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Lee DH, Lee WY, Kim J. Introducing Nanoscale Electrochemistry in Small-Molecule Detection for Tackling Existing Limitations of Affinity-Based Label-Free Biosensing Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17767-17778. [PMID: 37527497 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensing techniques for small molecules have progressed in many applications, including disease diagnosis and prevention as well as monitoring of health conditions. However, affinity-based detection for low-abundance small molecules is still challenging due to the imbalance in target-to-receptor size ratio as well as the lack of a highly sensitive signal transducing method. Herein, we introduced nanoscale electrochemistry in affinity-based small molecule detection by measuring the change of quantum electrochemical properties with a nanoscale artificial receptor upon binding. We prepared a nanoscale molecularly imprinted composite polymer (MICP) for cortisol by electrochemically copolymerizing β-cyclodextrin and redox-active methylene blue to offer a high target-to-receptor size ratio, thus realizing "bind-and-read" detection of cortisol as a representative target small molecule, along with extremely high sensitivity. Using the quantum conductance measurement, the present MICP-based sensor can detect cortisol from 1.00 × 10-12 to 1.00 × 10-6 M with a detection limit of 3.93 × 10-13 M (S/N = 3), which is much lower than those obtained with other electrochemical methods. Moreover, the present MICP-based cortisol sensor exhibited reversible cortisol sensing capability through a simple electrochemical regeneration process without cumbersome steps of washing and solution change, which enables "continuous detection". In situ detection of cortisol in human saliva following circadian rhythm was carried out with the present MICP-based cortisol sensor, and the results were validated with the LC-MS/MS method. Consequently, this present cortisol sensor based on nanoscale MICP and quantum electrochemistry overcomes the limitations of affinity-based biosensors, opening up new possibilities for sensor applications in point-of-care and wearable healthcare devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Hui Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Yong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Colom E, Hernández-Ferrer J, Galán-González A, Ansón-Casaos A, Navarro-Rodríguez M, Palacios-Lidón E, Colchero J, Padilla J, Urbina A, Arenal R, Benito AM, Maser WK. Graphene Oxide: Key to Efficient Charge Extraction and Suppression of Polaronic Transport in Hybrids with Poly (3-hexylthiophene) Nanoparticles. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:3522-3531. [PMID: 37181669 PMCID: PMC10173772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) of conjugated polymers in intimate contact with sheets of graphene oxide (GO) constitute a promising class of water-dispersible nanohybrid materials of increased interest for the design of sustainable and improved optoelectronic thin-film devices, revealing properties exclusively pre-established upon their liquid-phase synthesis. In this context, we report for the first time the preparation of a P3HTNPs-GO nanohybrid employing a miniemulsion synthesis approach, whereby GO sheets dispersed in the aqueous phase serve as a surfactant. We show that this process uniquely favors a quinoid-like conformation of the P3HT chains of the resulting NPs well located onto individual GO sheets. The accompanied change in the electronic behavior of these P3HTNPs, consistently confirmed by the photoluminescence and Raman response of the hybrid in the liquid and solid states, respectively, as well as by the properties of the surface potential of isolated individual P3HTNPs-GO nano-objects, facilitates unprecedented charge transfer interactions between the two constituents. While the electrochemical performance of nanohybrid films is featured by fast charge transfer processes, compared to those taking place in pure P3HTNPs films, the loss of electrochromic effects in P3HTNPs-GO films additionally indicates the unusual suppression of polaronic charge transport processes typically encountered in P3HT. Thus, the established interface interactions in the P3HTNPs-GO hybrid enable a direct and highly efficient charge extraction channel via GO sheets. These findings are of relevance for the sustainable design of novel high-performance optoelectronic device structures based on water-dispersible conjugated polymer nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Colom
- Instituto
de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), E-50011 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Galán-González
- Instituto
de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), E-50011 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro
de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas, Universidade da Coruña (CICA), E-15008 San Vicenzo de Elviña, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | - Elisa Palacios-Lidón
- Departamento
de Física, Edificio CIOyN, Universidad
de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jaime Colchero
- Departamento
de Física, Edificio CIOyN, Universidad
de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Padilla
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada y Tec. Naval, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, E-30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Antonio Urbina
- Departamento
de Ciencias e Instituto de Materiales Avanzados y Matemáticas
(INAMAT), Universidad Pública
de Navarra (UPNA), E-31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA)Universidad
de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raul Arenal
