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Lu X, Zhang K, Niu X, Ren DD, Zhou Z, Dang LL, Fu HR, Tan C, Ma L, Zang SQ. Encapsulation engineering of porous crystalline frameworks for delayed luminescence and circularly polarized luminescence. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6694-6734. [PMID: 38747082 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01026k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Delayed luminescence (DF), including phosphorescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) exhibit common and broad application prospects in optoelectronic displays, biological imaging, and encryption. Thus, the combination of delayed luminescence and circularly polarized luminescence is attracting increasing attention. The encapsulation of guest emitters in various host matrices to form host-guest systems has been demonstrated to be an appealing strategy to further enhance and/or modulate their delayed luminescence and circularly polarized luminescence. Compared with conventional liquid crystals, polymers, and supramolecular matrices, porous crystalline frameworks (PCFs) including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), zeolites and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) can not only overcome shortcomings such as flexibility and disorder but also achieve the ordered encapsulation of guests and long-term stability of chiral structures, providing new promising host platforms for the development of DF and CPL. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and critical summary of the recent progress in host-guest photochemistry via the encapsulation engineering of guest emitters in PCFs, particularly focusing on delayed luminescence and circularly polarized luminescence. Initially, the general principle of phosphorescence, TADF and CPL, the combination of DF and CPL, and energy transfer processes between host and guests are introduced. Subsequently, we comprehensively discuss the critical factors affecting the encapsulation engineering of guest emitters in PCFs, such as pore structures, the confinement effect, charge and energy transfer between the host and guest, conformational dynamics, and aggregation model of guest emitters. Thereafter, we summarize the effective methods for the preparation of host-guest systems, especially single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SC-SC) transformation and epitaxial growth, which are distinct from conventional methods based on amorphous materials. Then, the recent advancements in host-guest systems based on PCFs for delayed luminescence and circularly polarized luminescence are highlighted. Finally, we present our personal insights into the challenges and future opportunities in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China.
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
| | - Xinkai Niu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China.
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials and Technology, College of Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China.
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China.
| | - Li-Long Dang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China.
| | - Hong-Ru Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Chaoliang Tan
- Department Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Lufang Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China.
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
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2
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Feng W, Wu Y, Chen D, Lu S, Zhao Y, Yan H. An ultra-sensitive ratiometric fluorescent thermometer based on monomer and excimer dual emission. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 38009240 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04441f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
By leveraging natural saturated fatty acids with distinct melting points and swift reversible phase transitions, we correlated external thermal cues to monomer and excimer emissions of difluoroboron β-diketonate fluorophores. This integration yielded a ratiometric fluorescent thermometer showcasing unparalleled sensitivity and thermochromism in the physiological temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixu Feng
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Hybrid Luminescent Materials and Photonic Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yanhui Wu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Hybrid Luminescent Materials and Photonic Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dong Chen
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Hybrid Luminescent Materials and Photonic Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Sumin Lu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Hybrid Luminescent Materials and Photonic Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Hybrid Luminescent Materials and Photonic Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hongxia Yan
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Hybrid Luminescent Materials and Photonic Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, Shaanxi, China.
