1
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Maturi F, Raposo Filho RS, Brites CDS, Fan J, He R, Zhuang B, Liu X, Carlos LD. Deciphering Density Fluctuations in the Hydration Water of Brownian Nanoparticles via Upconversion Thermometry. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2606-2615. [PMID: 38420927 PMCID: PMC10926164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the intricate relationship among temperature, pH, and Brownian velocity in a range of differently sized upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) dispersed in water. These UCNPs, acting as nanorulers, offer insights into assessing the relative proportion of high-density and low-density liquid in the surrounding hydration water. The study reveals a size-dependent reduction in the onset temperature of liquid-water fluctuations, indicating an augmented presence of high-density liquid domains at the nanoparticle surfaces. The observed upper-temperature threshold is consistent with a hypothetical phase diagram of water, validating the two-state model. Moreover, an increase in pH disrupts the organization of water molecules, similar to external pressure effects, allowing simulation of the effects of temperature and pressure on hydrogen bonding networks. The findings underscore the significance of the surface of suspended nanoparticles for understanding high- to low-density liquid fluctuations and water behavior at charged interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando
E. Maturi
- Phantom-g,
CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Institute
of Chemistry, São Paulo State University
(UNESP), 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ramon S. Raposo Filho
- Phantom-g,
CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos D. S. Brites
- Phantom-g,
CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jingyue Fan
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Ruihua He
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Bilin Zhuang
- Harvey
Mudd College, 301 Platt
Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Luís D. Carlos
- Phantom-g,
CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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2
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Gonçalves JM, Bastos ARN, Ribeiro SJL, Carlos LD, Longo RL, Caiut JMA, Ferreira RAS. Thermal properties of nanofluids using hydrophilic and hydrophobic LiYF 4:Yb/Er upconverting nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:1486-1496. [PMID: 38419868 PMCID: PMC10898443 DOI: 10.1039/d3na01114c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Luminescent nanoparticles have shown great potential for thermal sensing in bio-applications. Nonetheless, these materials lack water dispersibility that can be overcome by modifying their surface properties with water dispersible molecules such as cysteine. Herein, we employ LiYF4:Er3+/Yb3+ upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) capped with oleate or modified with cysteine dispersed in cyclohexane or in water, respectively, as thermal probes. Upconversion emission was used to sense temperature with a relative thermal sensitivity of ∼1.24% K-1 (at 300 K) and a temperature uncertainty of 0.8 K for the oleate capped and of 0.5 K for cysteine modified NPs. To study the effect of the cysteine modification in the heat transfer processes, the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids was determined, yielding 0.123(6) W m-1 K-1 for the oleate capped UCNPs dispersed in cyclohexane and 0.50(7) W m-1 K-1 for the cysteine modified UCNPs dispersed in water. Moreover, through the heating curves, the nanofluids' thermal resistances were estimated, showing that the cysteine modification partially prevents heat transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M Gonçalves
- Department of Physics, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810-193 Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto 14040-900 Brazil
| | - Ana R N Bastos
- Department of Physics, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810-193 Portugal
| | - Sidney J L Ribeiro
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista «Júlio de Mesquisa Filho» Araraquara 14800-060 Brazil
| | - L D Carlos
- Department of Physics, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810-193 Portugal
| | - Ricardo L Longo
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife PE 50740-540 Brazil
| | - José Maurício A Caiut
- Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto 14040-900 Brazil
| | - Rute A S Ferreira
- Department of Physics, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810-193 Portugal
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3
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Harrington B, Ye Z, Signor L, Pickel AD. Luminescence Thermometry Beyond the Biological Realm. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2024; 4:30-61. [PMID: 38406316 PMCID: PMC10885336 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.3c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
As the field of luminescence thermometry has matured, practical applications of luminescence thermometry techniques have grown in both frequency and scope. Due to the biocompatibility of most luminescent thermometers, many of these applications fall within the realm of biology. However, luminescence thermometry is increasingly employed beyond the biological realm, with expanding applications in areas such as thermal characterization of microelectronics, catalysis, and plasmonics. Here, we review the motivations, methodologies, and advances linked to nonbiological applications of luminescence thermometry. We begin with a brief overview of luminescence thermometry probes and techniques, focusing on those most commonly used for nonbiological applications. We then address measurement capabilities that are particularly relevant for these applications and provide a detailed survey of results across various application categories. Throughout the review, we highlight measurement challenges and requirements that are distinct from those of biological applications. Finally, we discuss emerging areas and future directions that present opportunities for continued research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Harrington
- Materials
Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Ziyang Ye
- Materials
Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Laura Signor
- The
Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Andrea D. Pickel
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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4
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Brites CDS, Marin R, Suta M, Carneiro Neto AN, Ximendes E, Jaque D, Carlos LD. Spotlight on Luminescence Thermometry: Basics, Challenges, and Cutting-Edge Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302749. [PMID: 37480170 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Luminescence (nano)thermometry is a remote sensing technique that relies on the temperature dependency of the luminescence features (e.g., bandshape, peak energy or intensity, and excited state lifetimes and risetimes) of a phosphor to measure temperature. This technique provides precise thermal readouts with superior spatial resolution in short acquisition times. Although luminescence thermometry is just starting to become a more mature subject, it exhibits enormous potential in several areas, e.g., optoelectronics, photonics, micro- and nanofluidics, and nanomedicine. This work reviews the latest trends in the field, including the establishment of a comprehensive theoretical background and standardized practices. The reliability, repeatability, and reproducibility of the technique are also discussed, along with the use of multiparametric analysis and artificial-intelligence algorithms to enhance thermal readouts. In addition, examples are provided to underscore the challenges that luminescence thermometry faces, alongside the need for a continuous search and design of new materials, experimental techniques, and analysis procedures to improve the competitiveness, accessibility, and popularity of the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D S Brites