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA-CSIC-Univ. Zaragoza), E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- ARAID
Foundation, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M. Benito
- Instituto
de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), E-50011 Zaragoza, Spain
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Brathwaite KG, Wyatt QK, Atassi A, Gregory SA, Throm E, Stalla D, Yee SK, Losego MD, Young MJ. Effects of film thickness on electrochemical properties of nanoscale polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) thin films grown by oxidative molecular layer deposition (oMLD). NANOSCALE 2023; 15:6187-6200. [PMID: 36916453 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00708a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has a high theoretical charge storage capacity, making it of interest for electrochemical applications including energy storage and water desalination. Nanoscale thin films of PEDOT are particularly attractive for these applications to enable faster charging. Recent work has demonstrated that nanoscale thin films of PEDOT can be formed using sequential gas-phase exposures via oxidative molecular layer deposition, or oMLD, which provides advantages in conformality and uniformity on high aspect ratio substrates over other deposition techniques. But to date, the electrochemical properties of these oMLD PEDOT thin films have not been well-characterized. In this work, we examine the electrochemical properties of 5-100 nm thick PEDOT films formed using 20-175 oMLD deposition cycles. We find that film thickness of oMLD PEDOT films affects the orientation of ordered domains leading to a substantial change in charge storage capacity. Interestingly, we observe a minimum in charge storage capacity for an oMLD PEDOT film thickness of ∼30 nm (60 oMLD cycles at 150 °C), coinciding with the highest degree of face-on oriented PEDOT domains as measured using grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). Thinner and thicker oMLD PEDOT films exhibit higher fractions of oblique (off-angle) orientations and corresponding increases in charge capacity of up to 120 mA h g-1. Electrochemical measurements suggest that higher charge capacity in films with mixed domain orientation arise from the facile transport of ions from the liquid electrolyte into the PEDOT layer. Greater exposure of the electrolyte to PEDOT domain edges is posited to facilitate faster ion transport in these mixed domain films. These insights will inform future design of PEDOT coated high-aspect ratio structures for electrochemical energy storage and water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina G Brathwaite
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.
| | - Quinton K Wyatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Amalie Atassi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Shawn A Gregory
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Eric Throm
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.
| | - David Stalla
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Shannon K Yee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Mark D Losego
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Matthias J Young
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
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Electrochemical and Spectroscopic (FTIR) Evidence of Conducting Polymer-Cu Ions Interaction. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020569. [PMID: 36677628 PMCID: PMC9865005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we provide electrochemical and spectroscopic evidence of the conducting polymer-heavy metal ion interaction by comparing the electrochemical and spectroscopic behavior (FTIR) of two different conducting polymer-modified electrodes based on 3,4-alkoxythiophenes: 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and ortho-xylen-3,4-dioxythiophene (XDOT) during the potentiodynamic stripping of copper. By analyzing the electrochemical and spectroscopic results, it is possible to propose two different copper dissolution processes during the electrochemical stripping process, which depend on the conducting polymer used. With PEDOT matrix, stripping occurs in a two-step pathway, observed as two anodic peaks, involving the formation of the Cu+-PEDOT complex and the subsequent oxidation step of the Cu+ complex to release Cu2+ ions. On the other side, the experiments carried out let us propose the formation of a poorly stable Cu2+-PXDOT complex or a superficial mechanism for the Cu2+ release, characterized by a single stripping signal for this process. Thus, the incorporation of Cu ions into the matrix and the stripping release are intimately related to the chemical structure of the polymer used.
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Salinas G, Villegas-Barron AA, Tadeo-Leon J, Frontana-Uribe BA. Electrochemical polymerization, characterization and spectroelectrochemical studies of a N-substituted-2,5-dithienil-pyrrole bearing an aniline moiety for cross-linking (TPTBA). Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) are highly conjugated organic macromolecules, where the electrical charge is transported in intra- and inter-chain pathways. Polyacetylene, polythiophene and its derivatives, polypyrrole and its derivatives, and polyaniline are among the best-known examples. These compounds have been used as electrode modifiers to gain sensitivity and selectivity in a large variety of analytical applications. This review, after a brief introduction to the electrochemistry of CPs, summarizes the application of CPs’ electrode interfaces towards heavy metals’ detection using potentiometry, pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, and alternative non-classical electrochemical methods.
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