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Si C, Wang T, Gupta AK, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Siegel JS, Zysman‐Colman E. Room-Temperature Multiple Phosphorescence from Functionalized Corannulenes: Temperature Sensing and Afterglow Organic Light-Emitting Diode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309718. [PMID: 37656606 PMCID: PMC10953377 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Corannulene-derived materials have been extensively explored in energy storage and solar cells, however, are rarely documented as emitters in light-emitting sensors and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), due to low exciton utilization. Here, we report a family of multi-donor and acceptor (multi-D-A) motifs, TCzPhCor, TDMACPhCor, and TPXZPhCor, using corannulene as the acceptor and carbazole (Cz), 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dimethylacridine (DMAC), and phenoxazine (PXZ) as the donor, respectively. By decorating corannulene with different donors, multiple phosphorescence is realized. Theoretical and photophysical investigations reveal that TCzPhCor shows room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) from the lowest-lying T1 ; however, for TDMACPhCor, dual RTP originating from a higher-lying T1 (T1 H ) and a lower-lying T1 (T1 L ) can be observed, while for TPXZPhCor, T1 H -dominated RTP occurs resulting from a stabilized high-energy T1 geometry. Benefiting from the high-temperature sensitivity of TPXZPhCor, high color-resolution temperature sensing is achieved. Besides, due to degenerate S1 and T1 H states of TPXZPhCor, the first corannulene-based solution-processed afterglow OLEDs is investigated. The afterglow OLED with TPXZPhCor shows a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax ) and a luminance (Lmax ) of 3.3 % and 5167 cd m-2 , respectively, which is one of the most efficient afterglow RTP OLEDs reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Si
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt. AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Tao Wang
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt. AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Abhishek Kumar Gupta
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt. AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - David B. Cordes
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt. AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt. AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Jay S. Siegel
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Institute of Organic ChemistryAlbert Ludwig University of FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104Freiburg
| | - Eli Zysman‐Colman
- Organic Semiconductor CentreEaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt. AndrewsKY16 9STUK
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4
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Nishanth S, Nivithaa S, Sridhar C, Nagaraja K, Karnan C. Structural, Spectral, and Photoluminescence Analyses of Fe3+ doped Methyl hydroxy(diphenyl)ethanoate (MHE) Crystal. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Wamsley M, Peng W, Tan W, Wathudura P, Cui X, Zou S, Zhang D. Total Luminescence Spectroscopy for Quantification of Temperature Effects on Photophysical Properties of Photoluminescent Materials. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:10-20. [PMID: 36817009 PMCID: PMC9936609 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of the temperature effects on the optical properties of photoluminescent (PL) materials is important for a fundamental understanding of both materials optical processes and rational PL materials design and applications. However, existing techniques for studying the temperature effects are limited in their information content. Reported herein is a temperature-dependent total photoluminescence (TPL) spectroscopy technique for probing the temperature dependence of materials optical properties. When used in combination with UV-vis measurements, this TPL method enables experimental quantification of temperature effects on fluorophore fluorescence intensity and quantum yield at any combination of excitation and detection wavelengths, including the fluorophore Stokes-shifted and anti-Stokes-shifted fluorescence. All model polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and xanthene fluorophores exhibited a strong excitation- and emission-wavelength dependence in their temperature effects. However, the heavy-atom effects used for explaining the strong temperature dependence of brominated anthracenes are not operative with xanthene fluorophores that have heavy atom substitutions. The insights from TPL measurements are important not only for enhancing the fundamental understandings of the materials photophysical properties but also for rational measurement design for applications where the temperature sensitivity of the fluorophore fluorescence is critical. An example application is demonstrated for developing a sensitive and robust ratiometric fluorescence thermometric method for in situ real-time monitoring of sample temperatures inside a fluorescence cuvette placed in a temperature-controlled sample holder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Wamsley
- Department
of Chemistry, Mississippi University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39759, United States
| | - Weiyu Peng
- Department
of Chemistry, Mississippi University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39759, United States
| | - Weinan Tan
- Department
of Chemistry, Mississippi University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39759, United States
| | - Pathum Wathudura
- Department
of Chemistry, Mississippi University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39759, United States
| | - Xin Cui
- Department
of Chemistry, Mississippi University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39759, United States
| | - Shengli Zou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Dongmao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Mississippi University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39759, United States
