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Yu W, Li F, Huang T, Li W, Wu T. Go beyond the limit: Rationally designed mixed-dimensional perovskite/semiconductor heterostructures and their applications. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 4:100363. [PMID: 36632191 PMCID: PMC9827388 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Halide perovskite heterojunctions rationally integrate the chemical and physical properties of multi-dimensional perovskites and judiciously chosen semiconductor materials, offering the promise of going beyond the limit of a single component. This emerging platform of materials innovation offers fresh opportunities to tune material properties, discover interesting phenomena, and enable novel applications. In this review, we first discuss the fundamentals of forming heterojunctions with perovskites and a wide range of semiconductors, and then we give an overview of the research progress of halide perovskite heterojunctions in terms of their optical, electrical, and mechanical properties, focusing on how the heterojunction tunes the energy band structure, electrical transport, and charge recombination behaviors. We further outline the progress of perovskite-based heterojunctions in optoelectronics. Finally, the challenges and future research directions for perovskite/semiconductor heterojunctions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Yu
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China,Corresponding author
| | - Feng Li
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia,Corresponding author
| | - Tao Huang
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Wei Li
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Tom Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia,Corresponding author
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Krishnan S, Senthilkumar K. Modified fullerenes as acceptors in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells - a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:27468-27476. [PMID: 34870653 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04402h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, electronic structure calculations were used to provide strategies for designing poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)-fullerene-derivative-based donor-acceptor materials for use in high-efficiency bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (BHJ OSCs). The work systematically analyses the impact of electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents on the opto-electronic properties of the fullerene structures. Parameters relating to the absorption spectra, orbital distributions, and energy ordering of the frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), the interactions between P3HT and the fullerene derivatives, and charge transfer across the interface were investigated. We found that substitution with the electron-withdrawing group NO2 enhances the electronic coupling between the fullerene and P3HT; however, it reduces the open-circuit voltage (VOC) of the OSC through lowering the LUMO energy level. Furthermore, the results show that substitution with an electron-withdrawing group (NO2) and electron-donating group (OCH3) can improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the OSC, since this slightly improves the photon absorption abilities and charge transfer coupling at the interface without overly compromising VOC relative to PC61BM. Our study shows that alkyl chain modification in the PC61BM acceptor is a promising strategy for improving the performances of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krishnan
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641 046, India.
| | - K Senthilkumar
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641 046, India.
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Paul D, Deb J, Sarkar U. A Detailed DFT Study on Electronic Structures and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Doped C
30. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debolina Paul
- Department of PhysicsAssam University Silchar 788011 India
| | - Jyotirmoy Deb
- Department of PhysicsAssam University Silchar 788011 India
| | - Utpal Sarkar
- Department of PhysicsAssam University Silchar 788011 India
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Synthesis and Photophysical Study of [60]Fullerene-Maleimide Dyads. J Fluoresc 2020; 30:223-228. [PMID: 32026214 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel [60]fullerene-maleimide dyads were synthesized by covalent linking of maleimide fluorophore to the [60]fullerene (C60) via Bingel reaction. The dyads were well characterized and studied for their absorption and emission properties. The fluorescence quenching of maleimide moiety by C60 was observed, indicating the intramolecular energy transfer from maleimide fluorophore to C60 moiety.
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Niklas J, Zheng T, Neshchadin A, Mardis KL, Yu L, Poluektov OG. Polaron and Exciton Delocalization in Oligomers of High-Performance Polymer PTB7. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1359-1366. [PMID: 31860294 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A key characteristic of organic photovoltaic cells is the efficient charge separation in the active layer. Sufficient delocalization of the positive polaron in organic photovoltaics is considered essential for the effective separation of the opposite charges and the suppression of recombination. We use light-induced EPR and ENDOR spectroscopy combined with DFT calculations to determine the electronic structure of the positive polaron in PTB7-type oligomers. Utilizing the superior spectral resolution of high-frequency (130 GHz) D-band EPR, the principal components of the g tensors were determined. Pulsed ENDOR spectroscopy at X-band allowed the measurement of 1H hyperfine coupling constants. A comparison of g tensors and 1H hyperfine coupling constants of the PTB7-type oligomers with the high-performance PTB7 polymer revealed a delocalization of the positive polaron in the polymer over about four monomeric units, corresponding to about 45 Å in length. Our current study thus not only determines the polaron delocalization length in PTB7 but also validates the approach combining EPR/ENDOR spectroscopy with DFT-calculated magnetic resonance parameters. This is of importance in those cases where oligomers of defined length are not easily obtained. In addition, the delocalization of the neutral triplet exciton was also determined in the oligomers and compared with polymer PTB7. The analysis revealed that the neutral triplet exciton is substantially more delocalized than the positive polaron, exceeding 10 monomeric units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Niklas
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Tianyue Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Andriy Neshchadin
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Kristy L Mardis
