1
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Wang H, Chen J, Tian X, Wang C, Lan J, Liu X, Zhang Z, Wen X, Gou Q. Conformational equilibria in acrolein-CO 2: the crucial contribution of n → π* interactions unveiled by rotational spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:18865-18870. [PMID: 38946600 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01650e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Using gas phase Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy complemented by theoretical analysis, this study delivers a comprehensive depiction of the physical origin of the 'n → π* interaction' between CO2 and acrolein, one of the most reactive aldehydes. Three distinct isomers of the acrolein-CO2 complex, linked through a C⋯O tetrel bond (or n → π* interaction) and a C-H⋯O hydrogen bond, have been unambiguously identified in the pulsed jet. Relative intensity measurements allowed estimation on the population ratio of the three isomers to be T1/T2/C1 ≈ 25/5/1. Advanced theoretical analyses were employed to elucidate the intricacies of the noncovalent interactions within the examined complex. This study not only sheds light on the molecular underpinnings of n → π* interactions but also paves the way for future exploration in carbon dioxide capture and utilization, leveraging the fundamental principles uncovered in the study of acrolein-carbon dioxide interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taoyuan South Rd. 27, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Junhua Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiao Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Chenxu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Junlin Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xingchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taoyuan South Rd. 27, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taoyuan South Rd. 27, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taoyuan South Rd. 27, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Qian Gou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
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2
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Wu Q, An X, Li Q. Tetrel bond involving -CH 3 group in H nXCH 3 (X = F, Cl, and Br, n = 0; X = O, S, and Se, n = 1; X = N, P, and As, n = 2). Cooperativity with triel bond and beryllium bond. Mol Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2023.2186721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhuo Wu
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiulin An
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingzhong Li
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Zhang X, Tian X, Li J, Li M, Gao T, Zou S, Chen J, Xu X, Gou Q, Grabow JU. Insights into the Diels-Alder Reaction of Furan with Maleic Anhydride from Its Prereactive Intermediate. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:604-608. [PMID: 36633594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The prereactive intermediate in the furan-maleic anhydride cycloaddition, a classical Diels-Alder reaction, has been captured and characterized in pulsed jets by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy for the first time. The observed species is stabilized by the π-π* interaction between the two moieties, which connects to the endo channel of the cycloaddition. The secondary interactions between the C=C and C=O in the observed isomer are accountable for its lower energy with respect to the one with the exo channel. The present study tries to fill the significant void of the experimental information on prereactive intermediates as the first stage of Diels-Alder cycloadditions, by outlining the stability of the prereactive intermediate and its accurate molecular structure and by emphasizing the role of the π-π* interaction in governing the stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiao Tian
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Meng Li
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie & Elektrochemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tianyue Gao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Siyu Zou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Junhua Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuefang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qian Gou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jens-Uwe Grabow
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie & Elektrochemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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4
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Dohmen R, Fedosov D, Obenchain DA. Benchmarking the quadrupolar coupling tensor for chlorine to probe weak-bonding interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2420-2429. [PMID: 36598167 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04067k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rotational spectroscopy relies on quantum chemical calculations to interpret observed spectra. Among the most challenging molecules to assign are those with additional angular momenta coupling to the rotation, contributing to the complexity of the spectrum. This benchmark study of computational methods commonly used by rotational spectroscopists targets the nuclear quadrupole coupling constants of chlorine containing molecules and the geometry of its complexes and clusters. For each method, the quality of both structural and electronic parameter predictions is compared with the experimental values. Ab initio methods are found to perform best overall in predicting both the geometry of the complexes and the coupling constants of chlorine with moderate computational cost. This cost can be reduced by combining these methods with density functional theory structure optimization, which still yields adequate predictions. This work constitutes a first step in expanding Bailey's quadrupole coupling data set to encompass molecular clusters. [W. C. Bailey, Calculation of Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling Constants in Gaseous State Molecule, 2019, https://nqcc.wcbailey.net/].
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Dohmen
- Georg-August University, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Denis Fedosov
- Georg-August University, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany.
