1
|
Zhang X, Huang Z, Zhang L, Yang W. Synthesis of Au Nanoclusters by Reduction of Bovine Serum Albumin: The Role of Sodium Hydroxide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:6748-6755. [PMID: 37144972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as both a reductant and ligand had been developed as one of the most used approaches for synthesis of fluorescent Au nanoclusters (NCs), in which first HAuCl4 and BSA were mixed together and then NaOH was added to the mixture after a certain time to obtain the Au NCs. In this work, the role of sodium hydroxide in the formation and emission properties of the Au NCs was investigated systematically. It was revealed, for the first time, that activity of the gold precursor and, thus, emission properties of the resulting Au NCs are dependent upon the addition time of sodium hydroxide. Meanwhile, the reducing ability of BSA is dependent upon the concentration of sodium hydroxide added to the reaction solution. By optimization of the addition time and concentration of sodium hydroxide used, Au NCs with improved emission properties were successfully synthesized under relatively low BSA concentrations, which showed improved performance toward the sensing of Cu2+ ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensheng Yang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jia W, Jin X, Liu W, Zhao B, Zhang M, Yang Y, Yin W, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhou S, Qin D, Xie D. Evaluation the binding of chlorogenic acid with bovine serum albumin: Spectroscopic methods, electrochemical and molecular docking. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 291:122289. [PMID: 36628864 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid(CGA) is the common active phenolic acid in Chinese medicinal materials such as honeysuckle and eucommia. It is a class of small molecules with multiple activities such as antioxidant, inhibiting cancer cells, lowering blood sugar and lowering blood pressure. In this paper, UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, molecular dynamics simulation and cyclic voltammetry (CV) electrochemical analysis were used to investigate the mechanism about interaction between CGA and BSA. Based on fluorescence quenching analysis, CGA quenched the inherent fluorescence of BSA remarkably through a static mechanism. The obtained value of binding constant (Kb = 5.75 × 105 L·mol-1) revealed a high binding affinity between CGA and BSA. The simulated molecular docking showed that hydrophobic force were also involved in the interaction between BSA and CGA. This paper also investigate the effect of temperature and metal ions on the binding of CGA and BSA. When the temperature increased, the binding of BSA and CGA was destroyed. Metal ions affect both the structure of BSA and the combination of BSA and CGA. By studying the mechanism of CGA interaction with BSA, we elucidated the storage and transport mechanism of CGA in vivo under simulated human environment and temperature conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Jia
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiangying Jin
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Wang Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Manwen Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Wenhua Yin
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring for Heavy Metal Pollutants, Hunan 410027, China
| | - Sangyang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring for Heavy Metal Pollutants, Hunan 410027, China
| | - Dilan Qin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring for Heavy Metal Pollutants, Hunan 410027, China
| | - Danping Xie
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang Z, Chen F, Wang D, Xiong D, Yan S, Liu S, Tang H. Fabrication of avidin-stabilized gold nanoclusters with dual emissions and their application in biosensing. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:306. [PMID: 35761380 PMCID: PMC9235210 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-stabilized gold nanoclusters (Prot-Au NCs) have been widely used in biosensing and cell imaging owing to their excellent optical properties and low biotoxicity. However, several Prot-Au NCs reported in the literature do not retain the biological role of the protein, which greatly limits their ability to directly detect biomarkers. This study demonstrated for the first time the successful synthesis of dual-function avidin-stabilized gold nanoclusters (Av–Au NCs) using a one-pot method. The resulting Av–Au NCs exhibited intense blue and red emissions under 374 nm excitation. Furthermore, the Av–Au NCs retained the native functionality of avidin to bind to biotin. When DNA strands modified with biotin at both ends (i.e., linker chains) were mixed with Av–Au NCs, large polymers were formed, indicating that Av–Au NCs could achieve fluorescence signal amplification by interacting with biotin. Taking advantage of the aforementioned properties, we constructed a novel enzyme-free fluorescent biosensor based on the Av–Au NCs-biotin system to detect DNA. The designed fluorescent biosensor could detect target DNA down to 0.043 nM, with a wide line range from 0.2 nM to 20 µM. Thus, these dual-functional Av–Au NCs were shown to be an excellent fluorescent material for biosensing. Avidin-stabilized gold nanoclusters (Av–Au NCs) were synthesized for the first time by a water-bath method. The synthesized Av–Au NCs not only exhibited intense blue and red emissions under 374 nm excitation, but also retained the native functionality of avidin to bind to biotin. The fluorescent signal amplification system constructed by the interaction of Av–Au NCs with biotin was successfully applied to detect target DNA in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrong Tang
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Fengjiao Chen
- Guangshan County People's Hospital, Xinyang, 465450, Henan, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dongmei Xiong
- Nursing School of Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Shaoying Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shengchun Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Hua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fehér B, Mihály J, Demeter A, Almásy L, Wacha A, Varga Z, Varga I, Pedersen JS, Bóta A. Advancement of Fluorescent and Structural Properties of Bovine Serum Albumin-Gold Bioconjugates in Normal and Heavy Water with pH Conditioning and Ageing. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030390. [PMID: 35159734 PMCID: PMC8840595 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The red-emitting fluorescent properties of bovine serum albumin (BSA)–gold conjugates are commonly attributed to gold nanoclusters formed by metallic and ionized gold atoms, stabilized by the protein. Others argue that red fluorescence originates from gold cation–protein complexes instead, not gold nanoclusters. Our fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy, neutron, and X-ray small-angle scattering measurements show that the fluorescence and structural behavior of BSA–Au conjugates are different in normal and heavy water, strengthening the argument for the existence of loose ionic gold–protein complexes. The quantum yield for red-emitting luminescence is higher in heavy water (3.5%) than normal water (2.4%), emphasizing the impact of hydration effects. Changes in red luminescence are associated with the perturbations of BSA conformations and alterations to interatomic gold–sulfur and gold–oxygen interactions. The relative alignment of domains I and II, II and III, III and IV of BSA, determined from small-angle scattering measurements, indicate a loose (“expanded-like”) structure at pH 12 (pD ~12); by contrast, at pH 7 (pD ~7), a more regular formation appears with an increased distance between the I and II domains, suggesting the localization of gold atoms in these regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bence Fehér
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.F.); (J.M.); (A.W.); (Z.V.)
