Quantitatively Visualizing the Thermal Dehydration Process and Isotope Effect in Single HKUST-1 Metal-Organic Framework Particles

In Situ Multicolor Imaging of Photocatalytic Degradation Process of Permanganate on Single Bismuth-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks

Bismuth-based metal-organic frameworks (Bi-MOFs) have emerged as important photocatalysts for pollutant degradation applications. Understanding the photocatalytic degradation mechanism is key to achieving technological advantage. Herein, we apply dark-field optical microscopy (DFM) to realize in situ multicolor imaging of the photocatalytic degradation process of permanganate (MnO4-) on single CAU-17 Bi-MOFs. Three reaction kinetic processes such as surface adsorption, photocatalytic reduction, and disproportionation are revealed by combining the time-lapsed DFM images with optical absorption spectra, indicating that the photocatalytic reduction of purple MnO4- first produces beige red MnO42- through a one-electron pathway, and then MnO42- disproportionates into yellow MnO2 on CAU-17. Meanwhile, we observe that the deposition of MnO2 cocatalysts enhances the surface adsorption reaction and the photocatalytic reduction of MnO4- to MnO42-. Unexpectedly, it is found that isopropanol as a typical hole scavenger can stabilize MnO42-, avoiding disproportionation and causing the alteration of the photocatalytic reaction pathway from a one-electron avenue to a three-electron (1 + 2) process for producing MnO2 on CAU-17. This research opens up the possibility of comprehensively tracking and understanding the photocatalytic degradation reaction at the single MOF particle level.