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Engineering Studies , Chicago State University , Chicago , Illinois 60628 , United States
| | - Luping Yu
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Oleg G Poluektov
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
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Niklas J, Mardis KL, Poluektov OG. Spin Signature of the C 60 Fullerene Anion: A Combined X- and D-Band EPR and DFT Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3915-3921. [PMID: 29969036 PMCID: PMC6563802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fullerenes attract much attention in various scientific fields, but their electronic properties are still not completely understood. Here we report on a combined EPR and DFT study of the fullerene anion C60- in solid glassy environment. DFT calculations were used to characterize its electronic structure through spin density distribution and magnetic resonance parameters. The electron spin density is not uniformly distributed throughout the C60- cage but shows a pattern similar to PC61BM-. EPR spectroscopy reveals a rhombic g-tensor sensitive to the environment in the frozen glassy solutions, which can be rationalized by deformation of the fullerenes along low-frequency vibrational modes upon cooling. DFT modeling confirms that these deformations lead to variation in the C60- g values. The decrease in g-tensor anisotropy with sample annealing is related to the lessening of g-tensor strain upon temperature relaxation of the most distorted sites in the glassy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Niklas
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Kristy L. Mardis
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Engineering Studies, Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois 60628, USA
| | - Oleg G. Poluektov
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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Lukina EA, Popov AA, Uvarov MN, Suturina EA, Reijerse EJ, Kulik LV. Light-induced charge separation in a P3HT/PC 70BM composite as studied by out-of-phase electron spin echo spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:28585-28593. [PMID: 27711566 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05389k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A composite material of semiconducting polymer P3HT and fullerene derivative PC70BM was studied by means of electron spin echo (ESE) spectroscopy. The out-of-phase ESE signal was observed under laser irradiation of the composite at low temperature. We assume that during the charge separation process firstly the spin-correlated radical pairs in the singlet-polarized spin state are formed, and then the net polarization of radical pairs arises due to spin evolution. Both types of polarizations contribute to the out-of-phase ESE signal in the case of non-ideal microwave pulses. Analytical calculation of the echo shape for both types of initial polarization revealed that the contribution of the net polarization becomes zero after averaging over the whole EPR spectrum of the radical pair. This behavior was experimentally confirmed; thus the analysis of the out-of-phase ESE signal was simplified. Interspin distance distributions in the charge transfer state were obtained by modeling the out-of-phase ESE envelope modulation measured at different delays after laser flash TDAF from 300 ns to 3.3 μs at a temperature of 65 K. Due to geminate recombination and diffusion of the radicals from the interface the distribution becomes significantly broader with larger distances prevailing at longer TDAF values. The average distance between charges increases from 3.5 nm to 5.6 nm with an increase in TDAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Lukina
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. and Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander A Popov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. and Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail N Uvarov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Elizaveta A Suturina
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia and Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Edward J Reijerse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Leonid V Kulik
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. and Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Thomson SAJ, Niklas J, Mardis KL, Mallares C, Samuel IDW, Poluektov OG. Charge Separation and Triplet Exciton Formation Pathways in Small Molecule Solar Cells as Studied by Time-resolved EPR Spectroscopy. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2017; 121:22707-22719. [PMID: 29606993 PMCID: PMC5875436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b08217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells are a promising renewable energy technology, offering the advantages of mechanical flexibility and solution processability. An understanding of the electronic excited states and charge separation pathways in these systems is crucial if efficiencies are to be further improved. Here we use light induced electron paramagnetic resonance (LEPR) spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations (DFT) to study the electronic excited states, charge transfer (CT) dynamics and triplet exciton formation pathways in blends of the small molecule donors (DTS(FBTTh2)2, DTS(F2BTTh2)2, DTS(PTTh2)2, DTG(FBTTh2)2 and DTG(F2BTTh2)2) with the fullerene derivative PC61BM. Using high frequency EPR the g-tensor of the positive polaron on the donor molecules was determined. The experimental results are compared with DFT calculations which reveal that the spin density of the polaron is distributed over a dimer or trimer. Time-resolved EPR (TR-EPR) spectra attributed to singlet CT states were identified and the polarization patterns revealed similar charge separation dynamics in the four fluorobenzothiadiazole donors, while charge separation in the DTS(PTTh2)2 blend is slower. Using TR-EPR we also investigated the triplet exciton formation pathways in the blend. The polarization patterns reveal that the excitons originate from both intersystem crossing (ISC) and back electron transfer (BET) processes. The DTS(PTTh2)2 blend was found to contain substantially more triplet excitons formed by BET than the fluorobenzothiadiazole blends. The higher BET triplet exciton population in the DTS(PTTh2)2 blend is in accordance with the slower charge separation dynamics observed in this blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A. J Thomson
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Kristy L. Mardis
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois 60628, USA
| | - Christopher Mallares
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois 60628, USA
| | - Ifor D. W. Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
- Phone: +44 1334 463114
| | - Oleg G. Poluektov
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Phone: +1 630 2523546
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