdraw electrons. Upon photoexcitation, AnDA shows intriguing ultrafast fluorescence switch-on and red shift dynamics on charge transfer states, and the temporal evolution of AnDA recorded by ultrafast spectroscopy reveals a dynamic picture of two-step intramolecular charge transfer assisted by ultrafast conformational changes and solvation processes. Removing the aldehyde group from TMDPAn significantly decreases the electron pulling capacity of the phenyl unit and disables charge transfer characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China.,STU and SIOM Joint Laboratory for Superintense Lasers and the Applications, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxin Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China.,STU and SIOM Joint Laboratory for Superintense Lasers and the Applications, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixue Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Biao Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China.,STU and SIOM Joint Laboratory for Superintense Lasers and the Applications, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
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5
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Meech S. Virtual Issue on Ultrafast Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:6037-6039. [PMID: 34134490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K
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6
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Gutiérrez-Arzaluz L, Jia J, Gu C, Czaban-Jóźwiak J, Yin J, Shekhah O, Bakr OM, Eddaoudi M, Mohammed OF. Directional Exciton Migration in Benzoimidazole-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4917-4927. [PMID: 34008983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Highly luminescent metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently received great attention due to their potential applications as sensors and light-emitting devices. In these MOFs, the highly ordered fluorescent organic linkers positioning prevents excited-state self-quenching and rotational motion, enhancing their light-harvesting properties. Here, the exciton migration between the organic linkers with the same chemical structure but different protonation degrees in Zr-based MOFs was explored and deciphered using ultrafast laser spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. First, we clearly demonstrate how hydrogen-bonding interactions between free linkers and solvents affect the twisting changes, internal conversion processes, and luminescent behavior of a benzoimidazole-based linker. Second, we provide clear evidence of an ultrafast energy transfer between well-aligned adjacent linkers with different protonation states inside the MOF. These findings provide a new fundamental photophysical insight into the exciton migration dynamics between linkers with different protonation states coexisting at different locations in MOFs and serve as a benchmark for improving light-harvesting MOF architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gutiérrez-Arzaluz
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiangtao Jia
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chun Gu
- Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Justyna Czaban-Jóźwiak
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun Yin
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Shekhah
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M Bakr
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Eddaoudi
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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7
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Valandro SR, He R, Bullock JD, Arman H, Schanze KS. Ultrafast Excited-State Dynamics in trans-(N-Heterocyclic carbene)platinum(II) Acetylide Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10065-10074. [PMID: 33908257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study probes femto- and picosecond excited-state dynamics of a series of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand-containing platinum(II) complexes of the type trans-(NHC)2PtII(CC-Ar)2, where CC-Ar is an arylacetylide. By using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, two dynamic processes are observed: an ultrafast singlet → triplet intersystem crossing (<0.3 ps), followed by geometric/electronic relaxation that takes place on a 2-10 ps time scale. The geometric/electronic relaxation is attributed to ligand torsional modes, mainly arising from twisting of the aryl units relative to the square-planar PtL4 unit. The dynamics of this relaxation process depend somewhat on steric constraints induced by substituent groups attached to the (benz)imidazole and phenyl ligands. The geometric relaxation dynamics slow with increasing solvent viscosity. The experimental studies also reveal that the different conformers can be photoselected by varying the excitation at different near-UV wavelengths. To corroborate the experimental findings, density functional theory calculations were conducted to probe the effects of geometry and steric hindrance on the ground-state energy surface. The calculations suggest that the barrier for torsion of the CC-Ar units increases as N-substituents on the NHC ligands increase in the order CH3 < cyclohexyl < n-butyl and as the CC-Ar units are substituted in the 3 and 5 positions with tert-butyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano R Valandro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Ru He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - James D Bullock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Hadi Arman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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8
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Niu R, Chen S, Zhou W, Wu X, Yang J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Song Y. Modulation of trithiophene-based chalcone positional isomers by twist angle variation: Ultrafast nonlinear optical properties and excited-state dynamics. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Oswal P, Arora A, Singh S, Rao GK, Kumar S, Singh AK, Kumar A. Easily synthesizable benzothiazole based designers palladium complexes for catalysis of Suzuki coupling: Controlling effect of aryl substituent of ligand on role and composition of insitu generated binary nanomaterial (PdS or Pd16S7). CATAL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2020.106242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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10
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Haubitz T, Fudickar W, Linker T, Kumke MU. pH-Sensitive Fluorescence Switching of Pyridylanthracenes: The Effect of the Isomeric Pattern. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:11017-11024. [PMID: 33337145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
9,10-substituted anthracenes are known for their useful optical properties like fluorescence, which makes them frequently used probes in sensing applications. In this article, we investigate the fundamental photophysical properties of three pyridyl-substituted variants. The nitrogen atoms in the pyridinium six-membered rings are located in the ortho-, meta-, and para-positions in relation to the anthracene core. Absorption, fluorescence, and transient absorption measurements were carried out and were complemented by theoretical calculations. We monitored the photophysics of the anthracene derivatives in chloroform and water investigating the protonated as well as their nonprotonated forms. We found that the optical properties of the nonprotonated forms are strongly determined by the anthracene chromophore, with only small differences to other 9,10-substituted anthracenes, for example diphenyl anthracene. In contrast, protonation leads to a strong decrease in fluorescence intensity and lifetime. Transient absorption measurements and theoretical calculations revealed the formation of a charge-transfer state in the protonated chromophores, where electron density is shifted from the anthracene moiety toward the protonated pyridyl substituents. While the para- and ortho-derivatives' charge transfer is still moderately fluorescent, the meta-derivative is affected much stronger and shows nearly no fluorescence. This nitrogen-atom-position-dependent sensitivity to hydronium activity makes a combination of these fluorophores very attractive for pH-sensing applications covering a broadened pH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Haubitz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Werner Fudickar
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Torsten Linker
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael U Kumke
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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11
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Kumar B, Ghosh R, Mora AK, Nath S. Anthryl Benzothiazolium Molecular Rotor-Based Turn-On DNA Probe: Detailed Mechanistic Studies. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7518-7527. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b05570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Kumar
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Rajib Ghosh
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Aruna K. Mora
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Sukhendu Nath
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400085, India
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