- Phantom-g, CICECO, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Riccardo Marin
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Markus Suta
- Inorganic Photoactive Materials, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Structural Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Albano N Carneiro Neto
- Phantom-g, CICECO, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Erving Ximendes
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Luís D Carlos
- Phantom-g, CICECO, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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5
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Lin D, Qian Z, Bagnani M, Hernández-Rodríguez MA, Corredoira-Vázquez J, Wei G, Carlos LD, Mezzenga R. Probing the Protein Folding Energy Landscape: Dissociation of Amyloid-β Fibrils by Laser-Induced Plasmonic Heating. ACS NANO 2023; 17:9429-9441. [PMID: 37134221 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Insoluble amyloid fibrils made from proteins and peptides are difficult to be degraded in both living and artificial systems. The importance of studying their physical stability lies primarily with their association with human neurodegenerative diseases, but also owing to their potential role in multiple bio-nanomaterial applications. Here, gold nanorods (AuNRs) were utilized to investigate the plasmonic heating properties and dissociation of amyloid-β fibrils formed by different peptide fragments (Aβ16-22/Aβ25-35/Aβ1-42) related to the Alzheimer's disease. It is demonstrated that AuNRs were able to break mature amyloid-β fibrils from both the full length (Aβ1-42) and peptide fragments (Aβ16-22/Aβ25-35) within minutes by triggering ultrahigh localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) heating. The LSPR energy absorbed by the amyloids to unfold and move to higher levels in the protein folding energy landscape can be measured directly and in situ by luminescence thermometry using lanthanide-based upconverting nanoparticles. We also show that Aβ16-22 fibrils, with the largest persistence length, displayed the highest resistance to breakage, resulting in a transition from rigid fibrils to short flexible fibrils. These findings are consistent with molecular dynamics simulations indicating that Aβ16-22 fibrils possess the highest thermostability due to their highly ordered hydrogen bond networks and antiparallel β-sheet orientation, hence affected by an LSPR-induced remodeling rather than melting. The present results introduce original strategies for disassembling amyloid fibrils noninvasively in liquid environment; they also introduce a methodology to probe the positioning of amyloids on the protein folding and aggregation energy landscape via nanoparticle-enabled plasmonic and upconversion nanothermometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Lin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China
- ETH Zurich Department of Health Sciences & Technology and Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Zhenyu Qian
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Massimo Bagnani
- ETH Zurich Department of Health Sciences & Technology and Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Miguel A Hernández-Rodríguez
- Phantom-g, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Julio Corredoira-Vázquez
- Phantom-g, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Guanghong Wei
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Luís D Carlos
- Phantom-g, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- ETH Zurich Department of Health Sciences & Technology and Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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6
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de Oliveira PMC, de Souza JIR, da Silva JAB, Longo RL. Temperature Dependence of Hydrogen Bond Networks of Liquid Water: Thermodynamic Properties and Structural Heterogeneity from Topological Descriptors. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2250-2257. [PMID: 36877152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Topological analyses of hydrogen bond networks were performed based on the complex network and island statistics of liquid water at different temperatures. The influence of temperature on the liquid water structures and the topological properties of the hydrogen bond networks was investigated by Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations with the TIP4P/2005 potential model. The bilinear behavior of the second peak in the radial distribution function with the temperature was properly reproduced by these simulations. The average connectivity also displayed a bilinear behavior consistent with being a local descriptor. The semiglobal average path length (or geodesic distance) descriptor showed an unprecedented trimodal distribution, whose areas were dependent on the temperature. Considering equilibrium between these three sets of networks, standard enthalpy and entropy of equilibrium were determined for the first time, providing new insights into the structural heterogeneities of liquid water with interesting perspectives for modeling these quantitative properties of hydrogen bond networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo M C de Oliveira
- Núcleo Interdisciplinar de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Campus do Agreste. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 55.014-900 Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jéssica I R de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-560 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Juliana A B da Silva
- Núcleo Interdisciplinar de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Campus do Agreste. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 55.014-900 Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 52.171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ricardo L Longo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-560 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-540 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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7
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Effects of Plasma on Physical Properties of Water: Nanocrystalline-to-Amorphous Phase Transition and Improving Produce Washing. PLASMA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/plasma5040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Washing fresh produce using Plasma-activated water recently became a promising eco-friendly alternative to using chemical additives such as Chlorine. We discuss the produce-washing experiments that illustrate that addition of plasma to washing water is a multi-faced phenomena. Not only it increases the sterilization ability of water by killing pathogens, but it also has improved washibility: the ability to remove pathogens from the cleaning surface. We propose an explanation of these features based on the recently discoveries that many physical and chemical properties of water change their temperature dependence between about 35 and 60 degrees Celsius. In particular, heat conductance, light absorption, and surface tension all change their temperature dependence. These drastic changes were associated with water gradually changing its mesoscopic structure: while at the higher temperatures water is a uniform media (amorphous state), at the temperatures below transition it consists of many nano-to-micro-scale clusters (crystalline state). This transition is similar to the second order phase transition. In the present paper we propose that treating water with non-thermal plasma (adding plasma-created active compounds) can lower the temperature of the transition and thus cause a significant change in such physical quantities as surface tension, viscosity, freezing rate, and wettability and washability.
