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Liang X, Xia H, Xiang J, Wang F, Ma J, Zhou X, Wang H, Liu X, Zhu Q, Lin H, Pan J, Yuan M, Li G, Hu H. Facile Tailoring of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-Driven Enhancement in Perovskite Photovoltaics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307476. [PMID: 38445968 PMCID: PMC11095144 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) has demonstrated its potential to enhance the light energy utilization ratio of perovskite solar cells by interacting with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and perovskite layers. However, comprehensive investigations into how MOF design and synthesis impact FRET in perovskite systems are scarce. In this work, nanoscale HIAM-type Zr-MOF (HIAM-4023, HIAM-4024, and HIAM-4025) is meticulously tailored to evaluate FRET's existence and its influence on the perovskite photoactive layer. Through precise adjustments of amino groups and acceptor units in the organic linker, HIAM-MOFs are synthesized with the same topology, but distinct photoluminescence (PL) emission properties. Significant FRET is observed between HIAM-4023/HIAM-4024 and the perovskite, confirmed by spectral overlap, fluorescence lifetime decay, and calculated distances between HIAM-4023/HIAM-4024 and the perovskite. Conversely, the spectral overlap between the PL emission of HIAM-4025 and the perovskite's absorption spectrum is relatively minimal, impeding the energy transfer from HIAM-4025 to the perovskite. Therefore, the HIAM-4023/HIAM-4024-assisted perovskite devices exhibit enhanced EQE via FRET processes, whereas the HIAM-4025 demonstrates comparable EQE to the pristine. Ultimately, the HIAM-4023-assisted perovskite device achieves an enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.22% compared with pristine devices (PCE of 22.06%) and remarkable long-term stability under ambient conditions and continuous light illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced MaterialsShenzhen Polytechnic7098 Liuxian BoulevardShenzhen518055China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070China
| | - Hai‐lun Xia
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced MaterialsShenzhen Polytechnic7098 Liuxian BoulevardShenzhen518055China
| | - Jin Xiang
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced MaterialsShenzhen Polytechnic7098 Liuxian BoulevardShenzhen518055China
| | - Fei Wang
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced MaterialsShenzhen Polytechnic7098 Liuxian BoulevardShenzhen518055China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070China
| | - Jing Ma
- Medical Intelligence and Innovation AcademySouthern University of Science and Technology HospitalShenzhen518055China
| | - Xianfang Zhou
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced MaterialsShenzhen Polytechnic7098 Liuxian BoulevardShenzhen518055China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070China
| | - Hao Wang
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced MaterialsShenzhen Polytechnic7098 Liuxian BoulevardShenzhen518055China
| | - Xiao‐Yuan Liu
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced MaterialsShenzhen Polytechnic7098 Liuxian BoulevardShenzhen518055China
| | - Quanyao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070China
| | - Haoran Lin
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced MaterialsShenzhen Polytechnic7098 Liuxian BoulevardShenzhen518055China
| | - Jun Pan
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou310014China
| | - Mingjian Yuan
- Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST) College of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Electronic and Information EngineeringResearch Institute for Smart Energy (RISE)The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Hanlin Hu
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced MaterialsShenzhen Polytechnic7098 Liuxian BoulevardShenzhen518055China
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Oddo AM, Gao M, Weinberg D, Jin J, Folgueras MC, Song C, Ophus C, Mani T, Rabani E, Yang P. Energy Funneling in a Noninteger Two-Dimensional Perovskite. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11469-11476. [PMID: 38060980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Energy funneling is a phenomenon that has been exploited in optoelectronic devices based on low-dimensional materials to improve their performance. Here, we introduce a new class of two-dimensional semiconductor, characterized by multiple regions of varying thickness in a single confined nanostructure with homogeneous composition. This "noninteger 2D semiconductor" was prepared via the structural transformation of two-octahedron-layer-thick (n = 2) 2D cesium lead bromide perovskite nanosheets; it consisted of a central n = 2 region surrounded by edge-lying n = 3 regions, as imaged by electron microscopy. Thicker noninteger 2D CsPbBr3 nanostructures were obtained as well. These noninteger 2D perovskites formed a laterally coupled quantum well band alignment with virtually no strain at the interface and no dielectric barrier, across which unprecedented intramaterial funneling of the photoexcitation energy was observed from the thin to the thick regions using time-resolved absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Oddo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mengyu Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel Weinberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jianbo Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Maria C Folgueras
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chengyu Song
