1
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Liu Z, Brian D, Sun X. PyCTRAMER: A Python package for charge transfer rate constant of condensed-phase systems from Marcus theory to Fermi's golden rule. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:064101. [PMID: 39120028 DOI: 10.1063/5.0224524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we introduce PyCTRAMER, a comprehensive Python package designed for calculating charge transfer (CT) rate constants in disordered condensed-phase systems at finite temperatures, such as organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials. PyCTRAMER is a restructured and enriched version of the CTRAMER (Charge-Transfer RAtes from Molecular dynamics, Electronic structure, and Rate theory) package [Tinnin et al. J. Chem. Phys. 154, 214108 (2021)], enabling the computation of the Marcus CT rate constant and the six levels of the linearized semiclassical approximations of Fermi's golden rule (FGR) rate constant. It supports various types of intramolecular and intermolecular CT transitions from the excitonic states to CT state. Integrating quantum chemistry calculations, all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, spin-boson model construction, and rate constant calculations, PyCTRAMER offers an automatic workflow for handling photoinduced CT processes in explicit solvent environments and interfacial CT in amorphous donor/acceptor blends. The package also provides versatile tools for individual workflow steps, including electronic state analysis, state-specific force field construction, MD simulations, and spin-boson model construction from energy trajectories. We demonstrate the software's capabilities through two examples, highlighting both intramolecular and intermolecular CT processes in prototypical OPV systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengkui Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning, NYU Shanghai, 567 West Yangsi Road, Shanghai 200124, China
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 567 West Yangsi Road, Shanghai 200124, China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Dominikus Brian
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 567 West Yangsi Road, Shanghai 200124, China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Xiang Sun
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning, NYU Shanghai, 567 West Yangsi Road, Shanghai 200124, China
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 567 West Yangsi Road, Shanghai 200124, China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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2
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Ahmed R, Manna AK. Tailoring Light-Harvesting in Zn-Porphyrin and Carbon Fullerene based Donor-Acceptor Complex through Ethynyl-Extended Donor π-Conjugation. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400434. [PMID: 38847266 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic efficiency though currently limited for practical applications, can be improved by means of various molecular-level modifications. Herein the role of extended donor π ${\pi }$ -conjugation through ethynyl-bridged meso-phenyl/pyridyl on the photoinduced charge-transfer kinetics is studied in noncovalently bound Zn-Porphyrin and carbon-fullerene based donor-acceptor complex using time-dependent optimally tuned range-separated hybrid combined with the kinetic rate theory in polar solvent. Noncovalent dispersive interaction is identified to primarily govern the complex stability. Ethynyl-extended π ${\pi }$ -conjugation results in red-shifted donor-localized Q-band with substantially increased dipole oscillator strength and smaller exciton binding energy, suggesting greater light-harvesting efficiency. However, the low-lying charge-transfer state below to the Q-band is relatively less affected by the ethynyl-extended π ${\pi }$ -conjugation, yielding reduced driving forces for the charge-transfer. Detailed kinetics analysis reveals similar order of charge-transfer rate constants (~1012 s-1) for all donor-acceptor composites studied. Importantly, enhanced light-absorption, smaller exciton binding energy and similar charge-transfer rates together with reduced charge-recombination make these complexes suitable for efficient photoinduced charge-separation. These findings will be helpful to molecularly design the advanced organic donor-acceptor blends for energy efficient photovoltaic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raka Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, A.P-517619, India
| | - Arun K Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, A.P-517619, India
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3
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Begam K, Aksu H, Dunietz BD. Antioxidative Triplet Excitation Energy Transfer in Bacterial Reaction Center Using a Screened Range Separated Hybrid Functional. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38687467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c08501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Excess energy absorbed by photosystems (PSs) can result in photoinduced oxidative damage. Transfer of such energy within the core pigments of the reaction center in the form of triplet excitation is important in regulating and preserving the functionality of PSs. In the bacterial reaction center (BRC), the special pair (P) is understood to act as the electron donor in a photoinduced charge transfer process, triggering the charge separation process through the photoactive branch A pigments that experience a higher polarizing environment. At this work, triplet excitation energy transfer (TEET) in BRC is studied using a computational perspective to gain insights into the roles of the dielectric environment and interpigment orientations. We find in agreement with experimental observations that TEET proceeds through branch B. The TEET process toward branch B pigment is found to be significantly faster than the hypothetical process proceeding through branch A pigments with ps and ms time scales, respectively. Our calculations find that conformational differences play a major role in this branch asymmetry in TEET, where the dielectric environment asymmetry plays only a secondary role in directing the TEET to proceed through branch B. We also address TEET processes asserting the role of carotenoid as the final triplet energy acceptor and in a mutant form, where the branch pigments adjacent to P are replaced by bacteriopheophytins. The necessary electronic excitation energies and electronic state couplings are calculated by the recently developed polarization-consistent framework combining a screened range-separated hybrid functional and a polarizable continuum mode. The polarization-consistent potential energy surfaces are used to parametrize the quantum mechanical approach, implementing Fermi's golden rule expression of the TEET rate calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiza Begam