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5
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Wang H, Chen J, Cheng W, Zheng Y, Zou S, Du W, Xu X, Gou Q. Rotational spectrum of anisole-CO 2: Cooperative C···O tetrel bond and CH···O hydrogen bond. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 282:121677. [PMID: 35908502 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rotational spectrum of the 1:1 anisole-CO2 complex has been investigated using a pulsed jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer supplemented with quantum chemical calculations. In the pulsed jet, only one isomer has been observed which is characterized by a dominant C···O tetrel bond and two CH···OCO2 weak hydrogen bonds. Different theoretical methods predict different orders of relative energies of plausible conformations. The experimental observation is most consistent with the theoretical estimation at the B3LYP-D3(BJ)/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Johnson's non-covalent interaction, quantum theory of atoms in molecules and natural bond orbital analyses have been applied to better understand the nature of non-covalent interactions at play in the anisole-CO2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Junhua Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Wanying Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Siyu Zou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Weiping Du
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China.
| | - Qian Gou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China.
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6
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Complexes of carbon dioxide with methanol and its monohalogen-substituted: Beyond the tetrel bond. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Stabilizing Halogen-Bonded Complex between Metallic Anion and Iodide. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27228069. [PMID: 36432170 PMCID: PMC9692347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Halogen bonds (XBs) between metal anions and halides have seldom been reported because metal anions are reactive for XB donors. The pyramidal-shaped Mn(CO)5- anion is a candidate metallic XB acceptor with a ligand-protected metal core that maintains the negative charge and an open site to accept XB donors. Herein, Mn(CO)5- is prepared by electrospray ionization, and its reaction with CH3I in gas phase is studied using mass spectrometry and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The product observed experimentally at m/z = 337 is assigned as [IMn(CO)4(OCCH3)]-, which is formed by successive nucleophilic substitution and reductive elimination, instead of the halogen-bonded complex (XC) CH3-I···Mn(CO)5-, because the I···Mn interaction is weak within XC and it could be a transient species. Inspiringly, DFT calculations predict that replacing CH3I with CF3I can strengthen the halogen bonding within the XC due to the electro-withdrawing ability of F. More importantly, in so doing, the nucleophilic substitution barrier can be raised significantly, ~30 kcal/mol, thus leaving the system trapping within the XC region. In brief, the combination of a passivating metal core and the introduction of an electro-withdrawing group to the halide can enable strong halogen bonding between metallic anion and iodide.
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8
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Suryaprasad B, Chandra S, Ramanathan N, Sundararajan K. Unique Dispersion-Induced Tetrel Bond with Co-operative σ-hole-Induced Pnicogen Bond in the POCl 3-Acetone Heterodimer: Experimental Confirmation at Low Temperatures. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6637-6647. [PMID: 36126354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both tetrel and pnicogen bonds are known to be induced through σ-/π-holes. This work reports computational and experimental evidence of the carbonyl carbon of acetone hosting a tetrel bond by dispersion rather electrostatic forces, for the first time, while phosphorus of POCl3 sustains pnicogen bonding via the σ-hole. Heterodimers of POCl3 with acetone (CH3COCH3) have been isolated within inert gas matrixes of Ar and N2 at 12 K. Characteristic vibrational bands at P═O stretching of POCl3 and C═O stretching of CH3COCH3 have been obtained in support of the computations. The potential energy surface has been traced computationally using ab initio and density functional methods. CH3COCH3 harboring such a tetrel bond, in itself, is quite intriguing. The interplay of these interactions has been comprehended by the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, natural bond orbital, energy decomposition, electrostatic potential mapping, and noncovalent interaction analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodda Suryaprasad
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamilnadu, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Swaroop Chandra
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamilnadu, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Nagarajan Ramanathan
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamilnadu, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Kalyanasundaram Sundararajan
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamilnadu, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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9
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Chen J, Wang H, Zheng Y, Zhang X, Xu X, Gou Q. Sp 2- and sp 3-C⋯O tetrel bonds in the 3-oxetanone homodimer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8992-8998. [PMID: 35380142 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00703g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The structures and non-covalent interactions at play in the 3-oxetanone homodimer have been investigated using a pulsed jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer supplemented with quantum chemical calculations. Two isomers were identified in the pulsed jet. With the analyses of non-covalent intermolecular interactions including the quantum theory of atoms, Johnson's non-covalent interactions and natural bond orbital, the observed global minimum is stabilized by a combination of one sp2-C⋯O tetrel bond and a network of multiple C-H⋯O weak hydrogen bonds. The second isomer is characterized by carbonyl-carbonyl interactions, with the formation of one sp2- and one sp3-C⋯O tetrel bond. The conformational population of the two observed isomers in the supersonic expansion was estimated to be NCE1/NCC1 ≈ 7/5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, Guizhou, China.,Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China.
