1
|
Mikhailova TV, Ivanov AI. Controlling the symmetry breaking charge transfer extent in excited quadrupolar molecules by tuning the locally excited state. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:054302. [PMID: 38310475 DOI: 10.1063/5.0193532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The effect of a locally excited state on charge transfer symmetry breaking (SBCT) in excited quadrupolar molecules in solutions has been studied. The interaction of a locally excited state and two zwitterionic states is found to either increase or decrease the degree of SBCT depending on the molecular parameters. A strategy on how to adjust the molecular parameters to control the extent of SBCT is presented. The influence of level degeneracy on SBCT is identified and discussed in detail. The level degeneracy is shown to lead to the existence of a hidden dipole moment in excited quadrupolar molecules. Its manifestations in SBCT are analyzed. The main conclusions are consistent with the available experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anatoly I Ivanov
- Volgograd State University, University Avenue 100, Volgograd 400062, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pananilath HF, Govind C, Thadathilanickal TD, Karunakaran V. Molecular torsion controls the excited state relaxation pathways of multibranched tetraphenylpyrazines: effect of substitution of morpholine vs. phenoxazine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:26575-26587. [PMID: 37753725 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03125j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Multibranched donor-acceptor derivatives exhibiting desirable photophysical properties are efficiently used in optoelectronic devices, in which the excited state relaxation dynamics of the derivatives control the efficiency of the devices. Here, the effect of intramolecular torsion on the excited state relaxation dynamics of tetraphenylpyrazine (TPP) derivatives in non-polar (toluene) and polar (THF) solvents is investigated by substituting the electron donor of morpholine (TPP-4MOP) and phenoxazine (TPP-4PHO) leading to the planar and twisted configurations, respectively, using femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. In the steady state, TPP-4MOP showed feeble emission (ΦF ∼0.03) due to the weak donor by the delocalization of electron density supported by theoretical optimization. The TPP-4PHO exhibited strong emission (ΦF ∼0.18) in toluene compared to that in THF, in which it showed a large Stokes shift (∼9691 cm-1) with low fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF ∼0.01). The observation of large Stokes shifts, inherent nature and theoretical calculations of TPP-4PHO suggest the twisting of the dihedral angle between tetraphenylpyrazine and phenoxazine in the excited state leading to the twisted intramolecular charge transfer state (TICT). The femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption and picosecond time-resolved emission spectra of TPP-4PHO revealed the signature of the existence of both the partial TICT and TICT states in THF leading to the triplet state. Whereas in the case of TPP-4MOP, the transient absorption spectra showed the formation of the triplet state from the local excited state without the involvement of the TICT state. Aggregation studies of TPP-4PHO in a THF and water mixture reflect the elimination of the TICT state by the restriction of intramolecular torsion in the aggregates leading to an increase of 12-fold of the fluorescence intensity along with shifting of the maximum towards the blue region. These studies revealed that the excited state relaxation pathways of the derivatives are controlled by polarity-dependent torsional motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasim Fayiz Pananilath
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-695 019, Kerala, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Chinju Govind
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-695 019, Kerala, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Tessy D Thadathilanickal
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-695 019, Kerala, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Venugopal Karunakaran
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-695 019, Kerala, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Verma P, Tasior M, Roy P, Meech SR, Gryko DT, Vauthey E. Excited-state symmetry breaking in quadrupolar pull-push-pull molecules: dicyanovinyl vs. cyanophenyl acceptors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22689-22699. [PMID: 37602791 PMCID: PMC10467566 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02810k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of quadrupolar dyes behave as their dipolar analogues when photoexcited in polar environments. This is due to the occurrence of excited-state symmetry breaking (ES-SB), upon which the electronic excitation, initially distributed over the whole molecule, localises preferentially on one side. Here, we investigate the ES-SB properties of two A-D-A dyes, consisting of a pyrrolo-pyrrole donor (D) and either cyanophenyl or dicyanovinyl acceptors (A). For this, we use time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy, comparing IR absorption and femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopies. Although dicyanovinyl is a stronger electron-withdrawing group, ES-SB is not observed with the dicyanovinyl-based dye even in highly polar media, whereas it already takes place in weakly polar solvents with dyes containing cyanophenyl accepting groups. This difference is attributed to the large electronic coupling between the D-A branches in the former dye, whose loss upon symmetry breaking cannot be counterbalanced by a gain in solvation energy. Comparison with analogues of the cyanophenyl-based dye containing different spacers reveals that interbranch coupling does not so much depend on the distance between the D-A subunits than on the nature of the spacer. We show that transient Raman spectra probe different modes of these centrosymmetric molecules but are consistent with the transient IR data. However, lifetime broadening of the Raman bands, probably due to the resonance enhancement, may limit the application of this technique for monitoring ES-SB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Verma