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Huseyin Aksu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science at Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17100, Turkey
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
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4
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Schubert A, Bhandari S, Geva E, Dunietz BD. A Computational Study of the Electronic Energy and Charge Transfer Rates and Pathways in the Tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene/Fullerene Interfacial Dyad. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9569-9583. [PMID: 37862043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The electronic transition rates and pathways underlying interfacial charge separation in tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene:fullerene (DBP:C70) blends are investigated computationally. The analysis is based on a polarization-consistent framework employing screened range-separated hybrid functional in a polarizable continuum model to parametrize Fermi's golden rule rate theory. The model considers the possible transitions within the 25 lowest excited states of a DBP:C70 dyad that are accessible by photoexcitation. The different identified pathways contributing to charge carrier generation include electron and hole transfer and backtransfer, exciton transfer, and internal relaxation steps. The larger density of states of C70 appears to explain the previously observed larger efficiency for charge separation through hole transfer mechanism. We also analyze the validity of the high-temperature and short-time semiclassical approximations of the FGR theory, where both overestimated and underestimated Marcus theory based constants can be affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schubert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Srijana Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Eitan Geva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
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5
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Hu Z, Sun X. All-Atom Nonadiabatic Semiclassical Mapping Dynamics for Photoinduced Charge Transfer of Organic Photovoltaic Molecules in Explicit Solvents. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:5819-5836. [PMID: 36073792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Direct all-atom simulation of nonadiabatic dynamics in disordered condensed phases like liquid solutions and amorphous solids has been challenging. The first all-atom simulation of the photoinduced charge-transfer dynamics of a prototypical organic photovoltaic carotenoid-porphyrin-C60 molecular triad in explicit tetrahydrofuran is presented. Based on the Meyer-Miller mapping Hamiltonian, various semiclassical and mixed quantum-classical dynamics are employed, including the linearized semiclassical, symmetrical quasiclassical, mean-field Ehrenfest, classical mapping model, and spin-mapping model approaches. The all-atom nonadiabatic dynamics were compared to multi-state harmonic models with a globally shared bath, and the models built using the ensemble averages on the initial electronic state could reproduce the all-atom results. The solvent effect was found to be critical for the photoinduced charge transfer, and the time-dependent solute-solvent radial distribution functions revealed that only the nonadiabatic dynamics started with the effective forces on the initial electronic state could capture the correct nuclear dynamics. The proposed strategy for modeling condensed-phase nonadiabatic dynamics with atomistic details is readily applied to complex condensed-phase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhubin Hu
- Division of Arts and Sciences, New York University Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry, New York University Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China.,State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Division of Arts and Sciences, New York University Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry, New York University Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China.,State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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6
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Loong H, Zhou J, Jiang N, Feng Y, Xie G, Liu L, Xie Z. Photoinduced Cascading Charge Transfer in Perylene Bisimide-Based Triads. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2441-2448. [PMID: 35316047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We synthesize three perylene bisimide-based triads with donor-acceptor-acceptor (D∼A1-A2) architectures, in which the distance between D and A1 is varied to study its influence on the excited state electron processes. Very different intramolecular charge transfer (D+∼A1-A2-) lifetimes in dichloromethane (DCM) for these three triads are revealed by steady-state and transient spectroscopies. Free-energy changes of charge transfer (CT) are calculated based on the single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and electrochemical measurements. The results show that photoinduced cascading CT comprises two competing processes in DCM (CTs in D∼A1 units and in A1-A2 units) by pumping of the A1 unit, and then the long-distance CT state is formed. The charge recombination (CR) process is restrained effectively by the increased distance between the anion and cation. This research reveals the importance of multistep cascading CTs on tuning the CT lifetime in multichromophoric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Loong
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Nianqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Guojing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zengqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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7