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Wang X, Wu X, Wang T, Wu Y, Shu H, Cheng Z, Zhao L, Tian H, Tong H, Wang L. A high-contrast polymorphic difluoroboron luminogen with efficient RTP and TADF emissions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1377-1380. [PMID: 36649148 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05849a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A simple N,S-chelated four-coordinated difluoroboron-based emitter is reported with three polymorphs, which emit high contrast green (G), yellow (Y) and red (R) light. Interestingly, the G and R-Crystals show different thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) at 530 nm and 630 nm with a remarkable emission spectral shift of up to 100 nm, while the Y-Crystal exhibits room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) at around 570 nm with a high solid-state quantum yield of 77%. Single crystal analysis and theoretical calculations reveal that different molecular conformations and packing modes lead to distinct triplet exciton conversion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. .,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
| | - Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. .,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. .,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. .,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. .,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
| | - Hongkun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. .,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hui Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. .,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. .,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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7
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Rouzé l’Alzit F, Cardinal T, Vignoles GL, Bonnet É, Gaudon M. Thermal History Mapping in Powder Bed Laser Sintering at the Micrometer Scale. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:42801-42808. [PMID: 36467937 PMCID: PMC9713893 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A thermal sensor was used to better understand parameters which influenced the interaction between a laser beam and a 0.5% Mn-doped ZnAl2.2O4 material, especially the laser defocusing parameter. The optical properties of the material depend on whether the Mn2+ ions occupy octahedral and/or tetrahedral sites depending on thermal history. A screen printing process is performed to obtain material thin films. Laser irradiation of the films was carried out (patterning 1 cm length single laser track) with different z defocusing heights. Luminescence properties around laser tracks led to the thermal history determination at the micrometer scale. It was shown that spatial thermal gradients defined at the micrometer scale perpendicularly to the borders of the laser tracks could be semiquantified for different z conditions. Laser defocusing leads to decrease thermal gradients as confirmed by thermal modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Cardinal
- CNRS,
Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB (UMR 5026), PessacF-33600, France
| | - Gérard L. Vignoles
- Université
de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, Safran: LCTS (UMR5801), PessacF-33600, France
| | - Élise Bonnet
- CNRS,
Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB (UMR 5026), PessacF-33600, France
| | - Manuel Gaudon
- CNRS,
Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB (UMR 5026), PessacF-33600, France
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8
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Wang JX, Wang Y, Nadinov I, Yin J, Gutiérrez-Arzaluz L, Healing G, Alkhazragi O, Cheng Y, Jia J, Alsadun N, Kale VS, Kang CH, Ng TK, Shekhah O, Alshareef HN, Bakr OM, Eddaoudi M, Ooi BS, Mohammed OF. Metal-Organic Frameworks in Mixed-Matrix Membranes for High-Speed Visible-Light Communication. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6813-6820. [PMID: 35412323 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) based on luminescent metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and emissive polymers with the combination of their unique advantages have great potential in separation science, sensing, and light-harvesting applications. Here, we demonstrate MMMs for the field of high-speed visible-light communication (VLC) using a very efficient energy transfer strategy at the interface between a MOF and an emissive polymer. Our steady-state and ultrafast time-resolved experiments, supported by high-level density functional theory calculations, revealed that efficient and ultrafast energy transfer from the luminescent MOF to the luminescent polymer can be achieved. The resultant MMMs exhibited an excellent modulation bandwidth of around 80 MHz, which is higher than those of most well-established color-converting phosphors commonly used for optical wireless communication. Interestingly, we found that the efficient energy transfer further improved the light communication data rate from 132 Mb/s of the pure polymer to 215 Mb/s of MMMs. This finding not only showcases the promise of the MMMs for high-speed VLC but also highlights the importance of an efficient and ultrafast energy transfer strategy for the advancement of data rates of optical wireless communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Wang
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yue Wang
- Photonics Laboratory, Division of Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Issatay Nadinov
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun Yin
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Luis Gutiérrez-Arzaluz
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - George Healing
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Alkhazragi
- Photonics Laboratory, Division of Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Youdong Cheng
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiangtao Jia
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah Alsadun
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University (KFU), Al Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982-400, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vinayak S Kale
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chun Hong Kang
- Photonics Laboratory, Division of Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tien Khee Ng
- Photonics Laboratory, Division of Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Shekhah
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Husam N Alshareef
- Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M Bakr
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Eddaoudi
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Boon S Ooi
- Photonics Laboratory, Division of Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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