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Mariusz Tasior
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Palas Roy
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Swathi K, Sujith M, Divya PS, P MV, Delledonne A, Phan Huu DKA, Di Maiolo F, Terenziani F, Lapini A, Painelli A, Sissa C, Thomas KG. From symmetry breaking to symmetry swapping: is Kasha's rule violated in multibranched phenyleneethynylenes? Chem Sci 2023; 14:1986-1996. [PMID: 36845926 PMCID: PMC9945429 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05206g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of excited-state symmetry breaking is often observed in multipolar molecular systems, significantly affecting their photophysical and charge separation behavior. As a result of this phenomenon, the electronic excitation is partially localized in one of the molecular branches. However, the intrinsic structural and electronic factors that regulate excited-state symmetry breaking in multibranched systems have hardly been investigated. Herein, we explore these aspects by adopting a joint experimental and theoretical investigation for a class of phenyleneethynylenes, one of the most widely used molecular building blocks for optoelectronic applications. The large Stokes shifts observed for highly symmetric phenyleneethynylenes are explained by the presence of low-lying dark states, as also established by two-photon absorption measurements and TDDFT calculations. In spite of the presence of low-lying dark states, these systems show an intense fluorescence in striking contrast to Kasha's rule. This intriguing behavior is explained in terms of a novel phenomenon, dubbed "symmetry swapping" that describes the inversion of the energy order of excited states, i.e., the swapping of excited states occurring as a consequence of symmetry breaking. Thus, symmetry swapping explains quite naturally the observation of an intense fluorescence emission in molecular systems whose lowest vertical excited state is a dark state. In short, symmetry swapping is observed in highly symmetric molecules having multiple degenerate or quasi-degenerate excited states that are prone to symmetry breaking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Swathi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di ParmaParco Area delle Scienze 17A43124ParmaItaly,School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM)VithuraThiruvananthapuram695 551India
| | - Meleppatt Sujith
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM) Vithura Thiruvananthapuram 695 551 India
| | - P. S. Divya
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM)VithuraThiruvananthapuram695 551India
| | - Merin Varghese P
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM) Vithura Thiruvananthapuram 695 551 India
| | - Andrea Delledonne
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - D. K. Andrea Phan Huu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di ParmaParco Area delle Scienze 17A43124ParmaItaly
| | - Francesco Di Maiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Francesca Terenziani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Andrea Lapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Anna Painelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Cristina Sissa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - K. George Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM)VithuraThiruvananthapuram695 551India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo S, Liu W, Wu Y, Sun J, Li J, Jiang H, Zhang M, Wang S, Liu Z, Wang L, Wang H, Fu H, Yao J. Distinctive Excited State Symmetry Breaking Dynamics in Typical Donor-Acceptor-Donor Fluorophore: Strong Photoluminescence and Ultrafast Charge Separation from a Partial Charge Transfer State. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7547-7552. [PMID: 35948107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structure-property relationships in organic semiconductors is crucial for controlling their photophysical properties and developing new optoelectronic materials. Quadrupolar molecules, donor-acceptor-donor (DAD), have attracted extensive attention in various optoelectronic applications. However, the systematic studies on the differences on photophysical properties between DAD and simple donor-acceptor (DA) chromophores are rarely reported. Herein we present a comparative study on the excited state dynamics of DA and DAD fluorescence systems using theoretical calculation and transient absorption spectroscopy. Results show that DA and DAD molecules exhibit similar excited state dynamics, which are attributed to the distinctive excited-state symmetry breaking (ESSB) phenomenon observed in a DAD system. The strong photoluminescence (PL) and ultrafast charge separation (CS) from an ESSB-induced partial charge transfer (CT) state were clearly detected in different solvent environments. These results not only offer insight into the excited state dynamics of the DAD fluorescence system but also provide some basic guidelines for designing new optoelectronic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoting Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yuling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Hongyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Mengfan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Senhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Zuyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecules Science (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|