1
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Wood HO, Burnett HM, Dryfe RAW, Carbone P. Stability and structure of the aqueous LiTFSI-LiCl interface. Faraday Discuss 2024. [PMID: 39023276 DOI: 10.1039/d4fd00026a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
It has recently been demonstrated that aqueous lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and lithium chloride (LiCl) solutions can form stable liquid-liquid biphasic systems when both electrolyte phases have sufficiently high concentrations. In this work, we combine molecular dynamics simulations and experimental analysis to investigate what drives the formation of the interface and how the interfacial molecular structure correlates with its thermodynamic stability. We observe that at the liquid-vapour interface, TFSI- anions exhibit surfactant-like properties, leading to a reduction in surface tension and an increase in interfacial thickness. In contrast, the interfacial stability of the LiTFSI-LiCl biphasic systems increases with the concentration of both salts, as evidenced by the increasing surface tension and decreasing interfacial thickness. The opposing effects that the ionic concentration has on the thermodynamic stability of the different interfaces are linked to the anions' interfacial adsorption/desorption, which in turn affects the number and strength of water-water hydrogen bonds, the interfacial molecular structure and the diffusion of cations across the interface. Finally, calculations and experiments indicate that the liquid-liquid separation is driven primarily by the concentration of LiCl, and is the result of a 'salting out' effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah O Wood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, UK.
| | - Hannah M Burnett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, UK.
| | - Robert A W Dryfe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, UK.
| | - Paola Carbone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, UK.
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2
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Goloviznina K, Serva A, Salanne M. Formation of Polymer-like Nanochains with Short Lithium-Lithium Distances in a Water-in-Salt Electrolyte. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8142-8148. [PMID: 38486506 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Water-in-salts (WiSs) have recently emerged as promising electrolytes for energy storage applications ranging from aqueous batteries to supercapacitors. Here, ab initio molecular dynamics is used to study the structure of a 21 m LiTFSI WiS. The simulation reveals a new feature, in which the lithium ions form polymer-like nanochains that involve up to 10 ions. Despite the strong Coulombic interaction between them, the ions in the chains are found at a distance of 2.5 Å. They show a drastically different solvation shell compared to that of the isolated ions, in which they share on average two water molecules. The nanochains have a highly transient character due to the low free energy barrier for forming/breaking them. Providing new insights into the nanostructure of WiS electrolytes, our work calls for reevaluating our current knowledge of highly concentrated electrolytes and the impact of the modification of the solvation of active species on their electrochemical performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Goloviznina
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Alessandra Serva
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens, Cedex, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
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3
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Yamaguchi T, Dukhin A, Ryu YJ, Zhang D, Borodin O, González MA, Yamamuro O, Price DL, Saboungi ML. Non-Newtonian Dynamics in Water-in-Salt Electrolytes. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:76-80. [PMID: 38133800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Water-in-salt electrolytes have attracted considerable interest in the past decade for advanced lithium-ion batteries, possessing important advantages over the non-aqueous electrolytes currently in use. A battery with a LiTFSI-water electrolyte was demonstrated in which an operating window of 3 V is made possible by a solid-electrolyte interface. Viscosity is an important property for such electrolytes, because high viscosity is normally associated with low ionic conductivity. Here, we investigate shear and longitudinal viscosities using shear stress and compressional longitudinal stress measurements as functions of frequency and concentration. We find that both viscosities are frequency-dependent and exhibit almost identical frequency and concentration dependences in the high-concentration region. A comparison to quasielastic neutron scattering experiments suggests that both are governed by structural relaxation of the TFSI- network. Thus, LiFTSI-water electrolytes appear to be an unusual case of a non-Newtonian fluid, where shear and longitudinal viscosities are determined by the same relaxation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Andrei Dukhin
- Dispersion Technology, Incorporated, 364 Adams Street, Bedford Hills, New York 10507, United States
| | - Young-Jay Ryu
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Dongzhou Zhang
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Oleg Borodin
- Energy Storage Branch, Sensor and Electron Devices Directorate, United States Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Miguel A González
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Osamu Yamamuro
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - David L Price
- CNRS and Université d'Orléans, CEMHTI, 1D Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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4
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Popov I, Khamzin A, Matsumoto RA, Zhao W, Lin X, Cummings PT, Sokolov AP. Controlling the Ion Transport Number in Solvent-in-Salt Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4572-4583. [PMID: 35687852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Solvent-in-salt (SIS) systems present promising materials for the next generation of energy storage applications. The ion dynamics is significantly different in these systems from that of ionic liquids and diluted salt solutions. In this study, we analyze the ion dynamics of two salts, Li-TFSI and Li-FSI, in highly concentrated aqueous and acetonitrile solutions. We performed high-frequency dielectric measurements covering the range of up to 50 GHz and molecular dynamics simulations. The analysis of the conductivity spectra provides the characteristic crossover time between individual charge rearrangements and the normal charge diffusion regime resulting in DC conductivity. Analysis revealed that the onset of normal charge diffusion occurs at the scale of ∼1.5-3.5 Å, comparable to the average distance between the ions. Based on the idea of momentum conservation, distinct ion correlations were estimated experimentally and computationally. The analysis revealed that cation-anion correlations can be suppressed by changing the solvent concentration in SIS systems, leading to an increase of the light ion (Li+ in our case) transport number. This discovery suggests a way for improving the light cation transport number in SIS systems by tuning the solvent concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Popov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Airat Khamzin
