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Nieuwland C, Vermeeren P, Bickelhaupt FM, Fonseca Guerra C. Understanding chemistry with the symmetry-decomposed Voronoi deformation density charge analysis. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:2108-2119. [PMID: 37403918 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The symmetry-decomposed Voronoi deformation density (VDD) charge analysis is an insightful and robust computational tool to aid the understanding of chemical bonding throughout all fields of chemistry. This method quantifies the atomic charge flow associated with chemical-bond formation and enables decomposition of this charge flow into contributions of (1) orbital interaction types, that is, Pauli repulsive or bonding orbital interactions; (2) per irreducible representation (irrep) of any point-group symmetry of interacting closed-shell molecular fragments; and now also (3) interacting open-shell (i.e., radical) molecular fragments. The symmetry-decomposed VDD charge analysis augments the symmetry-decomposed energy decomposition analysis (EDA) so that the charge flow associated with Pauli repulsion and orbital interactions can be quantified both per atom and per irrep, for example, for σ, π, and δ electrons. This provides detailed insights into fundamental aspects of chemical bonding that are not accessible from EDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Nieuwland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Wang H, Li J, Chen J, Bu Y, Cheng SB. Solvent field regulated superhalogen in pure and doped gold cluster anions. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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3
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Wang L, Ore RM, Jayamaha PK, Wu ZP, Zhong CJ. Density functional theory based computational investigations on the stability of highly active trimetallic PtPdCu nanoalloys for electrochemical oxygen reduction. Faraday Discuss 2023; 242:429-442. [PMID: 36173024 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00101b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Activity, cost, and durability are the trinity of catalysis research for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). While studies towards increasing activity and reducing cost of ORR catalysts have been carried out extensively, much effort is needed in durability investigation of highly active ORR catalysts. In this work, we examined the stability of a trimetallic PtPdCu catalyst that has demonstrated high activity and incredible durability during ORR using density functional theory (DFT) based computations. Specifically, we studied the processes of dissolution/deposition and diffusion between the surface and inner layer of Cu species of Pt20Pd20Cu60 catalysts at electrode potentials up to 1.2 V to understand their role towards stabilizing Pt20Pd20Cu60 catalysts. The results show there is a dynamic Cu surface composition range that is dictated by the interplay of the four processes, dissolution, deposition, diffusion from the surface to inner layer, and diffusion from the inner layer to the surface of Cu species, in the stability and observed oscillation of lattice constants of Cu-rich PtPdCu nanoalloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichang Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Rotimi M Ore
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Peshala K Jayamaha
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Zhi-Peng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Chuan-Jian Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
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4
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Liu Z, Gao Y, Yu F, Liu Z, Li J, Zhang RQ, Xue Y, Wang Z. Self-isomerization of nearly planar superatoms formed by actinide embedded gold clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1612-1615. [PMID: 36597985 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05118d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
First-principles calculations show a self-isomerization process of the nearly planar superatom, in which the maximum energy difference between different extreme points is below 0.1 eV and a crossing between singlet and triplet states is also involved. Further UV-Vis spectra reveal a correlation between the spectra and structures caused by self-isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yang Gao
- Center Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Canada
| | - Famin Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Jiarui Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Rui-Qin Zhang
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yan Xue
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China. .,College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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5
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Yu F, Li J, Liu Z, Wang R, Zhu Y, Huang W, Liu Z, Wang Z. From Atomic Physics to Superatomic Physics. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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6
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Fetzer F, Pollard N, Michenfelder NC, Strienz M, Unterreiner AN, Clayborne AZ, Schnepf A. Au
20
(
t
Bu
3
P)
8
: A Highly Symmetric Metalloid Gold Cluster in Oxidation State 0. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206019. [PMID: 35797041 PMCID: PMC9546110 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metalloid gold clusters have unique properties with respect to size and structure and are key intermediates in studying transitions between molecular compounds and the bulk phase of the respective metal. In the following, the synthesis of the all‐phosphine protected metalloid cluster Au20(tBu3P)8, solely built from gold atoms in the oxidation state of 0 is reported. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis revealed a highly symmetric hollow cube‐octahedral arrangement of the gold atoms, resembling gold bulk structure. Quantum‐chemical calculations illustrated the cluster can be described as a 20‐electron superatom. Optical properties of the compound have shown molecular‐like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Fetzer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Nia Pollard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry George Mason University 4400 University Drive MSN 3E2 Fairfax VA 22030 USA
| | - Nadine C. Michenfelder
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, Geb. 30.44 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Markus Strienz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Andreas N. Unterreiner
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, Geb. 30.44 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Andre Z. Clayborne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry George Mason University 4400 University Drive MSN 3E2 Fairfax VA 22030 USA
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
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7
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Fetzer F, Pollard N, Michenfelder NC, Unterreiner AN, Clayborne AZ, Schnepf A. Au20( t Bu3P)8: A highly symmetric metalloid gold cluster in oxidation state 0. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Fetzer
- University of Tübingen: Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Nia Pollard
- George Mason University Chemistry and Biochemistry GERMANY
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Schnepf
- Universität Institut für Anorganische Chemie Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen GERMANY
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8
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Dong XX, Zhao Y, Li J, Wang H, Bu Y, Cheng SB. Dual External Field-Engineered Hyperhalogen. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3942-3948. [PMID: 35476542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhalogens, a superatom featuring the highest known electron affinity (EA), have promising applications in the synthesis of superoxidizers. Contributions regarding the identified numbers and corresponding design strategies of hyperhalogens, however, are scarce. Herein, a novel and noninvasive dual external field (DEF) strategy, including the ligand field and oriented external electric field (OEEF), is proposed to construct hyperhalogens. The DEF strategy was shown to possess the power to increase Au8's EA, forming the hyperhalogen. Strikingly, the ligation process can increase the cluster's stability, while OEEF can realize the precise and continuous regulation of the cluster's EA. Moreover, besides the model Au8 system, an experimentally synthesized Ag17 nanocluster was also investigated, further demonstrating the reliability of the proposed strategy. Considering the crucial role of ligands in the liquid synthesis of clusters and the convenient source of OEEF, such a DEF strategy may greatly increase the synthesis and applications of hyperhalogens in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bo Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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9
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Xu C, Zhou Y, Yi J, Li D, Shi L, Cheng L. Tri- and Tetra-superatomic Molecules in Ligand-Protected Face-Fused Icosahedral (M@Au 12) n (M = Au, Pt, Ir, and Os, and n = 3 and 4) Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1931-1939. [PMID: 35187932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cluster assembling has been one of the hottest topics in nanochemistry. In certain ligand-protected gold clusters, bi-icosahedral cores assembled from Au13 superatoms were found to be analogues of diatomic molecules F2, N2, and singlet O2, respectively, in electronic shells, depending upon the super valence bond (SVB) model. However, challenges still remain for extending the scale in cluster assembling via the SVB model. In this work, ligand-protected tri- and tetra-superatomic clusters composed of icosahedral M@Au12 (M = Au, Pt, Ir, and Os) units are theoretically predicted. These clusters are stable with reasonable highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gaps and proven to be analogues of simple triatomic (Cl3-, OCl2, O3, and CO2) and tetra-atomic (N≡C-C≡N, and Cl-C≡C-Cl) molecules in both geometric and electronic structures. Moreover, a stable cluster-assembling gold nanowire is predicted following the same rules. This work provides effective electronic rules for cluster assembling on a larger scale and gives references for their experimental synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuqi Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
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