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tomoyasu Mani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Eran Rabani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center of Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Peidong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Lu J, Zhou C, Zheng F, Ghasemi M, Li Q, Lin KT, Jia B, Wen X. Fabrication and Characterization of 2D Layered Perovskites with a Gradient Band Gap. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37466342 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Vertical gradient band-gap heterostructures of two-dimensional (2D) layered perovskites have attracted considerable research interest due to their superior optoelectronic properties and demonstrated potential for use in optical devices. However, its fabrication has been challenging. In this investigation, 2D Ruddlesden-Popper mixed halide perovskite single crystals with a vertical gradient band gap were synthesized by using a solid-state halide diffusion process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements after diffusion confirm that the crystalline and morphology remain intact. The transmittance and photoluminescence (PL) spectra show the formation of a vertical gradient band gap that is ascribed to gradient halide distribution through halide intermixing. The mixed halide crystal exhibits high stability with completely suppressed phase segregation in the time-dependent PL measurement. The time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectra prove that the mixed halide sample has an enhanced carrier transport due to the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect. Besides, the halide diffusion behavior is found to be different from the previously proposed "layer-by-layer" diffusion model in exfoliated crystals. The gradient band-gap structure is critical for various applications in which vertical carrier transport is demanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Lu
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mehri Ghasemi
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Qi Li
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Keng-Te Lin
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Baohua Jia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Xiaoming Wen
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Oyibo G, Barrett T, Jois S, Blackburn JL, Lee JU. All-Carbon Nanotube Solar Cell Devices Mimic Photosynthesis. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9100-9106. [PMID: 36326598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Both solar cells and photosynthetic systems employ a two-step process of light absorption and energy conversion. In photosynthesis, they are performed by distinct proteins. However, conventional solar cells use the same semiconductor for optical absorption and electron-hole separation, leading to inefficiencies. Here, we show that an all-semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (s-SWCNTs) device provides an artificial system that models photosynthesis in a tandem geometry. We use distinct chirality s-SWCNTs to separate the site and direction of light absorption from those of power generation. Using different bandgap s-SWCNTs, we implement an energy funnel in dual-gated p-n diodes. The device captures photons from multiple regions of the solar spectrum and funnels photogenerated excitons to the smallest bandgap s-SWCNT layer, where they become free carriers. We demonstrate an increase in the photoresponse by adding more s-SWCNT layers of different bandgaps without a corresponding deleterious increase in the dark leakage current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Oyibo
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York-Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York12203, United States
| | - Thomas Barrett
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York-Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York12203, United States
| | - Sharadh Jois
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York-Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York12203, United States
| | | | - Ji Ung Lee
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York-Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York12203, United States
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Sun R, Wang Z, Wang H, Chen Z, Yao Y, Zhang H, Gao Y, Hao X, Liu H, Zhang Y. Micrometer-Resolution X-ray Imaging Enabled by a Flexible Perovskite Screen. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:36801-36806. [PMID: 35929755 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spatial resolution improvement has been keenly sought recently in the perovskite-based scintillation community. Here, micrometer resolution (∼2.0 μm) was achieved by using an X-ray imaging screen of self-assembled perovskite nanosheets. The assembly behavior of nanosheets was applicable to many substrates, including glass, metal, and polymer surfaces. The use of a polymer substrate not only eliminated the parasite absorption of X-ray but also enabled a flexible screen with robust bending stability. The assembly behavior, on the other hand, provided vicinity for an efficient energy transfer between nanosheets of varied thicknesses, as evidenced by both transient absorption and photoluminescence lifetime measurements. Importantly, the ensuing large Stokes shift (∼316 meV) significantly mitigated the reabsorption issue, leading to a comparable light yield to LYSO/Ce crystals. With the aid of the synchrotron-based collimated X-ray beam, the fine structure of two-dimensional objects, such as microchips, was clearly visualized with the flexible scintillation screen. Furthermore, those challenging biological samples were also scanned by phase-contrast imaging, whereby a three-dimensional reconstruction was obtained successfully. Despite the labile nature of the perovskite screen, this work represents the state-of-the-art spatial resolution for perovskite scintillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Sun
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaofen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong,, China
| | - Hanqiu Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Yige Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yunan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaotao Hao
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Huiqiang Liu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhai Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
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Ghasemi M, Zhang Y, Zhou C, Tan C, Choi E, Yun JS, Du A, Yun JH, Jia B, Wen X. Controllable Acceleration and Deceleration of Charge Carrier Transport in Metal-Halide Perovskite Single-Crystal by Cs-Cation Induced Bandgap Engineering. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107680. [PMID: 35481722 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Charge carrier transport in materials is of essential importance for photovoltaic and photonic applications. Here, the authors demonstrate a controllable acceleration or deceleration of charge carrier transport in specially structured metal-alloy perovskite (MACs)PbI3 (MA= CH3 NH3 ) single-crystals with a gradient composition of CsPbI3 /(MA1- x Csx )PbI3 /MAPbI3 . Depending on the Cs-cation distribution in the structure and therefore the energy band alignment, two different effects are demonstrated: i) significant acceleration of electron transport across the depth driven by the gradient band alignment and suppression of electron-hole recombination, benefiting for photovoltaic and detector applications; and ii) decelerated electron transport and thus improved radiative carrier recombination and emission efficiency, highly beneficial for light and display applications. At the same time, the top Cs-layer results in hole localization in the top layer and surface passivation. This controllable acceleration and deceleration of electron transport is critical for various applications in which efficient electron-hole separation and suppressed nonradiative electron-hole recombination is demanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Ghasemi