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Madrid-Úsuga D, Ortiz A, Reina JH. Photophysical Properties of BODIPY Derivatives for the Implementation of Organic Solar Cells: A Computational Approach. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3963-3977. [PMID: 35155892 PMCID: PMC8829925 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solar cells based on organic compounds are a proven emergent alternative to conventional electrical energy generation. Here, we provide a computational study of power conversion efficiency optimization of boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivatives by means of their associated open-circuit voltage, short-circuit density, and fill factor. In doing so, we compute for the derivatives' geometrical structures, energy levels of frontier molecular orbitals, absorption spectra, light collection efficiencies, and exciton binding energies via density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent (TD)-DFT calculations. We fully characterize four D-π-A (BODIPY) molecular systems of high efficiency and improved J sc that are well suited for integration into bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells as electron-donor materials in the active layer. Our results are twofold: we found that molecular complexes with a structural isoxazoline ring exhibit a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE), a useful result for improving the BHJ current, and, on the other hand, by considering the molecular systems as electron-acceptor materials, with P3HT as the electron donor in the active layer, we found a high PCE compound favorability with a pyrrolidine ring in its structure, in contrast to the molecular systems built with an isoxazoline ring. The theoretical characterization of the electronic properties of the BODIPY derivatives provided here, computed with a combination of ab initio methods and quantum models, can be readily applied to other sets of molecular complexes to hierarchize optimal power conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duvalier Madrid-Úsuga
- Centre
for Bioinformatics and Photonics—CIBioFi, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Edificio E20 No. 1069, 760032 Cali, Colombia
- Quantum
Technologies, Information and Complexity Group—QuanTIC, Departamento
de Física, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Ortiz
- Centre
for Bioinformatics and Photonics—CIBioFi, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Edificio E20 No. 1069, 760032 Cali, Colombia
- Heterocyclic
Compounds Research Group—GICH, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia
| | - John H. Reina
- Centre
for Bioinformatics and Photonics—CIBioFi, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Edificio E20 No. 1069, 760032 Cali, Colombia
- Quantum
Technologies, Information and Complexity Group—QuanTIC, Departamento
de Física, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia
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8
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Tinnin J, Bhandari S, Zhang P, Geva E, Dunietz BD, Sun X, Cheung MS. Correlating Interfacial Charge Transfer Rates with Interfacial Molecular Structure in the Tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene/C 70 Organic Photovoltaic System. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:763-769. [PMID: 35040657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPV) is an emerging solar cell technology that offers vast advantages such as low-cost manufacturing, transparency, and solution processability. However, because the performance of OPV devices is still disappointing compared to their inorganic counterparts, better understanding of how controlling the molecular-level morphology can impact performance is needed. To this end, one has to overcome significant challenges that stem from the complexity and heterogeneity of the underlying electronic structure and molecular morphology. In this Letter, we address this challenge in the context of the DBP/C70 OPV system by employing a modular workflow that combines recent advances in electronic structure, molecular dynamics, and rate theory. We show how the wide range of interfacial pairs can be classified into four types of interfacial donor-acceptor geometries and find that the least populated interfacial geometry gives rise to the fastest charge transfer (CT) rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Tinnin
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, 617 Science & Research Building 1, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, 6500 Main St., BioScience Research Collaborative, Suite 1005G, Houston, Texas 77030-1402, United States
| | - Srijana Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 1175 Risman Drive, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10800 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Pengzhi Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, 617 Science & Research Building 1, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Eitan Geva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 1175 Risman Drive, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Xiang Sun
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Margaret S Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, 617 Science & Research Building 1, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, 6500 Main St., BioScience Research Collaborative, Suite 1005G, Houston, Texas 77030-1402, United States
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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9
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Brian D, Sun X. Charge-Transfer Landscape Manifesting the Structure-Rate Relationship in the Condensed Phase Via Machine Learning. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13267-13278. [PMID: 34825563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we develop a machine learning (ML) strategy to map the molecular structure to condensed phase charge-transfer (CT) properties including CT rate constants, energy levels, electronic couplings, energy gaps, reorganization energies, and reaction free energies which are called CT fingerprints. The CT fingerprints of selected landmark structures covering the conformation space of an organic photovoltaic molecule dissolved in an explicit solvent are computed and used to train ML models using kernel ridge regression. The ML models show high predictive power with R2 > 0.97 and both mean absolute error and root-mean-square error within chemical accuracy. The CT landscape for millions of molecular dynamics sampled structures is thus constructed, which allows for instant prediction of CT rate properties, given any conformation of the molecule. We demonstrate some immediate utilities of the CT landscape such as calculating the ensemble-averaged CT rate constant and interpreting the effects of molecular structural features on the CT rate. The unprecedented CT landscape will be useful for investigating real-time CT dynamics in nanoscale- and mesoscale-condensed phase systems and for the optimal fabrication design for homogeneous and heterogeneous optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominikus Brian
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Xiang Sun
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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10