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan 420008, Russia
| | - Ray A Matsumoto
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Xiaobo Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Peter T Cummings
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Alexei P Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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5
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González MA, Akiba H, Borodin O, Cuello GJ, Hennet L, Kohara S, Maginn EJ, Mangin-Thro L, Yamamuro O, Zhang Y, Price DL, Saboungi ML. Structure of water-in-salt and water-in-bisalt electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10727-10736. [PMID: 35451439 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00537a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a systematic diffraction study of two "water-in-salt" electrolytes and a "water-in-bisalt" electrolyte combining high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) with polarized and unpolarized neutron diffraction (ND) on both H2O and D2O solutions. The measurements provide three independent combinations of correlations between the different pairs of atom types that reveal the short- and intermediate-range order in considerable detail. The ND interference functions show pronounced peaks around a scattering vector Q ∼ 0.5 Å-1 that change dramatically with composition, indicating significant rearrangements of the water network on a length scale around 12 Å. The experimental results are compared with two sets of Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, one including polarization effects and the other based on a non-polarizable force field. The two simulations reproduce the general shapes of the experimental structure factors and their changes with concentration, but differ in many detailed respects, suggesting ways in which their force fields might be modified to better represent the actual systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Akiba
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Oleg Borodin
- Battery Science Branch, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA.
| | | | - Louis Hennet
- ICMN, Université d'Orléans/CNRS, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Shinji Kohara
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Edward J Maginn
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Lucile Mangin-Thro
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Osamu Yamamuro
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Yong Zhang
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - David L Price
- CEMHTI, CNRS/Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France
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6
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Zhang J, Wang F, Cao Z, Wang Q. New State-Diagram of Aqueous Solutions Unveiling Ionic Hydration, Antiplasticization, and Structural Heterogeneities in LiTFSI-H 2O. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13041-13048. [PMID: 34788045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a new state-diagram for aqueous solutions based on concentration-dependent glass-transition temperatures of concentrated and ice freeze-concentrated solutions. Different from the equilibrium phase diagram, this new state-diagram can provide comprehensive information about the hydration numbers of solutes, nonequilibrium vitrification/cold-crystallization, and vitrification/devitrification processes of aqueous solutions in three distinct concentration zones separated by two critical water-content points of only functions of the hydration number. Based on this new state-diagram, we observe the comparable hydration ability of LiTFSI to LiCl and an atypical concentration-dependent cold-crystallization behavior of the LiTFSI-H2O system. These results unveil the negligible hydration ability of TFSI- in a water-rich solution, characterize the antiplasticizing effect of water induced by the strengthened Li+-TFSI--H2O interaction when only hydration water and confined water are present, and confirm the increasing fraction of water-rich domains with the decrease in water content when the cation and anion become incompletely hydrated on average. These results highlight the novel water-content-mediated interactions among the anion, cation, and H2O for LiTFSI-H2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbing Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fengping Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zexian Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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7
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Triolo A, Di Lisio V, Lo Celso F, Appetecchi GB, Fazio B, Chater P, Martinelli A, Sciubba F, Russina O. Liquid Structure of a Water-in-Salt Electrolyte with a Remarkably Asymmetric Anion. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12500-12517. [PMID: 34738812 PMCID: PMC9282637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Water-in-salt systems, i.e., super-concentrated aqueous electrolytes, such as lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (21 mol/kgwater), have been recently discovered to exhibit unexpectedly large electrochemical windows and high lithium transference numbers, thus paving the way to safe and sustainable charge storage devices. The peculiar transport features in these electrolytes are influenced by their intrinsically nanoseparated morphology, stemming from the anion hydrophobic nature and manifesting as nanosegregation between anions and water domains. The underlying mechanism behind this structure-dynamics correlation is, however, still a matter of strong debate. Here, we enhance the apolar nature of the anions, exploring the properties of the aqueous electrolytes of lithium salts with a strongly asymmetric anion, namely, (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)(nonafluorobutylsulfonyl) imide. Using a synergy of experimental and computational tools, we detect a remarkable level of structural heterogeneity at a mesoscopic level between anion-rich and water-rich domains. Such a ubiquitous sponge-like, bicontinuous morphology develops across the whole concentration range, evolving from large fluorinated globules at high dilution to a percolating fluorous matrix intercalated by water nanowires at super-concentrated regimes. Even at extremely concentrated conditions, a large population of fully hydrated lithium ions, with no anion coordination, is detected. One can then derive that the concomitant coexistence of (i) a mesoscopically segregated structure and (ii) fully hydrated lithium clusters disentangled from anion coordination enables the peculiar lithium diffusion features that characterize water-in-salt systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Triolo
