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Lai Y, Zeng Y, Li F, Chen X, Wang T, Yang X, Guo Q. Low-Temperature Ethylbenzene Conversion on Rutile TiO 2(100) via Photocatalysis: The Strong Photon Energy Dependence. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6286-6294. [PMID: 37399453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Direct dehydrogenation of alkanes under mild conditions offers a green route to produce valuable olefins, but realizing C-H bond activation at a low temperature presents a significant challenge. Here, photocatalytic ethylbenzene conversion into styrene has been achieved by one hole on rutile (R)-TiO2(100) at 80 K under 257 and 343 nm irradiation. Although the rates of the initial α-C-H bond activation are nearly the same at the two wavelengths, the rate of the β-C-H bond cleavage is strongly dependent upon hole energy, leading to the much higher yield of 290 K styrene formation at 257 nm, which raises doubt about the simplified TiO2 photocatalysis model in which excess energy of the charge carrier is useless and highlights the importance of intermolecular energy redistribution in photocatalytic reactions. The result not only advances our understandings in low-temperature C-H bond activation but also calls for the development of a more sophisticated photocatalysis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemiao Lai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangliang Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueming Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
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Gao Y, Huang L, Cao Y, Richter M, Qi J, Zheng Q, Yang H, Ma J, Chang X, Fu X, Palma CA, Lu H, Zhang YY, Cheng Z, Lin X, Ouyang M, Feng X, Du S, Gao HJ. Selective activation of four quasi-equivalent C-H bonds yields N-doped graphene nanoribbons with partial corannulene motifs. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6146. [PMID: 36253383 PMCID: PMC9576682 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective C–H bond activation is one of the most challenging topics for organic reactions. The difficulties arise not only from the high C–H bond dissociation enthalpies but also the existence of multiple equivalent/quasi-equivalent reaction sites in organic molecules. Here, we successfully achieve the selective activation of four quasi-equivalent C–H bonds in a specially designed nitrogen-containing polycyclic hydrocarbon (N-PH). Density functional theory calculations reveal that the adsorption of N-PH on Ag(100) differentiates the activity of the four ortho C(sp3) atoms in the N-heterocycles into two groups, suggesting a selective dehydrogenation, which is demonstrated by sequential-annealing experiments of N-PH/Ag(100). Further annealing leads to the formation of N-doped graphene nanoribbons with partial corannulene motifs, realized by the C–H bond activation process. Our work provides a route of designing precursor molecules with ortho C(sp3) atom in an N-heterocycle to realize surface-induced selective dehydrogenation in quasi-equivalent sites. Selective activation of C–H bonds is a key challenge in organic reactions. Here, the authors achieve the selective activation of four quasi-equivalent C–H bonds, leading to the formation of N-doped graphene nanoribbons with partial corannulene motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Gao
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Li Huang
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Yun Cao
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Marcus Richter
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jing Qi
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Huan Yang
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiao Chang
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Xiaoshuai Fu
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Carlos-Andres Palma
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Yu-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Zhihai Cheng
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, 100872, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Min Ouyang
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069, Dresden, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany.
| | - Shixuan Du
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, PR China.
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, PR China.
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Li F, Chen X, Lai Y, Wang T, Yang X, Guo Q. Low-Temperature C-H Bond Activation via Photocatalysis: Highly Efficient Ethylbenzene Dehydrogenation into Styrene on Rutile TiO 2(110). J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9186-9194. [PMID: 36170050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The direct dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons to olefins under mild conditions is an atom-economical but challenging route. Here, we have investigated photocatalytic ethylbenzene dehydrogenation into styrene on rutile(R)-TiO2(110) using the temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) method. The results demonstrate that photocatalytic ethylbenzene dehydrogenation into styrene occurs on R-TiO2(110) in a stepwise manner, in which the initial α-C-H bond cleavage occurs facilely under UV irradiation via a possible homolytic hydrogen atom transfer process and then is followed by the second C-H bond cleavage induced by either photocatalysis at ∼120 K or thermocatalysis at >400 K. With preadsorbed oxygen atoms to eliminate hydrogen atoms from ethylbenzene dehydrogenation and excess electrons on the surface, the yield of styrene is largely enhanced by about 4 times. The results not only demonstrate a photocatalytic route for ethylbenzene dehydrogenation into styrene on R-TiO2(110) but also advance our understanding of the photocatalytic activation of the saturated C-H bond with TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangliang Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuemiao Lai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xueming Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230088, P. R. China
| | - Qing Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Chemistry & Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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