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Hu Z, Brian D, Sun X. Multi-state harmonic models with globally shared bath for nonadiabatic dynamics in the condensed phase. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:124105. [PMID: 34598571 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Model Hamiltonians constructed from quantum chemistry calculations and molecular dynamics simulations are widely used for simulating nonadiabatic dynamics in the condensed phase. The most popular two-state spin-boson model could be built by mapping the all-atom anharmonic Hamiltonian onto a two-level system bilinearly coupled to a harmonic bath using the energy gap time correlation function. However, for more than two states, there lacks a general strategy to construct multi-state harmonic (MSH) models since the energy gaps between different pairs of electronic states are not entirely independent and need to be considered consistently. In this paper, we extend the previously proposed approach for building three-state harmonic models for photoinduced charge transfer to the arbitrary number of electronic states with a globally shared bath and the system-bath couplings are scaled differently according to the reorganization energies between each pair of states. We demonstrate the MSH model construction for an organic photovoltaic carotenoid-porphyrin-C60 molecular triad dissolved in explicit tetrahydrofuran solvent. Nonadiabatic dynamics was simulated using mixed quantum-classical techniques, including the linearized semiclassical and symmetrical quasiclassical dynamics with the mapping Hamiltonians, mean-field Ehrenfest, and mixed quantum-classical Liouville dynamics in two-state, three-state, and four-state harmonic models of the triad system. The MSH models are shown to provide a general and flexible framework for simulating nonadiabatic dynamics in complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhubin Hu
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
| | - Dominikus Brian
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
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11
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Tinnin J, Aksu H, Tong Z, Zhang P, Geva E, Dunietz BD, Sun X, Cheung MS. CTRAMER: An open-source software package for correlating interfacial charge transfer rate constants with donor/acceptor geometries in organic photovoltaic materials. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:214108. [PMID: 34240998 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present CTRAMER (Charge-Transfer RAtes from Molecular dynamics, Electronic structure, and Rate theory)-an open-source software package for calculating interfacial charge-transfer (CT) rate constants in organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials based on ab initio calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. The software is based on identifying representative donor/acceptor geometries within interfacial structures obtained from molecular dynamics simulation of donor/acceptor blends and calculating the corresponding Fermi's golden rule CT rate constants within the framework of the linearized-semiclassical approximation. While the methods used are well established, the integration of these state-of-the-art tools originating from different disciplines to study photoinduced CT processes with explicit treatment of the environment, in our opinion, makes this package unique and innovative. The software also provides tools for investigating other observables of interest. After outlining the features and implementation details, the usage and performance of the software are demonstrated with results from an example OPV system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Tinnin
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, 617 Science and Research Building 1, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Huseyin Aksu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 1175 Risman Drive, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - Zhengqing Tong
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China; NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China; and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Pengzhi Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, 617 Science and Research Building 1, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Eitan Geva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 1175 Risman Drive, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - Xiang Sun
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China; NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China; and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Margaret S Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, 617 Science and Research Building 1, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
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12
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Aksu H, Maiti B, Ptaszek M, Dunietz BD. Photoinduced charge transfer in Zn(II) and Au(III)-ligated symmetric and asymmetric bacteriochlorin dyads: A computational study. J Chem Phys 2021; 153:134111. [PMID: 33032416 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The excited-state properties and photoinduced charge-transfer (CT) kinetics in a series of symmetrical and asymmetrical Zn- and Au-ligated meso-meso-connected bacteriochlorin (BChl) complexes are studied computationally. BChl derivatives, which are excellent near-IR absorbing chromophores, are found to play a central role in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers but are rarely used in artificial solar energy harvesting systems. The optical properties of chemically linked BChl complexes can be tuned by varying the linking group and involving different ligated metal ions. We investigate charge transfer in BChl dyads that are either directly linked or through a phenylene ring (1,4-phenylene) and which are ligating Zn or Au ions. The directly linked dyads with a nearly perpendicular arrangement of the BChl units bear markedly different properties than phenylene linked dyads. In addition, we find that the dielectric dependence of the intramolecular CT rate is very strong in neutral Zn-ligated dyads, whereas cationic Au-ligated dyads show negligible dielectric dependence of the CT rate. Rate constants of the photo induced CT process are calculated at the semiclassical Marcus level and are compared to fully quantum mechanical Fermi's golden rule based values. The rates are calculated using a screened range separated hybrid functional that offers a consistent framework for addressing environment polarization. We study solvated systems in two solvents of a low and a high scalar dielectric constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Aksu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, USA
| | - Buddhadev Maiti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21250-1000, USA
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, USA
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13
