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Karthik S, Mohan S, Magesh I, Bharathy A, Kolipaka R, Ganesamoorthi S, Sathiya K, Shanmugavadivu A, Gurunathan R, Selvamurugan N. Chitosan nanocarriers for non-coding RNA therapeutics: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130361. [PMID: 38395284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-based therapies entail delivering ncRNAs to cells to regulate gene expression and produce proteins that combat infections, cancer, neurological diseases, and bone abnormalities. Nevertheless, the therapeutic potential of these ncRNAs has been limited due to the difficulties in delivering them to specific cellular targets within the body. Chitosan (CS), a biocompatible cationic polymer, interacts with negatively charged RNA molecules to form stable complexes. It is a promising biomaterial to develop nanocarriers for ncRNA delivery, overcoming several disadvantages of traditional delivery systems. CS-based nanocarriers can protect ncRNAs from degradation and target-specific delivery by surface modifications and intracellular release profiles over an extended period. This review briefly summarizes the recent developments in CS nanocarriers' synthesis and design considerations and their applications in ncRNA therapeutics for treating various diseases. We also discuss the challenges and limitations of CS-based nanocarriers for ncRNA therapeutics and potential strategies for overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karthik
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sahithya Mohan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Induja Magesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashok Bharathy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rushil Kolipaka
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinidhi Ganesamoorthi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Sathiya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abinaya Shanmugavadivu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raghav Gurunathan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ludtke T, Simó C, Gimenez Reyes S, Martinez Moro M, Salvador C, Ritacco H, Andreozzi P, Llop J, Moya SE. A study of complexation and biological fate of polyethyleneimine-siRNA polyplexes in vitro and in vivo by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and positron emission tomography imaging. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:3525-3533. [PMID: 38273800 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04026g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
A deeper knowledge on the formation and biological fate of polymer based gene vectors is needed for their translation into therapy. Here, polyplexes of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and silencing RNA (siRNA) are formed with theoretical N/P ratios of 2, 4 and 12. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is used to study the formation of polyplexes from fluorescently labelled PEI and siRNA. FCS proves the presence of free PEI. From the analysis of the autocorrelation functions it was possible to determine the actual stoichiometry of polyplexes. FCS and fluorescence cross correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) are used to follow the fate of the polyplexes intracellularly. Polyplexes disassemble after 1 day inside cells. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies are conducted with radiolabelled polyplexes prepared with siRNA or PEI labelled with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl 6-[18F]-fluoronicotinate ([18F]F-PyTFP). PET studies in healthy mice show that [18F]siRNA/PEI and siRNA/[18F]PEI polyplexes show similar biodistribution patterns with limited circulation in the bloodstream and accumulation in the liver. Higher activity for [18F]PEI in the kidney and bladder suggests the presence of free PEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Ludtke
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Cristina Simó
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Santiago Gimenez Reyes
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Instituto de Fisica del Sur (IFISUR-CONICET), Av. Alem, Bahia Blanca, Argentina
| | - Marta Martinez Moro
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Cristian Salvador
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Miramon Pasealekua, 196, Donostia-San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | - Hernan Ritacco
- Instituto de Fisica del Sur (IFISUR-CONICET), Av. Alem, Bahia Blanca, Argentina
| | - Patrizia Andreozzi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Jordi Llop
- Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Sergio E Moya
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
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Friesen JJ, Blakney AK. Trends in the synthetic polymer delivery of RNA. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3672. [PMID: 38380796 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has emerged as one of the most promising therapeutic payloads in the field of gene therapy. There are many unique types of RNA that allow for a range of applications including vaccination, protein replacement therapy, autoimmune disease treatment, gene knockdown and gene editing. However, RNA triggers the host immune system, is vulnerable to degradation and has a low proclivity to enter cells spontaneously. Therefore, a delivery vehicle is required to facilitate the protection and uptake of RNA therapeutics into the desired host cells. Lipid nanoparticles have emerged as one of the only clinically approved vehicles for genetic payloads, including in the COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccines. While lipid nanoparticles have distinct advantages, they also have drawbacks, including strong immune stimulation, complex manufacturing and formulation heterogeneity. In contrast, synthetic polymers are a widely studied group of gene delivery vehicles and boast distinct advantages, including biocompatibility, tunability, inexpensiveness, simple formulation and ease of modification. Some classes of polymers enhance efficient transfection efficiency, and lead to lower stimulation of the host immune system, making them more viable candidates for non-vaccine-related applications of RNA medicines. This review aims to identify the most promising classes of synthetic polymers, summarize recent research aimed at moving them into the clinic and postulate the future steps required for unlocking their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh J Friesen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anna K Blakney
