1
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Banasz R, Wałęsa-Chorab M. Photolithographic patterning of viologens containing styrene groups. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16206-16210. [PMID: 37266491 PMCID: PMC10230511 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02287k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple method for the patterning of styrene derivatives for electrochromic applications is presented. Novel viologen derivatives containing styrene groups were used in the formation of patternable electrochromic films. The patterning was done via photopolymerization and it shows the possibility of the use of styrene derivatives for the preparation of electrochromic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Banasz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Monika Wałęsa-Chorab
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 61-614 Poznań Poland
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2
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Steen JS, de Vries F, Hjelm J, Otten E. Bipolar Verdazyl Radicals for Symmetrical Batteries: Properties and Stability in All States of Charge. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200779. [PMID: 36317641 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries based on organic electrolytes are promising energy storage devices, but stable long-term cycling is often difficult to achieve. Bipolar organic charge-storage materials allow the construction of symmetrical flow batteries (i. e., with identical electrolyte composition on both sides), which is a strategy to mitigate crossover-induced degradation. One such class of bipolar compounds are verdazyl radicals, but little is known on their stability/reactivity either as the neutral radical, or in the charged states. Here, we study the chemical properties of a Kuhn-type verdazyl radical (1) and the oxidized/reduced form (1+/- ). Chemical synthesis of the three redox-states provides spectroscopic characterization data, which are used as reference for evaluating the composition of the electrolyte solutions of an H-cell battery during/after cycling. Our data suggest that, rather than the charged states, the decomposition of the parent verdazyl radical is responsible for capacity fade. Kinetic experiments and DFT calculations provide insight in the decomposition mechanism, which is shown to occur by bimolecular disproportionation to form two closed-shell products (leuco-verdazyl 1H and triazole derivative 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelte S Steen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert de Vries
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Hjelm
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage (DTU Energy), Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Building 310, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Edwin Otten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Comparative study on sensing and optical properties of carbazole linked novel zinc(II) and cobalt (II) phthalocyanines. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Kondo M, Masaoka S. Function-Integrated Catalytic Systems for Small-Molecule Conversion: Advances and Perspectives. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mio Kondo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
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5
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Fradin C, Guittard F, Perepichka IF, Darmanin T. Soft-template electropolymerization of 3,4-(2,3-naphtylenedioxy)thiophene-2-acetic acid esters favoring dimers: Controlling the surface nanostructure by side ester groups. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Wang YM, Cai J, Wang QY, Li Y, Han Z, Li S, Gong CH, Wang S, Zang SQ, Mak TCW. Electropolymerization of Metal Clusters Establishing a Versatile Platform for Enhanced Catalysis Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114538. [PMID: 34981633 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atomically precise metal clusters are attractive as highly efficient catalysts, but suffer from continuous efficiency deactivation in the catalytic process. Here, we report the development of an efficient strategy that enhances catalytic performance by electropolymerization (EP) of metal clusters into hybrid materials. Based on carbazole ligand protection, three polymerized metal-cluster hybrid materials, namely Poly-Cu14 cba, Poly-Cu6 Au6 cbz and Poly-Cu6 Ag4 cbz, were prepared. Compared with isolated metal clusters, metal clusters immobilizing on a biscarbazole network after EP significantly improved their electron-transfer ability and long-term recyclability, resulting in higher catalytic performance. As a proof-of-concept, Poly-Cu14 cba was evaluated as an electrocatalyst for reducing nitrate (NO3 - ) to ammonia (NH3 ), which exhibited ≈4-fold NH3 yield rate and ≈2-fold Faraday efficiency enhancement compared to that of Cu14 cba with good durability. Similarly, Poly-Cu6 Au6 cbz showed 10 times higher photocatalytic efficiency towards chemical warfare simulants degradation than the cluster counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Man Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jinmeng Cai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qian-You Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yao Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhen Han
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Si Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chun-Hua Gong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Thomas C W Mak
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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Wang Y, Cai J, Wang Q, Li Y, Han Z, Li S, Gong C, Wang S, Zang S, Mak TCW. Electropolymerization of Metal Clusters Establishing a Versatile Platform for Enhanced Catalysis Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Man Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Jinmeng Cai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Qian‐You Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Yao Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Zhen Han
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Si Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Chun‐Hua Gong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Shan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Shuang‐Quan Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Thomas C. W. Mak
- Department of Chemistry The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong SAR China