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Brian D, Liu Z, Dunietz BD, Geva E, Sun X. Three-state harmonic models for photoinduced charge transfer. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:174105. [PMID: 34241055 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A widely used strategy for simulating the charge transfer between donor and acceptor electronic states in an all-atom anharmonic condensed-phase system is based on invoking linear response theory to describe the system in terms of an effective spin-boson model Hamiltonian. Extending this strategy to photoinduced charge transfer processes requires also taking into consideration the ground electronic state in addition to the excited donor and acceptor electronic states. In this paper, we revisit the problem of describing such nonequilibrium processes in terms of an effective three-state harmonic model. We do so within the framework of nonequilibrium Fermi's golden rule (NE-FGR) in the context of photoinduced charge transfer in the carotenoid-porphyrin-C60 (CPC60) molecular triad dissolved in explicit tetrahydrofuran (THF). To this end, we consider different ways for obtaining a three-state harmonic model from the equilibrium autocorrelation functions of the donor-acceptor, donor-ground, and acceptor-ground energy gaps, as obtained from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the CPC60/THF system. The quantum-mechanically exact time-dependent NE-FGR rate coefficients for two different charge transfer processes in two different triad conformations are then calculated using the effective three-state model Hamiltonians as well as a hierarchy of more approximate expressions that lead to the instantaneous Marcus theory limit. Our results show that the photoinduced charge transfer in CPC60/THF can be described accurately by the effective harmonic three-state models and that nuclear quantum effects are small in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominikus Brian
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
| | - Zengkui Liu
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - Eitan Geva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xiang Sun
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
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14
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Brian D, Sun X. Linear-Response and Nonlinear-Response Formulations of the Instantaneous Marcus Theory for Nonequilibrium Photoinduced Charge Transfer. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:2065-2079. [PMID: 33687212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Instantaneous Marcus theory (IMT) offers a way for capturing the time-dependent charge transfer (CT) rate coefficient in nonequilibrium photoinduced CT processes, where the system was photoexcited from its equilibrated ground state vertically to the excitonic state, followed by an electronic transition to the CT state. As derived from the linearized semiclassical nonequilibrium Fermi's golden rule (LSC NE-FGR), the original IMT requires expensive all-atom nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations. In this work, we propose computationally efficient linear-response and nonlinear-response formulations for IMT rate calculations, which only require equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. The linear- and nonlinear-response IMT methods were tested to predict the transient behavior in the photoinduced CT dynamics of the carotenoid-porphyrin-C60 molecular triad solvated in explicit tetrahydrofuran. Our result demonstrated that the nonlinear-response IMT is in excellent agreement with the benchmark NEMD for all cases investigated here, whereas the linear-response IMT predicts the correct trend for all cases but overestimates the transient CT rate in one case involving a significant nonequilibrium relaxation. This mild breakdown of linear-response IMT is due to neglecting the higher-order terms in the exact nonlinear-response IMT. Taking advantage of time translational symmetry, the linear- and nonlinear-response approaches were demonstrated to be able to reduce the computational cost by 80% and 60% compared with NEMD simulations, respectively. Thus, we highly recommend the readily applicable and accurate nonlinear-response IMT approach for simulating nonequilibrium CT processes in complex molecular systems in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominikus Brian
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Xiang Sun
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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15
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Hu Z, Tong Z, Cheung MS, Dunietz BD, Geva E, Sun X. Photoinduced Charge Transfer Dynamics in the Carotenoid–Porphyrin–C60 Triad via the Linearized Semiclassical Nonequilibrium Fermi’s Golden Rule. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9579-9591. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhubin Hu
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zhengqing Tong
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Margaret S. Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Barry D. Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, 44242, United States
| | - Eitan Geva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xiang Sun
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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16
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Han J, Zhang P, Aksu H, Maiti B, Sun X, Geva E, Dunietz BD, Cheung MS. On the Interplay between Electronic Structure and Polarizable Force Fields When Calculating Solution-Phase Charge-Transfer Rates. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:6481-6490. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaebeom Han
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Pengzhi Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Huseyin Aksu
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
- Department of Physics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17100, Turkey
| | - Buddhadev Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Xiang Sun
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200122, China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Eitan Geva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Barry D. Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Margaret S. Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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17
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Tong Z, Gao X, Cheung MS, Dunietz BD, Geva E, Sun X. Charge transfer rate constants for the carotenoid-porphyrin-C60 molecular triad dissolved in tetrahydrofuran: The spin-boson model vs the linearized semiclassical approximation. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044105. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0016160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Tong