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Mirón-Barroso S, Correia JS, Frampton AE, Lythgoe MP, Clark J, Tookman L, Ottaviani S, Castellano L, Porter AE, Georgiou TK, Krell J. Polymeric Carriers for Delivery of RNA Cancer Therapeutics. Noncoding RNA 2022; 8:ncrna8040058. [PMID: 36005826 PMCID: PMC9412371 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna8040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As research uncovers the underpinnings of cancer biology, new targeted therapies have been developed. Many of these therapies are small molecules, such as kinase inhibitors, that target specific proteins; however, only 1% of the genome encodes for proteins and only a subset of these proteins has ‘druggable’ active binding sites. In recent decades, RNA therapeutics have gained popularity due to their ability to affect targets that small molecules cannot. Additionally, they can be manufactured more rapidly and cost-effectively than small molecules or recombinant proteins. RNA therapeutics can be synthesised chemically and altered quickly, which can enable a more personalised approach to cancer treatment. Even though a wide range of RNA therapeutics are being developed for various indications in the oncology setting, none has reached the clinic to date. One of the main reasons for this is attributed to the lack of safe and effective delivery systems for this type of therapeutic. This review focuses on current strategies to overcome these challenges and enable the clinical utility of these novel therapeutic agents in the cancer clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Mirón-Barroso
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London W12 0HS, UK; (A.E.F.); (M.P.L.); (J.C.); (L.T.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Joana S. Correia
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (J.S.C.); (A.E.P.); (T.K.G.)
| | - Adam E. Frampton
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London W12 0HS, UK; (A.E.F.); (M.P.L.); (J.C.); (L.T.); (J.K.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Mark P. Lythgoe
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London W12 0HS, UK; (A.E.F.); (M.P.L.); (J.C.); (L.T.); (J.K.)
| | - James Clark
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London W12 0HS, UK; (A.E.F.); (M.P.L.); (J.C.); (L.T.); (J.K.)
| | - Laura Tookman
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London W12 0HS, UK; (A.E.F.); (M.P.L.); (J.C.); (L.T.); (J.K.)
| | - Silvia Ottaviani
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK;
| | | | - Alexandra E. Porter
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (J.S.C.); (A.E.P.); (T.K.G.)
| | - Theoni K. Georgiou
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (J.S.C.); (A.E.P.); (T.K.G.)
| | - Jonathan Krell
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London W12 0HS, UK; (A.E.F.); (M.P.L.); (J.C.); (L.T.); (J.K.)
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Mahajan S, Tang T. Polyethylenimine-DNA Nanoparticles under Endosomal Acidification and Implication to Gene Delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8382-8397. [PMID: 35759612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-viral gene delivery using polyethylenimine (PEI) has shown tremendous promise as a therapeutic technique. Through the formation of nanoparticles (NPs), PEIs protect genetic material such as DNA from degradation. Escape of the NPs from endosomes and lysosomes is facilitated by PEI's buffering capacity over a wide range of pH. However, little is known about the effects of endosomal acidification on the morphology of the NPs. In this work, large-scale coarse-grained simulations performed to mimic endosomal acidification reveal that NPs undergo a resizing process that is highly dependent on the N/P ratio (ratio of PEI nitrogen to DNA phosphate) at which they are prepared. With a low N/P ratio, NPs further aggregate after endosomal acidification, whereas with a high N/P ratio they dissociate. The mechanisms behind such NP resizing and its consequences on endosomal escape and nuclear trafficking are discussed. Based on the findings, suggestions are made on the PEI architecture that may enhance NP dissociation driven by endosomal acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhamoy Mahajan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2R3, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2R3, Alberta, Canada
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Huang Z, Xiao YP, Guo Y, Yang HZ, Zhao RM, Zhang J, Yu XQ. A cyclen-based fluoropolymer as a versatile vector for gene and protein delivery. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Qu Z, Zhang Y, Dai Z, Hao Y, Zhang Y, Shen J, Wang F, Li Q, Fan C, Liu X. DNA Framework-Engineered Long-Range Electrostatic Interactions for DNA Hybridization Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16693-16699. [PMID: 33991031 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Long-range electrostatic interactions beyond biomolecular interaction interfaces have not been extensively studied due to the limitation in engineering electric double layers in physiological fluids. Here we find that long-range electrostatic interactions play an essential role in kinetic modulation of DNA hybridizations. Protein and gold nanoparticles with different charges are encapsulated in tetrahedral frameworks to exert diverse electrostatic effects on site-specifically tethered single DNA strands. Using this strategy, we have successfully modulated the hybridization kinetics in both bulk solution and single molecule level. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal that long-range Coulomb interactions are the key factor for hybridization rates. This work validates the important role of long-range electrostatic forces in nucleic acid-biomacromolecule complexes, which may encourage new strategies of gene regulation, antisense therapy, and nucleic acid detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibei Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Zheze Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yaya Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianlei Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acids Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiaoguo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Qu Z, Zhang Y, Dai Z, Hao Y, Zhang Y, Shen J, Wang F, Li Q, Fan C, Liu X. DNA Framework‐Engineered Long‐Range Electrostatic Interactions for DNA Hybridization Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibei Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics The Biodesign Institute School of Molecular Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85281 USA
| | - Zheze Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yaya Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Jianlei Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acids Chemistry and Nanomedicine Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
| | - Xiaoguo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
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Bono N, Coloma Smith B, Moreschi F, Redaelli A, Gautieri A, Candiani G. In silico prediction of the in vitro behavior of polymeric gene delivery vectors. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8333-8342. [PMID: 33900339 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09052b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-viral gene delivery vectors have increasingly come under the spotlight, but their performaces are still far from being satisfactory. Therefore, there is an urgent need for forecasting tools and screening methods to enable the development of ever more effective transfectants. Here, coarse-grained (CG) models of gold standard transfectant poly(ethylene imine)s (PEIs) have been profitably used to investigate and highlight the effect of experimentally-relevant parameters, namely molecular weight (2 vs. 10 kDa) and topologies (linear vs. branched), protonation state, and ammine-to-phosphate ratios (N/Ps), on the complexation and the gene silencing efficiency of siRNA molecules. The results from the in vitro screening of cationic polymers and conditions were used to validate the in silico platform that we developed, such that the hits which came out of the CG models were of high practical relevance. We show that our in silico platform enables to foresee the most suitable conditions for the complexation of relevant siRNA-polycation assemblies, thereby providing a reliable predictive tool to test bench transfectants in silico, and foster the design and development of gene delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bono
- GenT LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milan, Italy.
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Yuan Y, Jin P, Wang Y, Zhao X, Hu Q, Wu W, Huang J, Zhang N. A dendritic, redox-responsive, supramolecular (Dr.S) system for lysis-triggered delivery for drug-resistant renal cancer. RSC Adv 2020; 10:37826-37833. [PMID: 35515145 PMCID: PMC9057208 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06444k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Aiming to improve the drug loading capacity of dendritic nanoparticles and enhance delivery efficacy in drug-resistant cancer, we developed and optimized a more advanced dendritic, redox-responsive, supramolecular (Dr.S) system for intravenous RAD001 administration. Materials and methods: The Dr.S system was engineered by linking 3rd generation polyamidoamine dendrimers (G3 PAMAM) with 8-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG) to encapsulate a molecular targeted agent RAD001. The drug-loading capacity was measured by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. In vitro release behavior was determined with a two-compartment model, and the in vivo distribution pattern was tracked by Cy5.5 fluorescence. The therapeutic effect of Dr.S/RAD001 was evaluated in RAD001-resistant cancer cells and tumor-bearing nude mice, respectively. Results: The Dr.S system encapsulating RAD001 with a loading efficiency of 10.6% formed a core–shell structure, by shifting hydrophobic PAMAM/RAD001 components towards inner space and exposing the hydrophilic PEG on the surface. The Dr.S/RAD001 system could respond to a lysis-mimicking reduction stimulus, and functionally release cargoes to facilitate tumor accumulation and cellular internalization. These features contributed to the enhanced anti-tumor activity of RAD001 in renal cancers in vitro and in vivo. The Dr.S/RAD001 system also reversed acquired RAD001-resistance by a 60-fold increase in tumor accumulation of the therapeutics. Conclusion: The functional Dr.S/RAD001 system enables lysis-triggered release of RAD001 to achieve better tumor accumulation, which helps overcome acquired drug resistance in renal cancers. Aiming to improve the drug loading capacity of dendritic nanoparticles and enhance delivery efficacy in drug-resistant cancer, we developed and optimized a more advanced dendritic, redox-responsive, supramolecular (Dr.S) system for intravenous RAD001 administration.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichu Yuan
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine No. 88 Jiefang Road Hangzhou 310009 China +86-571-87783550
| | - Piaopiao Jin
- Health Management Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Yueming Wang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine No. 160 Pujian Road Shanghai 200127 China +86-21-68383716
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Qida Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Wangteng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Jiwei Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine No. 160 Pujian Road Shanghai 200127 China +86-21-68383716
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine No. 88 Jiefang Road Hangzhou 310009 China +86-571-87783550
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