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8
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Otsuka H, Kobayashi A, Yoshida M, Kato M. Carbazole modification of ruthenium bipyridine-dicarboxylate oxygen evolution molecular catalysts. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16233-16241. [PMID: 34730158 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02824c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized new oxygen-evolving molecular Ru(II) catalysts with one or two carbazole moieties on the axial pyridyl ligands, namely [Ru(bda)(cbz-py)(py)] and [Ru(bda)(cbz-py)2] [C1 and C2; bdaH2 = 2,2'-bipyridyl-6,6'-dicarboxylic acid, py = pyridine, and cbz-py = 9-(pyridin-4-yl)-9H-carbazole] to investigate the effect of cbz modification on the photophysical and catalytic properties of the well-known molecular catalyst [Ru(bda)(py)2] (C0). The initial oxygen-evolving catalytic activities of C1 and C2 were higher than that of C0 in both a chemical reaction driven by the strong oxidant (NH4)2[Ce(NO3)6] (CAN = ceric ammonium nitrate) and photochemical oxidation using a [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) photosensitizer with Na2S2O8 as the sacrificial oxidant. The higher activities were ascribed to the electron-withdrawing cbz groups, which promoted the radical coupling reaction to form a RuIV-O-O-RuIV species. A unique oxygen-evolution rate change behaviour was observed for both C1 and C2 in the presence of a large excess of CAN, suggesting the competitive oxidation of the cbz moiety during the chemical oxygen evolution reaction. This work suggests that the cbz modification of an oxygen evolution molecular catalyst is a promising approach for integrating the hole accumulator near the oxygen evolution catalytic centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Otsuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Masako Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan. .,Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
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9
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Iwami H, Kondo M, Masaoka S. Fabrication of a Function‐Integrated Water Oxidation Catalyst through the Electrochemical Polymerization of Ruthenium Complexes. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Iwami
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Mio Kondo
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- JST, PRESTO 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI) Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Masaoka
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI) Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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10
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Wantulok J, Sokolova R, Degano I, Kolivoska V, Nycz JE, Fiedler J. Spectroelectrochemical Properties of 1,10‐Phenanthroline Substituted by Phenothiazine and Carbazole Redox‐active Units. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Wantulok
- Institute of Chemistry University of Silesia in Katowice ul. Szkolna 9 40-007 Katowice Poland
| | - Romana Sokolova
- Department Electrochemistry at the Nanoscale J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 18223 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa Via Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Viliam Kolivoska
- Department Electrochemistry at the Nanoscale J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 18223 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jacek E. Nycz
- Institute of Chemistry University of Silesia in Katowice ul. Szkolna 9 40-007 Katowice Poland
| | - Jan Fiedler
- Department Electrochemistry at the Nanoscale J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 18223 Prague Czech Republic
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11
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Czichy M, Janasik P, Wagner P, Officer DL, Lapkowski M. Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Studies on the Reactivity of Perimidine-Carbazole-Thiophene Monomers towards the Formation of Multidimensional Macromolecules versus Stable π-Dimeric States. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092167. [PMID: 33922869 PMCID: PMC8122979 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During research on cross-linked conducting polymers, double-functionalized monomers were synthesized. Two subunits potentially able to undergo oxidative coupling were used—perimidine and, respectively, carbazole, 3,6-di(hexylthiophene)carbazole or 3,6-di(decyloxythiophene)carbazole; alkyl and alkoxy chains as groups supporting molecular ordering and 14H-benzo[4,5]isoquinone[2,1-a]perimidin-14-one segment promoting CH⋯O interactions and π–π stacking. Electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, and density functional theory (DFT) studies have shown that potential-controlled oxidation enables polarization of a specific monomer subunit, thus allowing for simultaneous coupling via perimidine and/or carbazole, but mainly leading to dimer formation. The reason for this was the considerable stability of the dicationic and tetracationic π-dimers over covalent bonding. In the case of perimidine-3,6-di(hexylthiophene)carbazole, the polymer was not obtained due to the steric hindrance of the alkyl substituents preventing the coupling of the monomer radical cations. The only linear π-conjugated polymer was obtained through di(decyloxythiophene)carbazole segment from perimidine-di(decyloxythiophene)-carbazole precursor. Due to the significant difference in potentials between subsequent oxidation states of monomer, it was impossible to polarize the entire molecule, so that both directions of coupling could be equally favored. Subsequent oxidation of this polymer to polarize the side perimidine groups did not allow further crosslinking, because rather the π–π interactions between these perimidine segments dominate in the solid product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Czichy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.J.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Patryk Janasik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.J.); (M.L.)
| | - Pawel Wagner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2519, Australia; (P.W.); (D.L.O.)
| | - David L. Officer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2519, Australia; (P.W.); (D.L.O.)
| | - Mieczyslaw Lapkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.J.); (M.L.)