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China.
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China.
| | - Xuefang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China.
| | - Qian Gou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China
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10
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Wang H, Chen J, Zheng Y, Obenchain DA, Xu X, Gou Q, Grabow JU, Caminati W. Interaction Types in C 6H 5(CH 2) nOH-CO 2 ( n = 0-4) Determined by the Length of the Side Alkyl Chain. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:149-155. [PMID: 34962816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
C6H5(CH2)nOH-CO2 complexes have been investigated using rotational spectroscopy (n = 0-2) complemented by quantum chemical calculations (n = 0-4), which implies that the side alkyl chain length can determine the types of intermolecular interactions. Unlike the in-plane C···O tetrel bond in phenol-CO2, the π*CO2···πaromatic interaction has been shown to link CO2 to phenylmethanol and 2-phenylethanol, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the first time it has been demonstrated by rotational spectroscopy. Further elongations of the side alkyl chain gradually increase the energies of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in 3-phenylpropanol and 4-phenylbutanol so that CO2 cannot break it. CO2 will be pushed farther from the monomers and link with the -OH group through a dominating C···O tetrel bond. Our observations would allow, with the choice of the proper length of the side alkyl chain, new strategies for engineering C···πaromatic-centered noncovalent bonding schemes for the capture, utilization, and storage of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Junhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Daniel A Obenchain
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xuefang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qian Gou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jens-Uwe Grabow
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie & Elektrochemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraβe 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Walther Caminati
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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11
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Zheng Y, Yang Q, Herbers S, Cheng W, Jiang Z, Wang H, Xu X, Bloino J, Gou Q. Modulation of π character upon complexation captured by molecular rotation spectra. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10928-10932. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01321e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two configurations of the furan–CF3Cl complex have been observed by high-resolution rotational spectroscopy. One is characterized by a dominant Cl lone pairs∙∙∙π*aromatic interaction and the other is stabilized by a...
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12
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Santra G, Semidalas E, Mehta N, Karton A, Martin JML. S66x8 noncovalent interactions revisited: new benchmark and performance of composite localized coupled-cluster methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25555-25570. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03938a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The S66x8 noncovalent interactions benchmark has been re-evaluated at the “sterling silver” level. Against this, a selection of computationally more economical alternatives has been assayed, ranging from localized CC to double hybrids and SAPT(DFT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Golokesh Santra
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Reḥovot, Israel
| | - Emmanouil Semidalas
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Reḥovot, Israel
| | - Nisha Mehta
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Reḥovot, Israel
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Jan M. L. Martin
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Reḥovot, Israel
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13
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Scheiner S. Maximal occupation by bases of π-hole bands surrounding linear molecules. J Comput Chem 2021; 43:319-330. [PMID: 34859910 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Linear molecules such as CO2 contain a positive π-hole ring that surrounds C on the molecule's equator. Quantum calculations examine the question as to how many bases can simultaneously bind to this ring. Linear molecules examined are TO2 , where T = C, Si, Ge, Sn; bases are NCH and NH3 . CO2 engages in the weakest of the tetrel bonds, and can bind up to three NCH and two NH3 . Unlike σ-hole tetrel bonds, Si forms the strongest tetrel bonds, with interaction energies as high as 43 kcal/mol with NH3 . But like GeO2 , SiO2 can sustain only two bases in its equatorial ring. The π-hole ring of SnO2 can engage in up to four tetrel bonds with either NCH or NH3 , even though these bonds are weaker than those with GeO2 or SiO2 . As all of these complexes cast TO2 in the role of multiple electron acceptor, the resulting negative cooperativity makes each successive bond weaker than its predecessor as bases are added, as well as reducing the magnitude of the central molecule's π-hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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14