- Laboratorio
Liquidi Ionici, Istituto Struttura della
Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Valerio Di Lisio
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Lo Celso
- Laboratorio
Liquidi Ionici, Istituto Struttura della
Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Rome 00133, Italy
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry, Università
di Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Fazio
- Istituto
Processi Chimico-Fisici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IPCF-CNR), Messina 98158, Italy
| | - Philip Chater
- Diamond House,
Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source, Ltd., Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Andrea Martinelli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy
- NMR-Based
Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza
University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Olga Russina
- Laboratorio
Liquidi Ionici, Istituto Struttura della
Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Rome 00133, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy
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8
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Horwitz G, Härk E, Steinberg PY, Cavalcanti LP, Risse S, Corti HR. The Nanostructure of Water-in-Salt Electrolytes Revisited: Effect of the Anion Size. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11564-11572. [PMID: 34255484 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing interest in developing safe and sustainable energy storage systems has led to the rapid rise in attention to superconcentrated electrolytes, commonly called water-in-salt (WiS). Several works indicate that the transport properties of these liquid electrolytes are related to the presence of nanodomains, but a detailed characterization of such structure is missing. Here, the structural nano-heterogeneity of lithium WiS electrolytes, comprising lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf) and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) solutions as a function of concentration and temperature, was assessed by resorting to the analysis of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) patterns. Variations with the concentration of a correlation peak, rather temperature-independent, in a Q range around 3.5-5 nm-1 indicate that these electrolytes are composed of nanometric water-rich channels percolating a 3D dispersing anion-rich network, with differences between Tf and TFSI anions related to their distinct volumes and interactions. Furthermore, a common trend was found for both systems' morphology above a salt volume fraction of ∼0.5. These results imply that the determining factor in the formation of the nanostructure is the salt volume fraction (related to the anion size), rather than its molality. These findings may represent a paradigm shift for designing WiS electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Horwitz
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada and Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN-CONICET), Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida General Paz 1499, B1650, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eneli Härk
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula Y Steinberg
- Gerencia Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida General Paz 1499, B1650, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leide P Cavalcanti
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, OX110QX Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Risse
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Horacio R Corti
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada and Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (INN-CONICET), Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida General Paz 1499, B1650, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Bridges CA, Martins ML, Jafta CJ, Sun XG, Paranthaman MP, Liu J, Dai S, Mamontov E. Dynamics of Emim + in [Emim][TFSI]/LiTFSI Solutions as Bulk and under Confinement in a Quasi-liquid Solid Electrolyte. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5443-5450. [PMID: 34003647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quasi-liquid solid electrolytes are a promising alternative for next-generation Li batteries. These systems combine the safety of solid electrolytes with the desired properties of liquids and are typically formed by solutions of Li salts in ionic liquids incorporated into solid matrices. Here, we present a fundamental understanding of the transport properties in solutions of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Emim][TFSI]), either in bulk form or incorporated in a boron nitride (BN) matrix. We performed a series of quasi-elastic neutron scattering experiments that, given the high incoherent neutron scattering cross section of hydrogen, allowed us to focus on the Emim+ dynamics. First, [Emim][TFSI]/LiTFSI solutions (0.5 and 2.5 mol·kg-1) were investigated and we show how the increase in the concentration reduces the Emim+ mobility and increases the activation energy of their long-range motions. Then, the 0.5 mol·kg-1 solution was incorporated into the BN matrix and we report that the diffusivities of the Emim+ cations that remain mobile under confinement are highly accelerated in comparison with the bulk sample and the activation energy of these motions is drastically reduced. We present the experimental evidence that this effect is related to the content of the Emim+ cations immobilized near the surfaces of the BN pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bridges
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - M L Martins
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008 MS6455, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - C J Jafta
- Electrification and Energy Infrastructures, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - X G Sun
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - M P Paranthaman
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - J Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - S Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - E Mamontov
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008 MS6455, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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