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | - Barry D. Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, 1787 Summit Street, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - Eitan Geva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xiang Sun
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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18
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Patel K, Bittner ER. Mixed Quantum Classical Simulations of Charge-Transfer Dynamics in a Model Light-Harvesting Complex. I. Charge-Transfer Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2149-2157. [PMID: 32118437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We develop here a mixed quantum mechanical/molecular dynamics model to investigate charge-transfer dynamics in a set of large organic donor-bridge-acceptor triad molecules. Specifically, we are interested in the differences in electron and nuclear behavior relating to small changes in the molecular makeup of carotenoid-porphyrin-fullerene triads. Our model approximates excitation energies on the order of 1.9 eV which agree with absorption spectra for these triads and isolated porphyrins. Using electron population analysis, we monitor charge migration to the acceptor in time. Approximations of the charge transfer rates reveal ultrafast (picosecond scale) electron dynamics consistent with experimental literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Eric R Bittner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States.,Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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19
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Aksu H, Schubert A, Bhandari S, Yamada A, Geva E, Dunietz BD. On the Role of the Special Pair in Photosystems as a Charge Transfer Rectifier. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:1987-1994. [PMID: 32109062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The special pair, a bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl) dimer found at the core of bacterial reaction centers, is known to play a key role in the functionality of photosystems as a precursor to the photosynthesis process. In this paper, we analyze the inherent affinity of the special pair to rectify the intrapair photo-induced charge transfer (CT). In particular, we show that the molecular environment affects the nuclear geometry, resulting in symmetry breaking between the two possible intrapair CT processes. To this end, we study the relationships of the intrapair CT and the molecular geometry with respect to the effective dielectric constant provided by the molecular environment. We identify the special pair structural feature that breaks the symmetry between the two molecules, leading to CT rectification. Excited state energies, oscillator strengths, and electronic coupling values are obtained via time-dependent density functional theory, employing a recently developed framework based on a screened range-separated hybrid functional within a polarizable continuum model (SRSH-PCM). We analyze the rectification capability of the special pair by calculating the CT rates using a first-principles-based Fermi's golden rule approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Aksu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Alexander Schubert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Srijana Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
| | - Eitan Geva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
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20
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Patrizi B, Cozza C, Pietropaolo A, Foggi P, Siciliani de Cumis M. Synergistic Approach of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Molecular Simulations in the Characterization of Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Push-Pull Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:E430. [PMID: 31968694 PMCID: PMC7024558 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive characterization of Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT) stemming in push-pull molecules with a delocalized π-system of electrons is noteworthy for a bespoke design of organic materials, spanning widespread applications from photovoltaics to nanomedicine imaging devices. Photo-induced ICT is characterized by structural reorganizations, which allows the molecule to adapt to the new electronic density distribution. Herein, we discuss recent photophysical advances combined with recent progresses in the computational chemistry of photoactive molecular ensembles. We focus the discussion on femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy (TAS) enabling us to follow the transition from a Locally Excited (LE) state to the ICT and to understand how the environment polarity influences radiative and non-radiative decay mechanisms. In many cases, the charge transfer transition is accompanied by structural rearrangements, such as the twisting or molecule planarization. The possibility of an accurate prediction of the charge-transfer occurring in complex molecules and molecular materials represents an enormous advantage in guiding new molecular and materials design. We briefly report on recent advances in ultrafast multidimensional spectroscopy, in particular, Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy (2DES), in unraveling the ICT nature of push-pull molecular systems. A theoretical description at the atomistic level of photo-induced molecular transitions can predict with reasonable accuracy the properties of photoactive molecules. In this framework, the review includes a discussion on the advances from simulation and modeling, which have provided, over the years, significant information on photoexcitation, emission, charge-transport, and decay pathways. Density Functional Theory (DFT) coupled with the Time-Dependent (TD) framework can describe electronic properties and dynamics for a limited system size. More recently, Machine Learning (ML) or deep learning approaches, as well as free-energy simulations containing excited state potentials, can speed up the calculations with transferable accuracy to more complex molecules with extended system size. A perspective on combining ultrafast spectroscopy with molecular simulations is foreseen for optimizing the design of photoactive compounds with tunable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Patrizi
- National Institute of Optics-National Research Council (INO-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (B.P.); (P.F.)
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS),Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Concetta Cozza
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Adriana Pietropaolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Paolo Foggi
- National Institute of Optics-National Research Council (INO-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (B.P.); (P.F.)
