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Sun C, Deng Z, Liu X, Zhang F, Lian K, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Han J, Luo M. Highly efficient and stable Cs 3Mn 0.93Zn 0.07Br 5@SiO 2 for wide color gamut backlight displays. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2153-2158. [PMID: 38189118 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03874b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Mn-based perovskites have become a new candidate material for backlight display applications. However, low efficiency and poor stability are the key problems limiting the application of Mn-based perovskites. In this work, Zn-doped and SiO2-encapsulated Cs3MnBr5, denoted as Cs3Mn0.93Zn0.07Br5@SiO2 (CMZBS), was successfully synthesized to improve the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and stability. After Zn doping, the PLQY increased from 51% to 72% due to the reduction in the energy transfer between [MnBr4]2-. The PLQY can be further improved to 80% after coating SiO2. Compared with Cs3MnBr5 (CMB), CMZBS showed better stability against thermal, air, light, and polar solvents (ethanol and isopropanol). In addition, a white LED (WLED) device with a CIE of (0.323, 0.325) was fabricated by integrating CMZBS and the red phosphor K2SiF6:Mn4+ on a 465 nm blue GaN chip, which exhibited a high luminous efficiency of 92 lm W-1 and excellent stability, demonstrating its great potential application in wide color gamut displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Zhihui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Autonomous Region, Baotou Teachers' College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, 3 Kexue Road, Baotou, 014030, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd, No. 188 Liangshan Road, Huzhou, 313018, PR China
| | - Fuhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Kai Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Yiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Hu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Jiachen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Mingming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, PR China
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2
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Li S, Lin H, Chu C, Martin C, MacSwain W, Meulenberg RW, Franck JM, Chakraborty A, Zheng W. Interfacial B-Site Ion Diffusion in All-Inorganic Core/Shell Perovskite Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2023; 17:22467-22477. [PMID: 37962602 PMCID: PMC10690799 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic metal halide perovskites (ABX3, X = Cl, Br, or I) show great potential for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices, but the toxicity and instability of lead-based perovskites limit their applications. Shell passivation with a more stable lead-free perovskite is a promising strategy to isolate unstable components from the environment as well as a feasible way to tune the optical properties. However, it is challenging to grow core/shell perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) due to the soft ionic nature of the perovskite lattice. In this work, we developed a facile method to grow a lead-free CsMnCl3 shell on the surface of CsPbCl3 NCs to form CsPbCl3/CsMnCl3 core/shell NCs with enhanced environmental stability and improved photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields (QYs). More importantly, the resulting core/shell perovskite NCs have color-tunable PL due to B-site ion diffusion at the interface of the core/shell NCs. Specifically, B-site Mn diffusion from the CsMnCl3 shell to the CsPbCl3 core leads to a Mn-doped CsPbCl3 core (i.e., Mn:CsPbCl3), which can turn on the Mn PL at around 600 nm. The ratio of Mn PL and host CsPbCl3 PL is highly tunable as a function of the thermal annealing time of the CsPbCl3/CsMnCl3 core/shell NCs. While the halide anion exchange for all-inorganic metal halide perovskites has been well-developed for band-gap-engineered materials, interfacial B-site diffusion in core/shell perovskite NCs is a promising approach for both tunable optical properties and enhanced environmental stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Hanjie Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Chun Chu
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Chandler Martin
- Department
of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Walker MacSwain
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Robert W. Meulenberg
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and Frontier Institute for Research in Sensor
Technologies, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - John M. Franck
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Arindam Chakraborty
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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3
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Li K, Ye Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Liu C. Regulating the Optical Properties of Cs 3MnBr 5 Nanocrystals in Glasses for Narrow-Band Green Emission. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13001-13010. [PMID: 37527425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally friendly phosphors with narrow-band green luminescence are in great demand for solid-state lighting and backlight display applications. Herein, all inorganic lead-free Cs3MnBr5 nanocrystals (NCs) are prepared in glass with dual-band luminescence and a high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield of 60.2%. However, due to the short separation and strong coupling interaction between neighboring [ M n B r 4 ] 2 - units, Cs3MnBr5 NCs undergo energy transfer from a single [ M n B r 4 ] 2 - unit to coupled [ M n B r 4 ] 2 - clusters and give green-red dual-band PL. Incorporation of Zn into Cs3MnBr5 NCs therefore enlarges the average separation and reduces the interaction between neighboring [ M n B r 4 ] 2 - units to inhibit energy transfer from the green-emitting [ M n B r 4 ] 2 - unit to coupled [ M n B r 4 ] 2 - clusters, thus changing the dual-band PL into single-band green PL at 524 nm with a full width at half maximum of 47 nm and a maximal PL quantum yield of 50%. Low-temperature PL also demonstrates that partial replacement of Mn2+ ions by Zn2+ ions can further confine the exciton in the [ M n B r 4 ] 2 - unit and suppress the energy transfer. These Cs3MnBr5 NCs- and Zn/Cs3MnBr5 NCs-embedded glasses also possess good thermal, photo-, and chemical stabilities. These features demonstrate that these Cs3MnBr5 NCs- and Zn/Cs3MnBr5 NCs-embedded glasses have potential applications for efficient, environmental-friendly, and stable green phosphors in the fields of solid-state lighting and backlight display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures (SMART), Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Hongshan, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures (SMART), Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Hongshan, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures (SMART), Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Hongshan, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yudong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures (SMART), Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Hongshan, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures (SMART), Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Hongshan, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