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Wang H, Wang X, Tian X, Cheng W, Zheng Y, Obenchain DA, Xu X, Gou Q. Competitive tetrel bond and hydrogen bond in benzaldehyde-CO 2: characterization via rotational spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25784-25788. [PMID: 34757355 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03608d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rotational spectrum of the 1 : 1 benzaldehyde-CO2 complex has been investigated using pulsed-jet Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy complemented with quantum chemical calculations. Two isomers, both characterized by one C⋯O tetrel bond (n → π* interaction) and one C-H⋯O hydrogen bond (n → σ* interaction), have been observed in the pulsed jet. Competition between the tetrel bond and the hydrogen bond has been disclosed by natural bond orbital analysis: isomer I is characterized by one dominating OCCO2⋯O tetrel bond (12.6 kJ mol-1) and a secondary (C-H)formyl⋯O hydrogen bond (2.2 kJ mol-1); by contrast, in isomer II the (C-H)phenyl⋯O hydrogen bond (7.6 kJ mol-1) becomes the dominant bond, while the OCCO2⋯O tetrel bond (5.8 kJ mol-1) becomes much weaker with respect to that of isomer I. Using intensity measurements the relative population ratio of the two isomers was estimated to be NI/NII ≈ 2/1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiao Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Wanying Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yang Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Daniel A Obenchain
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xuefang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Qian Gou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Daxuecheng South Rd 55, 401331, Chongqing, China
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15
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Abstract
The list of σ-hole bonds is long and growing, encompassing both H-bonds and its closely related halogen, chalcogen, etc., sisters. These bonds rely on the asymmetric distribution of electron density, whose depletion along the extension of a covalent bond leaves a positive region of electrostatic potential from which these bonds derive their name. However, the density distributions of other molecules contain analogous positive regions that lie out of the molecular plane known as π-holes, which are likewise capable of engaging in noncovalent bonds. Quantum calculations are applied to study such π-hole bonds that involve linear molecules, whose positive region is a circular belt surrounding the molecule, rather than the more restricted area of a σ-hole. These bonds are examined in terms of their most fundamental elements arising from the spatial dispositions of their relevant molecular orbitals and the π-holes in both the total electron density and the electrostatic potential to which they lead. Systems examined comprise tetrel, chalcogen, aerogen, and triel bonds, as well as those involving group II elements, with atoms drawn from various rows of the Periodic Table. The π-hole bonds established by linear molecules tend to be weaker than those of comparable planar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA
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Li W, Melandri S, Evangelisti L, Calabrese C, Vigorito A, Maris A. Characterizing hydrogen and tetrel bonds in clusters of CO 2 with carboxylic acids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16915-16922. [PMID: 34337625 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02568f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between carbon dioxide and planar carboxylic acids has been investigated through the analysis of the microwave spectrum of the acrylic acid·CO2 complex and quantum chemical modeling of the R-COOH·(CO2)1,16 clusters, where R = H, CH2CH. As regards the 1 : 1 compounds, two species, involving the s-cis and s-trans conformers of acrylic acid were observed. For both of them, a similar bidentate interaction arises between the carbonyl group of CO2 and the carboxylic group of the organic acid, leading to the formation of a planar six-membered ring. The binding energy is estimated to be De ≃ 21 kJ mol-1, 1/3 being the energy contributions of the tetrel to hydrogen bonds, respectively. In the 1 : 16 clusters, the ring arrangement is broken, allowing for the interaction of the acid with several CO2 molecules. The CO2 molecules completely surround formic acid, whereas, in the case of acrylic acid, they tend to avoid the allyl chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixing Li
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
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