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS),Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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21
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Ahmed R, Manna AK. Molecular-scale engineering of the charge-transfer excited states in non-covalently bound Zn–porphyrin and carbon fullerene based donor–acceptor complex. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:14822-14831. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01936d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tailoring charge-transfer through selective pyrrole ring hydrogenation in a novel Zn–porphyrin and PCBM based donor–acceptor complex has been investigated using quantum chemical computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raka Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati
- Tirupati
- India
| | - Arun K. Manna
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati
- Tirupati
- India
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22
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Kronik L, Kümmel S. Dielectric Screening Meets Optimally Tuned Density Functionals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706560. [PMID: 29665112 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A short overview of recent attempts at merging two independently developed methods is presented. These are the optimal tuning of a range-separated hybrid (OT-RSH) functional, developed to provide an accurate first-principles description of the electronic structure and optical properties of gas-phase molecules, and the polarizable continuum model (PCM), developed to provide an approximate but computationally tractable description of a solvent in terms of an effective dielectric medium. After a brief overview of the OT-RSH approach, its combination with the PCM as a potentially accurate yet low-cost approach to the study of molecular assemblies and solids, particularly in the context of photocatalysis and photovoltaics, is discussed. First, solvated molecules are considered, with an emphasis on the challenge of balancing eigenvalue and total energy trends. Then, it is shown that the same merging of methods can also be used to study the electronic and optical properties of molecular solids, with a similar discussion of the pros and cons. Tuning of the effective scalar dielectric constant as one recent approach that mitigates some of the difficulties in merging the two approaches is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeor Kronik
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Stephan Kümmel
- Theoretical Physics IV, Universität Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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23
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Sato K, Pradhan E, Asahi R, Akimov AV. Charge transfer dynamics at the boron subphthalocyanine chloride/C60 interface: non-adiabatic dynamics study with Libra-X. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25275-25294. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03841d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Libra-X software for non-adiabatic molecular dynamics is reported. It is used to comprehensively study the charge transfer dynamics at the boron subphtalocyanine chloride (SubPc)/fullerene (C60) interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Sato
- Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Inc
- Nagakute
- Japan
| | - Ekadashi Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Buffalo
- The State University of New York
- New York 14260-3000
- USA
| | - Ryoji Asahi
- Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Inc
- Nagakute
- Japan
| | - Alexey V. Akimov
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Buffalo
- The State University of New York
- New York 14260-3000
- USA
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24
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Ma C, Ou YQ, Chan CTL, Wong AKW, Chan RCT, Chung BPY, Jiang C, Wang ML, Kwok WM. Nonradiative dynamics determined by charge transfer induced hydrogen bonding: a combined femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence and density functional theoretical study of methyl dimethylaminobenzoate in water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:1240-1251. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding with water alters nonradiative pathway of a twisted charge transfer state in methyl dimethylaminobenzoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensheng Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Yue-Qun Ou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Chris Tsz-Leung Chan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Allen Ka-Wa Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
| | - Ruth Chau-Ting Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
| | - Bowie Po-Yee Chung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
| | - Chao Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Ming-Liang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Wai-Ming Kwok
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
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25
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Maitra NT. Charge transfer in time-dependent density functional theory. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:423001. [PMID: 28766507 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa836e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer plays a crucial role in many processes of interest in physics, chemistry, and bio-chemistry. In many applications the size of the systems involved calls for time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) to be used in their computational modeling, due to its unprecedented balance between accuracy and efficiency. However, although exact in principle, in practise approximations must be made for the exchange-correlation functional in this theory, and the standard functional approximations perform poorly for excitations which have a long-range charge-transfer component. Intense progress has been made in developing more sophisticated functionals for this problem, which we review. We point out an essential difference between the properties of the exchange-correlation kernel needed for an accurate description of charge-transfer between open-shell fragments and between closed-shell fragments. We then turn to charge-transfer dynamics, which, in contrast to the excitation problem, is a highly non-equilibrium, non-perturbative, process involving a transfer of one full electron in space. This turns out to be a much more challenging problem for TDDFT functionals. We describe dynamical step and peak features in the exact functional evolving over time, that are missing in the functionals currently used. The latter underestimate the amount of charge transferred and manifest a spurious shift in the charge transfer resonance position. We discuss some explicit examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neepa T Maitra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College and the Physics Program at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, NY 10065, United States of America
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26
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Prediction of the lowest charge-transfer excited-state energy at the donor–acceptor interface in a condensed phase using ground-state DFT calculations with generalized Kohn–Sham functionals. J Mol Model 2017; 23:235. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Zheng Z, Egger DA, Brédas JL, Kronik L, Coropceanu V. Effect of Solid-State Polarization on Charge-Transfer Excitations and Transport Levels at Organic Interfaces from a Screened Range-Separated Hybrid Functional. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3277-3283. [PMID: 28666085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We develop a robust approach for the description of the energetics of charge-transfer (CT) excitations and transport levels at organic interfaces based on a screened range-separated hybrid (SRSH) functional. We find that SRSH functionals correctly capture the effect of solid-state electronic polarization on transport gap renormalization and on screening of the electrostatic electron-hole interaction. With respect to calculations based on nonscreened optimally tuned RSH (long-range corrected) functionals, the SRSH-based calculations can be performed for both isolated molecular complexes and systems embedded in a dielectric medium with the same range-separation parameter, which allows a clear physical interpretation of the results in terms of solid-state polarization without any perturbation of the molecular electronic structure. By considering weakly interacting donor/acceptor complexes of pentacene with C60 and poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) with PCBM, we show that this new approach provides CT-state energies that compare very well with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - David A Egger