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
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12
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Iwami H, Okamura M, Kondo M, Masaoka S. Electrochemical Polymerization Provides a Function-Integrated System for Water Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5965-5969. [PMID: 33258167 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Water oxidation is a key reaction in natural and artificial photosynthesis. In nature, the reaction is efficiently catalyzed by a metal-complex-based catalyst surrounded by hole-transporting amino acid residues. However, in artificial systems, there is no example of a water oxidation system that has a catalytic center surrounded by hole transporters. Herein, we present a facile strategy to integrate catalytic centers and hole transporters in one system. Electrochemical polymerization of a metal-complex-based precursor afforded a polymer-based material (Poly-1). Poly-1 exhibited excellent hole-transporting ability and catalyzed water oxidation with high performance. It was also revealed that the catalytic activity was almost completely suppressed in the absence of the hole-transporting moieties. The present study provides a novel strategy for constructing efficient molecule-based systems for water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Iwami
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Structural Molecular Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan village, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Masaya Okamura
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Mio Kondo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Masaoka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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13
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Iwami H, Okamura M, Kondo M, Masaoka S. Electrochemical Polymerization Provides a Function‐Integrated System for Water Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Iwami
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
- Department of Structural Molecular Sciences SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan village Hayama Kanagawa 240-0193 Japan
| | - Masaya Okamura
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
| | - Mio Kondo
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- JST PRESTO 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi 332-0012 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI) Osaka University, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Masaoka
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI) Osaka University, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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14
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Czichy M, Janasik P, Motyka R, Zassowski P, Grabiec E, Wolinska-Grabczyk A, Lapkowski M. Influence of isomeric phthaloperinone monomers on the formation of π-dimers and σ-bonded segments in electrochemically-crosslinked products. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Sarıoğulları H, Sengul IF, Gürek AG. Lu( iii) bis-phthalocyanines containing carbazole moieties: synthesis, characterization, electrochemical properties and sensor applications. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the synthesis and characterization of sandwich type Lu(iii) bis-phthalocyanines bearing electropolymerizable carbazole groups were evaluated and their electrochemical sensing properties studied towards DA, UA and AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayet Sarıoğulları
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim F. Sengul
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Gül Gürek
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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16
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Low band gap donor-acceptor-donor compounds containing carbazole and naphthalene diimide units: Synthesis, electropolymerization and spectroelectrochemical behaviour. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Kortekaas L, Steen JD, Duijnstee DR, Jacquemin D, Browne WR. Noncommutative Switching of Double Spiropyrans. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6458-6467. [PMID: 32691598 PMCID: PMC7458433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The spiropyran
family of photochromes are key components in molecular-based responsive
materials and devices, e.g., as multiphotochromes, covalently coupled
dyads, triads, etc. This attention is in no small part due to the
change in properties that accompany the switch between spiropyran
and merocyanine forms. Although the spiropyran is a single structural
isomer, the merocyanine form represents a family of isomers (TTT, TTC, CCT, etc.) and
protonation states. Combining two spiropyrans into one compound increases
the number of possible structures dramatically and the interaction
between the units determines, which are impeded due to intramolecular
quenching of excited states. Here, we show that the coupling of two
spiropyran photochromes through their phenol units yields favorable
interactions (crosstalk) between the components that provides access
to species inaccessible with the component monospiropyran alone. Specifically,
the ring opening of one spiropyran unit, which is thermally stable
at −30 °C, prevents ring opening of the second spiropyran
unit. Furthermore, whereas protonated E- and Z-monomerocyanines were previously shown to undergo thermal-
and photo-equilibration, the corresponding protonated E- and Z- bimerocyanines are thermally stable and
show one-way photoisomerization from the Z,Z- to an emissive E,E-bimerocyanine
form. Subsequent deprotonation at room temperature resets the system
to the bispiro ring-closed form, but deprotonation at −30 °C
yields the otherwise inaccessible bimerocyanine form. This form is
photochemically inert but undergoes a two-step thermal relaxation
via the merocyanine-spiropyran form, showing that the connection at
the phenol units provides sufficient intramolecular interaction to