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Yurou Zhang
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Cheng Tan
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane City, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Eunyoung Choi
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering (SPREE), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jae Sung Yun
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering (SPREE), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Aijun Du
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane City, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Jung-Ho Yun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Baohua Jia
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Xiaoming Wen
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
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7
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Gan Z, Cheng Y, Chen W, Loh KP, Jia B, Wen X. Photophysics of 2D Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskites: Progress, Debates, and Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2001843. [PMID: 33747717 PMCID: PMC7967069 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
2D organic-inorganic hybrid Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (RPPs) have recently attracted increasing attention due to their excellent environmental stability, high degree of electronic tunability, and natural multiquantum-well structures. Although there is a rapid development of photoelectronic applications in solar cells, photodetectors, light emitting diodes (LEDs), and lasers based on 2D RPPs, the state-of-the-art performance is far inferior to that of the existing devices because of the limited understanding on fundamental physics, especially special photophysics in carrier dynamics, excitonic fine structures, excitonic quasiparticles, and spin-related effect. Thus, there is still plenty of room to improve the performances of photoelectronic devices based on 2D RPPs by enhancing knowledge on fundamental photophysics. This review highlights the special photophysics of 2D RPPs that is fundamentally different from the conventional 3D congeners. It also provides the most recent progress, debates, challenges, prospects, and in-depth understanding of photophysics in 2D perovskites, which is significant for not only boosting performance of solar cells, LEDs, photodetectors, but also future development of applications in lasers, spintronics, quantum information, and integrated photonic chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Gan
- Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional MaterialsSchool of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial IntelligenceNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing210023China
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringQingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266042China
| | - Yingchun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Weijian Chen
- Centre for Translational AtomaterialsFaculty of ScienceEngineering and TechnologySwinburne University of TechnologyJohn StreetHawthornVIC3122Australia
- Australian Centre for Advanced PhotovoltaicsSchool of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy EngineeringUNSW SydneyKensingtonNSW2052Australia
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- Department of Chemistryand Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research CentreNational University of SingaporeSingapore117543Singapore
| | - Baohua Jia
- Centre for Translational AtomaterialsFaculty of ScienceEngineering and TechnologySwinburne University of TechnologyJohn StreetHawthornVIC3122Australia
| | - Xiaoming Wen
- Centre for Translational AtomaterialsFaculty of ScienceEngineering and TechnologySwinburne University of TechnologyJohn StreetHawthornVIC3122Australia
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8
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Sheng Y, Zhao A, Yuan S, Liu C, Zhang X, Di Y, Gan Z. Dynamics of anion exchange in cesium lead halide (CsPbX 3) perovskite nanocrystals. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04987e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
By investigating in situ PL spectra, the anion exchange of perovskite nanocrystals is divided into three stages, i.e. photon reabsorption process, initial anion exchange, and adequate anion exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Sheng
- Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional Materials
- School of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial Intelligence
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Aiqing Zhao
- Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional Materials
- School of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial Intelligence
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Songyan Yuan
- Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional Materials
- School of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial Intelligence
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Cihui Liu
- Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional Materials
- School of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial Intelligence
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Yunsong Di
- Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional Materials
- School of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial Intelligence
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Zhixing Gan
- Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional Materials
- School of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial Intelligence
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
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