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovoth 76100, Israel
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovoth 76100, Israel
| | - Veaceslav Coropceanu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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28
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Zheng Z, Tummala NR, Fu YT, Coropceanu V, Brédas JL. Charge-Transfer States in Organic Solar Cells: Understanding the Impact of Polarization, Delocalization, and Disorder. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:18095-18102. [PMID: 28481497 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the impact of electronic polarization, charge delocalization, and energetic disorder on the charge-transfer (CT) states formed at a planar C60/pentacene interface. The ability to examine large complexes containing up to seven pentacene molecules and three C60 molecules allows us to take explicitly into account the electronic polarization effects. These complexes are extracted from a bilayer architecture modeled by molecular dynamics simulations and evaluated by means of electronic-structure calculations based on long-range-separated functionals (ωB97XD and BNL) with optimized range-separation parameters. The energies of the lowest charge-transfer states derived for the large complexes are in very good agreement with the experimentally reported values. The average singlet-triplet energy splittings of the lowest CT states are calculated not to exceed 10 meV. The rates of geminate recombination as well as of dissociation of the triplet excitons are also evaluated. In line with experiment, our results indicate that the pentacene triplet excitons generated through singlet fission can dissociate into separated charges on a picosecond time scale, despite the fact that their energy in C60/pentacene heterojunctions is slightly lower than the energies of the lowest CT triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Naga Rajesh Tummala
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Yao-Tsung Fu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Veaceslav Coropceanu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Starovoytov ON, Zhang P, Cieplak P, Cheung MS. Induced polarization restricts the conformational distribution of a light-harvesting molecular triad in the ground state. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:22969-22980. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03177g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Free energy surface of the light-harvesting triad employing a non-polarizable force field (NFF) and a polarizable force field (PFF) shows that induced polarization limits the motion of rotation about chemical bonds as well as bending at the porphyrin, which are prominent using the NFF, thus limiting the conformational space of the triad.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pengzhi Zhang
- Department of Physics
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
| | - Piotr Cieplak
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Margaret S. Cheung
- Department of Physics
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics
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30
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Storm FE, Olsen ST, Hansen T, De Vico L, Jackson NE, Ratner MA, Mikkelsen KV. Boron Subphthalocyanine Based Molecular Triad Systems for the Capture of Solar Energy. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7694-7703. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Freja E. Storm
- Department
of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine T. Olsen
- Department
of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorsten Hansen
- Department
of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luca De Vico
- Department
of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas E. Jackson
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mark A. Ratner
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department
of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Sun X, Geva E. Non-Condon nonequilibrium Fermi’s golden rule rates from the linearized semiclassical method. J Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4960337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
| | - Eitan Geva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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32
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Sun X, Geva E. Non-Condon equilibrium Fermi’s golden rule electronic transition rate constants via the linearized semiclassical method. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:244105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4954509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
| | - Eitan Geva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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33
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Sun X, Geva E. Nonequilibrium Fermi’s Golden Rule Charge Transfer Rates via the Linearized Semiclassical Method. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:2926-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Eitan Geva
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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34
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Natural and artificial light-harvesting systems utilizing the functions of carotenoids. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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35
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Lee MH, Geva E, Dunietz BD. The Effect of Interfacial Geometry on Charge-Transfer States in the Phthalocyanine/Fullerene Organic Photovoltaic System. J Phys Chem A 2015; 120:2970-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myeong H. Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Eitan Geva
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Barry D. Dunietz
- Department
of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
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36
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Suzuki Y, Yokoyama K. Development of Functional Fluorescent Molecular Probes for the Detection of Biological Substances. BIOSENSORS 2015; 5:337-63. [PMID: 26095660 PMCID: PMC4493553 DOI: 10.3390/bios5020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This review is confined to sensors that use fluorescence to transmit biochemical information. Fluorescence is, by far, the most frequently exploited phenomenon for chemical sensors and biosensors. Parameters that define the application of such sensors include intensity, decay time, anisotropy, quenching efficiency, and luminescence energy transfer. To achieve selective (bio)molecular recognition based on these fluorescence phenomena, various fluorescent elements such as small organic molecules, enzymes, antibodies, and oligonucleotides have been designed and synthesized over the past decades. This review describes the immense variety of fluorescent probes that have been designed for the recognitions of ions, small and large molecules, and their biological applications in terms of intracellular fluorescent imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Suzuki
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Kenji Yokoyama
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan.
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