- Neutron Spectroscopy Department, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Judith Mihály
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.F.); (J.M.); (A.W.); (Z.V.)
| | - Attila Demeter
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.F.); (J.M.); (A.W.); (Z.V.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (A.B.)
| | - László Almásy
- Neutron Spectroscopy Department, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - András Wacha
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.F.); (J.M.); (A.W.); (Z.V.)
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.F.); (J.M.); (A.W.); (Z.V.)
| | - Imre Varga
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
| | - Attila Bóta
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.F.); (J.M.); (A.W.); (Z.V.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dixon JM, Egusa S. Common Motif at the Red Luminophore in Bovine Serum Albumin-, Ovalbumin-, Trypsin-, and Insulin-Gold Complexes. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2865-2870. [PMID: 33720724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We examined the static and dynamic characters of the red luminescence in the protein-Au(III) compounds, directly comparing multiple proteins: BSA, OVA, trypsin, and insulin. These four protein-Au(III) complexes showed a nearly identical excitation-emission pattern, not only the wavelength of luminescence (λem ∼ 640 nm). Lifetimes of the red luminescence shared a common value of ∼300 ns. Kinetics of the luminophore formation was consistently described by a Langmuir-type chemisorption of Au(III) for these proteins, coinciding with the protein conformation change at pH ∼ 10. These observations and the protein structural analyses support that the red luminophore formation involves Au(III) coordination to a common motif within these proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Dixon
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, Center for Biomedical Engineering & Science, The University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Shunji Egusa
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, Center for Biomedical Engineering & Science, The University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dixon JM, Egusa S. Limited Proteolysis and Gel Electrophoresis in the Presence of Metal Cations: Au(III)-binding Luminescent Domain in Serum Albumins. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 33554961 DOI: 10.3791/61905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the presented protocols is to determine the domain of Au(III) binding in BSA. The BSA-Au(III) compound exhibits ultraviolet (UV)-excitable red luminescence (λem = 640 nm), with unusual Stokes shifts compared to the innate UV/blue fluorescence arising from the aromatic residues. Red-luminescent complexes are formed in highly alkaline conditions above pH 10 and require a conformation change within the protein to occur. In addition, preservation of Cys-Cys disulfide bonds in BSA is necessary to obtain this red luminescence. In order to understand the mechanism of this luminescence, elucidation of the luminophore-forming Au(III) binding site is essential. A facile way to assess the luminophore-forming site would be to (1) predictably fragment the protein by enzymatic digestion, (2) react the obtained fragments with Au(III), then (3) perform gel electrophoresis to observe the well-separated fragment bands and analyze the in-gel red luminescence. However, due to the alkaline conditions and the reaction with metal cations, new limited proteolysis techniques and gel electrophoresis conditions must be applied. Particularly, the presence of metal cations in gel electrophoresis can make the band separations technically difficult. We describe this new protocol in steps to identify the red-luminophore-forming metal binding domain in BSA. This protocol can thus be applied for analyzing protein fragments that must remain in a non-denatured or a partially denatured state, in the presence of metal cations. Because the majority of proteins need metal cations to function, analyses of metal-bound proteins are often desired, which have relied on x-ray crystallography in the literature. This method, on the other hand, could be used in supplement to study the interactions of proteins with metal cations without requiring the protein crystallization and at a desired pH condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Dixon
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, Center for Biomedical Engineering & Science, The University of North Carolina
| | - Shunji Egusa
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, Center for Biomedical Engineering & Science, The University of North Carolina;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Palermo GA, Tarannum M, Egusa S. Luminescence Onset and Mechanism of the Formation of Gold(I)-Thiolate Complexes as the Precursors to Nanoparticles. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:11248-11255. [PMID: 34552684 PMCID: PMC8455096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c02725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Gold(I) (Au(I))-thiolate complexes are widely believed as the precursors to Au nanoparticle formations. While the literature suggests that the Au(III)-to-thiol ligand stoichiometric ratio of 1:3 is required to reduce a Au(III) and yield a Au(I)-thiolate, other stoichiometric ratios are also known to produce Au nanoparticles upon reduction. Using the characteristic red luminescence of Au(I)-alkanethiolates, we examined the process of their formations and their implications on the Au nanoparticle synthesis in detail. The onset of the luminescence, correlated with the Au(I)-thiolate formation, as well as the kinetics of the luminophore formation were evaluated in terms of the Au(III)-to-alkanethiol ratios. The onset of the luminescence was affected significantly by the solvent polarity during reaction but not post reaction. We found that the kinetics of the luminophore formation can vary widely, requiring from minutes to 24 h for completion depending on the thiol ligands and molar ratios, as well as solvents. This information could help in designing Au nanoparticle syntheses with the logical choice of Au(III)-to-thiol ratio, solvent, and the timing of reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Palermo
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, Center for Biomedical Engineering & Science, The University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Mehnaz Tarannum
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, Center for Biomedical Engineering & Science, The University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Shunji Egusa
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, Center for Biomedical Engineering & Science, The University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| |
Collapse
|