fine-tune the complex isomerization pathways of spiropyrans and demonstrating
noncommutability in photo- and pH-regulated multistep isomerization
pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Kortekaas
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorn D Steen
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël R Duijnstee
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Blacha-Grzechnik A, Drewniak A, Walczak KZ, Szindler M, Ledwon P. Efficient generation of singlet oxygen by perylene diimide photosensitizers covalently bound to conjugate polymers. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
9-Substituted carbazoles are widely used units in materials science, and their oxidative reactions have been utilized for the synthesis and characterization of polymers. Though the oxidative mechanism of carbazoles has been known for a few decades, structural definition has remained difficult, because their polymers are generally insoluble with incomplete characterization and unknown dependence of the electrochemical potentials. The oxidative reactions of 9-substituted carbazoles should be carefully considered under specific oxidative conditions; otherwise, structure definitions could be wrong, because the IR and NMR spectra used previously cannot quantitatively analyze 3,3'-coupling and 6,6'-coupling of carbazoles. In this review, the best understanding of the C3-C3' and C6-C6' oxidative couplings of 9-substituted carbazoles is presented, and the benefit of these oxidative reactions from the viewpoints of electrochemical synthesis, film engineering, and the synthesis and processing of polymers is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.R. China
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20
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Mallick T, Karmakar A, Mandal D, Pramanik A, Sarkar P, Begum NA. Harnessing carbazole based small molecules for the synthesis of the fluorescent gold nanoparticles: A unified experimental and theoretical approach to understand the mechanism of synthesis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 172:440-450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Kortekaas L, Chen J, Jacquemin D, Browne WR. Proton-Stabilized Photochemically Reversible E/ Z Isomerization of Spiropyrans. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:6423-6430. [PMID: 29847129 PMCID: PMC6150689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spiropyrans undergo Cspiro-O bond breaking to their ring-open protonated E-merocyanine form upon protonation and irradiation via an intermediate protonated Z-merocyanine isomer. We show that the extent of acid-induced ring opening is controlled by matching both the concentration and strength of the acid used and with strong acids full ring opening to the Z-merocyanine isomer occurs spontaneously allowing its characterization by 1H NMR spectroscopy as well as UV/vis spectroscopy, and reversible switching between Z/ E-isomerization by irradiation with UV and visible light. Under sufficiently acidic conditions, both E- and Z-isomers are thermally stable. Judicious choice of acid such that its p Ka lies between that of the E- and Z-merocyanine forms enables thermally stable switching between spiropyran and E-merocyanine forms and hence pH gating between thermally irreversible and reversible photochromic switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kortekaas
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - J Chen
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - D Jacquemin
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM) , UMR CNRS no. 6230, Université de Nantes , BP 92208, 2, Rue de la Houssinière , 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - W R Browne
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands
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Li M, Kang S, Du J, Zhang J, Wang J, Ariga K. Junction-Controlled Topological Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC); Changchun 130022 China
| | - Shusen Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC); Changchun 130022 China
| | - Jia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC); Changchun 130022 China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC); Changchun 130022 China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC); Changchun 130022 China
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); Tsukuba 305-0044 Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Science; The University of Tokyo; Kashica 277-0827 Japan
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23
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Li M, Kang S, Du J, Zhang J, Wang J, Ariga K. Junction-Controlled Topological Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4936-4939. [PMID: 29369523 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Methodology that enables the controlled synthesis of linear and branched polymers from an identical monomer will be a novel pathway for polymer synthesis and processing. Herein we first describe the control of one or both of the C(3)-C(3') and C(6)-C(6') coupling reactions of carbazolyl. In a second approach, an identical monomer containing two carbazolyls is polymerized using chemical and electrochemical oxidizers, leading to topologically controllable growth of linear polymers in weak oxidizer or of cross-linked polymer chains in strong oxidizer, with satisfactory long chain propagation of step growth polymerization (Mn =6.0×104 g mol-1 , Mw /Mn =2.3). This very simple polymerization with cheap reagents and low levels of waste has provided a flexible pathway for synthesis and processing of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC), Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Shusen Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC), Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Jia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC), Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC), Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC), Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashica, 277-0827, Japan
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