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Sun C, Zhang H, Deng Z, Fan C, Liu X, Luo M, Zhao Y, Lian K. Metal-Ion-Doped Manganese Halide Hybrids with Tunable Emission for Advanced Anti-Counterfeiting. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1890. [PMID: 37368320 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive luminescent materials have received great attention for their potential application in anti-counterfeiting and information encryption. Manganese halide hybrids have been considered an efficient stimuli-responsive luminescent material due to their low price and adjustable photoluminescence (PL). However, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of PEA2MnBr4 is relatively low. Herein, Zn2+- and Pb2+-doped PEA2MnBr4 samples are synthesized, and show an intense green emission and orange emission, respectively. After doping with Zn2+, the PLQY of PEA2MnBr4 is elevated from 9% to 40%. We have found that green emitting Zn2+-doped PEA2MnBr4 could transform to a pink color after being exposed to air for several seconds and the reversible transformation from pink to green was achieved by using heating treatment. Benefiting from this property, an anti-counterfeiting label is fabricated, which exhibits excellent "pink-green-pink" cycle capability. Pb2+-doped PEA2Mn0.88Zn0.12Br4 is acquired by cation exchange reaction, which shows intense orange emission with a high QY of 85%. The PL of Pb2+-doped PEA2Mn0.88Zn0.12Br4 decreases with increasing temperature. Hence, the encrypted multilayer composite film is fabricated relying on the different thermal responses of Zn2+- and Pb2+-doped PEA2MnBr4, whereby the encrypted information can be read out by thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineeing, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineeing, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Zhihui Deng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineeing, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Chao Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineeing, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Baotou Teachers' College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014020, China
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., No. 188 Liangshan Road, Huzhou 313018, China
| | - Mingming Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineeing, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Yiwei Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineeing, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Kai Lian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineeing, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, China
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5
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Xu G, Wang C, Li Y, Meng W, Luo G, Peng M, Xu B, Deng Z. Solid-state synthesis of cesium manganese halide nanocrystals in glass with bright and broad red emission for white LEDs. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5309-5315. [PMID: 37234884 PMCID: PMC10207884 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01084h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted extensive attention due to their unique optical properties. However, the toxicity of lead and the instability to moisture obstruct their further commercial development. Herein, a series of lead-free CsMnX3 (X = Cl, Br, and I) NCs embedded in glasses were synthesized by a high temperature solid-state chemistry method. These NCs embedded in glass can remain stable after soaking in water for 90 days. It is found that increasing the amount of cesium carbonate in the synthesis process can not only prevent the oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn3+ and promote the transparency of glass in the 450-700 nm region, but also significantly increase its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) from 2.9% to 65.1%, which is the highest reported value of the red CsMnX3 NCs so far. Using CsMnBr3 NCs with a red emission peak at 649 nm and full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of 130 nm as the red light source, a white light-emitting diode (LED) device with International Commission on illumination (CIE) coordinates of (0.33, 0.36) and a color rendering index (CRI) of 94 was obtained. These findings, together with future research, are likely to yield stable and bright lead-free NCs for the next generation of solid-state lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Xu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Chuying Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yacong Li
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Wen Meng
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Guigen Luo
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Min Peng
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Zhengtao Deng
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
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Chang T, Dai Y, Wei Q, Xu X, Cao S, Zou B, Zhang Q, Zeng R. Temperature-Dependent Reversible Optical Properties of Mn-Based Organic-Inorganic Hybrid (C 8H 20N) 2MnCl 4 Metal Halides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5487-5494. [PMID: 36652605 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic metal halides (OIMHs) have abundant optical properties and potential applications, such as light-emitting diodes, displays, solar cells, and photodetectors. Herein, we report zero-dimensional Mn-based OIMH (C8H20N)2MnCl4 single crystals synthesized by a simple slow evaporation method, which exhibit intense green emission at 520 nm originating from 4T1-6A1 transition of Mn2+ ions. Large organic cations in the crystal structure result in the isolated [MnCl4]2- tetrahedrons, and the closest Mn-Mn distance reaches 9.07 Å, which effectively inhibits the migration of excitation energy between adjacent Mn2+ emission centers, thus achieving a high quantum yield (∼87%) and a long photoluminescence (PL) lifetime (3.42 ms). The different optical and structural properties at low and high temperatures are revealed by temperature-dependent PL and X-ray diffraction spectra. The PL spectra and lifetimes under the heating and cooling processes indicate that the optical property transitions are reversible at 220/240 K. Our work provides a promising strategy for building multifunctional optoelectronic materials and insights into the understanding convertible photophysical properties from isomers of metal halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning530004, China
| | - Yarui Dai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning530004, China
| | - Qilin Wei
- School of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning530004, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-/Nano-Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Sheng Cao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning530004, China
| | - Bingsuo Zou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning530004, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-/Nano-Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
| | - Ruosheng Zeng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning530004, China
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7
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Stroyuk O, Raievska O, Hauch J, Brabec CJ. Doping/Alloying Pathways to Lead-Free Halide Perovskites with Ultimate Photoluminescence Quantum Yields. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212668. [PMID: 36223136 PMCID: PMC10108288 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tailored modifications of halide lead-free perovskites (LFPs) via doping/alloying with metal cations have been recognized as a promising pathway to highly efficient inorganic phosphors with photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields of up to 100 %. Such materials typically display selective sensitivity to UV light, a broad PL range, and long PL lifetimes as well as a unique compositional variability and stability-an ideal combination for many light-harvesting applications. This Minireview presents the state-of-the-art in doped LFPs, focusing on the reports published mostly in the last two to three years. We discuss the factors determining the efficiency and spectral parameters of the broadband PL of doped LFPs depending on the dopant and host matrix, both in micro- and nanocrystalline states, address the most relevant challenges this rapidly developing research area is facing, and outline the most promising concepts for further progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Stroyuk
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oleksandra Raievska
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Hauch
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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