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Kubyshkin V, Rubini M. Proline Analogues. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 38941181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Within the canonical repertoire of the amino acid involved in protein biogenesis, proline plays a unique role as an amino acid presenting a modified backbone rather than a side-chain. Chemical structures that mimic proline but introduce changes into its specific molecular features are defined as proline analogues. This review article summarizes the existing chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical knowledge about this peculiar family of structures. We group proline analogues from the following compounds: substituted prolines, unsaturated and fused structures, ring size homologues, heterocyclic, e.g., pseudoproline, and bridged proline-resembling structures. We overview (1) the occurrence of proline analogues in nature and their chemical synthesis, (2) physicochemical properties including ring conformation and cis/trans amide isomerization, (3) use in commercial drugs such as nirmatrelvir recently approved against COVID-19, (4) peptide and protein synthesis involving proline analogues, (5) specific opportunities created in peptide engineering, and (6) cases of protein engineering with the analogues. The review aims to provide a summary to anyone interested in using proline analogues in systems ranging from specific biochemical setups to complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Rubini
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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2
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Verma V, Bade I, Karde V, Heng JYY. Experimental Elucidation of Templated Crystallization and Secondary Processing of Peptides. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041288. [PMID: 37111774 PMCID: PMC10142637 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The crystallization of peptides offers a sustainable and inexpensive alternative to the purification process. In this study, diglycine was crystallised in porous silica, showing the porous templates' positive yet discriminating effect. The diglycine induction time was reduced by five-fold and three-fold upon crystallising in the presence of silica with pore sizes of 6 nm and 10 nm, respectively. The diglycine induction time had a direct relationship with the silica pore size. The stable form (α-form) of diglycine was crystallised in the presence of porous silica, with the diglycine crystals obtained associated with the silica particles. Further, we studied the mechanical properties of diglycine tablets for their tabletability, compactability, and compressibility. The mechanical properties of the diglycine tablets were similar to those of pure MCC, even with the presence of diglycine crystals in the tablets. The diffusion studies of the tablets using the dialysis membrane presented an extended release of diglycine through the dialysis membrane, confirming that the peptide crystal can be used for oral formulation. Hence, the crystallization of peptides preserved their mechanical and pharmacological properties. More data on different peptides can help us produce oral formulation peptides faster than usual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Isha Bade
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Vikram Karde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jerry Y Y Heng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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3
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Guo M, Jones MJ, Goh R, Verma V, Guinn E, Heng JYY. The Effect of Chain Length and Conformation on the Nucleation of Glycine Homopeptides during the Crystallization Process. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:1668-1675. [PMID: 36879769 PMCID: PMC9983003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To explore the effect of chain length and conformation on the nucleation of peptides, the primary nucleation induction time of glycine homopeptides in pure water at different supersaturation levels under various temperatures has been determined. Nucleation data suggest that longer chains will prolong the induction time, especially for chains longer than three, where nucleation will occur over several days. In contrast, the nucleation rate increased with an increase in the supersaturation for all homopeptides. Induction time and nucleation difficulty increase at lower temperatures. However, for triglycine, the dihydrate form was produced with an unfolded peptide conformation (pPII) at low temperature. The interfacial energy and activation Gibbs energy of this dihydrate form are both lower than those at high temperature, while the induction time is longer, indicating the classical nucleation theory is not suitable to explain the nucleation phenomenon of triglycine dihydrate. Moreover, gelation and liquid-liquid separation of longer chain glycine homopeptides were observed, which was normally classified to nonclassical nucleation theory. This work provides insight into how the nucleation process evolves with increasing chain length and variable conformation, thereby offering a fundamental understanding of the critical peptide chain length for the classical nucleation theory and complex nucleation process for peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Guo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial
College London, South Kensington
Campus, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Marie J. Jones
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial
College London, South Kensington
Campus, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Racheal Goh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial
College London, South Kensington
Campus, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial
College London, South Kensington
Campus, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Emily Guinn
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46221, United States
| | - Jerry Y. Y. Heng
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial
College London, South Kensington
Campus, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Institute
for Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial
College London, South Kensington
Campus, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
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Pu S, Hadinoto K. Salting-Out crystallization of glycopeptide Vancomycin: Phase behavior study to control the crystal habit. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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O'Neill N, Lima TA, Ferreira FF, Thursch L, Alvarez N, Schweitzer-Stenner R. Forbidden Secondary Structures Found in Gel-Forming Fibrils of Glycylphenylalanylglycine. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:8080-8093. [PMID: 36194765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The zwitterionic l-tripeptide glycylphenylalanylglycine self-assembles into very long crystalline fibrils in an aqueous solution, which causes the formation of an exceptionally strong gel phase (G' ∼ 5 × 106 Pa). The Rietveld refinement analysis of its powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern reveals a unit cell with four peptides forming a P212121 space group and adopting an inverse polyproline II conformation, that is, a right-handed helical structure that occupies the "forbidden" region of the Ramachandran plot. This unusual structure is stabilized by a plethora of intermolecular interactions facilitated by the large number of different functional groups of the unblocked tripeptide. Comparisons of simulated and experimental Fourier transform infrared and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) amide I' profiles corroborate the PXRD structure. Our experimental setup reduces the sample to a quasi-two-dimensional network of fibrils. We exploited the influence of this reduced dimensionality on the amide I VCD to identify the main fibril axis. We demonstrate that PXRD, vibrational spectroscopy, and amide I simulations provide a powerful toolset for secondary structure and fibril axis determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Thamires A Lima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Fabio Furlan Ferreira
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. Dos Estados, 5001, S622-3, Santo André, São Paulo09210-580, Brazil
| | - Lavenia Thursch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Nicolas Alvarez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
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Sherman SL, Fischer KC, Garand E. Conformational Changes Induced by Methyl Side-Chains in Protonated Tripeptides Containing Glycine and Alanine Residues. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4036-4045. [PMID: 35700447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a systematic study of the conformational and isomeric populations in gas-phase protonated tripeptides containing glycine and alanine residues using infrared predissociation spectroscopy of cryogenically cooled ions. Specifically, the protonated forms of Gly-Gly-Gly, Ala-Gly-Gly, Gly-Ala-Gly, Gly-Gly-Ala, Ala-Ala-Gly, Ala-Gly-Ala, Gly-Ala-Ala, and Ala-Ala-Ala allow us to sample all permutations of the methyl side-chain position, providing a comprehensive view of the effects of this simple side-chain on the 3-D structure of the peptide. The individual structural populations for all but one of these peptide species are determined via conformer-specific IR-IR double-resonance spectroscopy and comparison with electronic structure predictions. The observed structures can be classified into three main families defined by the protonation site and the number of internal hydrogen bonds. The relative contribution of each structural family is highly dependent on the exact amino acid sequence of the tripeptide. These observed changes in structural population can be rationalized in terms of the electron-donating effect of the methyl side-chain modulating the local proton affinities of the amine and various carbonyl groups in the tripeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer L Sherman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kaitlyn C Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Etienne Garand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Guo M, Chang ZH, Liang E, Mitchell H, Zhou L, Yin Q, Guinn EJ, Heng JY. The effect of chain length and side chains on the solubility of peptides in water from 278.15 K to 313.15 K: A case study in glycine homopeptides and dipeptides. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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