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8
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Berkowicz S, Perakis F. Exploring the validity of the Stokes-Einstein relation in supercooled water using nanomolecular probes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25490-25499. [PMID: 34494639 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02866a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The breakdown of Stokes-Einstein relation in liquid water is one of the many anomalies that take place upon cooling and indicates the decoupling of diffusion and viscosity. It is hypothesized that these anomalies manifest due to the appearance of nanometer-scale spatial fluctuations, which become increasingly pronounced in the supercooled regime. Here, we explore the validity of the Stokes-Einstein relation in supercooled water using nanomolecular probes. We capture the diffusive dynamics of the probes using dynamic light scattering and target dynamics at different length scales by varying the probe size, from ≈100 nm silica spheres to molecular-sized polyhydroxylated fullerenes (≈1 nm). We find that all the studied probes, independent of size, display similar diffusive dynamics with an Arrhenius activation energy of ≈23 kJ mol-1. Analysis of the diffusion coefficient further indicates that the probes, independent of their size, experience similar dynamic environment, which coincides with the macroscopic viscosity, while single water molecules effectively experience a comparatively lower viscosity. Finally, we conclude that our results indicate that the Stokes-Einstein relation is preserved for diffusion of probes in supercooled water T ≥ 260 K with size as small as ≈1 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Berkowicz
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Fivos Perakis
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Marin R, Jaque D, Benayas A. Switching to the brighter lane: pathways to boost the absorption of lanthanide-doped nanoparticles. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:209-230. [PMID: 33463649 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00627k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles (LNPs) are speedily colonizing several research fields, such as biological (multimodal) imaging, photodynamic therapy, volumetric encoding displays, and photovoltaics. Yet, the electronic transitions of lanthanide ions obey the Laporte rule, which dramatically hampers their light absorption capabilities. As a result, the brightness of these species is severely restricted. This intrinsic poor absorption capability is the fundamental obstacle for untapping the full potential of LNPs in several of the aforementioned fields. Among others, three of the most promising physicochemical approaches that have arisen during last two decades to face the challenges of increasing LNP absorption are plasmonic enhancement, organic-dye sensitization, and coupling with semiconductors. The fundamental basis, remarkable highlights, and comparative achievements of each of these pathways for absorption enhancement are critically discussed in this minireview, which also includes a detailed discussion of the exciting perspectives ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Marin
- Fluorescence Imaging Group (FIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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10
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Lu D, Labrador-Páez L, Ortiz-Rivero E, Frades P, Antoniak MA, Wawrzyńczyk D, Nyk M, Brites CDS, Carlos LD, Garcı A Solé JA, Haro-González P, Jaque D. Exploring Single-Nanoparticle Dynamics at High Temperature by Optical Tweezers. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8024-8031. [PMID: 32936661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The experimental determination of the velocity of a colloidal nanoparticle (vNP) has recently became a hot topic. The thermal dependence of vNP is still left to be explored although it is a valuable source of information allowing, for instance, the discernment between ballistic and diffusive regimes. Optical tweezers (OTs) constitute a tool especially useful for the experimental determination of vNP although they have only been capable of determining it at room temperature. In this work, we demonstrate that it is possible to determine the temperature dependence of the diffusive velocity of a single colloidal nanoparticle by analyzing the temperature dependence of optical forces. The comparison between experimental results and theoretical predictions allowed us to discover the impact that the anomalous temperature dependence of water properties has on the dynamics of colloidal nanoparticles in this temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasheng Lu
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Lucía Labrador-Páez
- Applied Physics Department, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm 114 21, Sweden
| | - Elisa Ortiz-Rivero
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Pablo Frades
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Magda A Antoniak
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dominika Wawrzyńczyk
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Nyk
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Carlos D S Brites
- Phantom-g, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís D Carlos
- Phantom-g, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José Antonio Garcı A Solé
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Patricia Haro-González
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
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