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Krueger TD, Chen C, Fang C. Targeting Ultrafast Spectroscopic Insights into Red Fluorescent Proteins. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300668. [PMID: 37682793 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Red fluorescent proteins (RFPs) represent an increasingly popular class of genetically encodable bioprobes and biomarkers that can advance next-generation breakthroughs across the imaging and life sciences. Since the rational design of RFPs with improved functions or enhanced versatility requires a mechanistic understanding of their working mechanisms, while fluorescence is intrinsically an ultrafast event, a suitable toolset involving steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques has become powerful in delineating key structural features and dynamic steps which govern irreversible photoconverting or reversible photoswitching RFPs, and large Stokes shift (LSS)RFPs. The pertinent cis-trans isomerization and protonation state change of RFP chromophores in their local environments, involving key residues in protein matrices, lead to rich and complicated spectral features across multiple timescales. In particular, ultrafast excited-state proton transfer in various LSSRFPs showcases the resolving power of wavelength-tunable femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) in mapping a photocycle with crucial knowledge about the red-emitting species. Moreover, recent progress in noncanonical RFPs with a site-specifically modified chromophore provides an appealing route for efficient engineering of redder and brighter RFPs, highly desirable for bioimaging. Such an effective feedback loop involving physical chemists, protein engineers, and biomedical microscopists will enable future successes to expand fundamental knowledge and improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Krueger
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-4003, USA
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-4003, USA
| | - Chong Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-4003, USA
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2
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Addison K, Roy P, Bressan G, Skudaite K, Robb J, Bulman Page PC, Ashworth EK, Bull JN, Meech SR. Photophysics of the red-form Kaede chromophore. Chem Sci 2023; 14:3763-3775. [PMID: 37035701 PMCID: PMC10074405 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00368j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromophore responsible for colour switching in the optical highlighting protein Kaede has unexpectedly complicated excited state dynamics, which are measured and analysed here. This will inform the development of new imaging proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiri Addison
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Palas Roy
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Giovanni Bressan
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Karolina Skudaite
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Josh Robb
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Eleanor K. Ashworth
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - James N. Bull
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
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3
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Coughlan NJA, Stockett MH, Kjær C, Ashworth EK, Bulman Page PC, Meech SR, Brøndsted Nielsen S, Blancafort L, Hopkins WS, Bull JN. Action spectroscopy of the isolated red Kaede fluorescent protein chromophore. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:124304. [PMID: 34598549 DOI: 10.1063/5.0063258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of fluorescent proteins into biochemical systems has revolutionized the field of bioimaging. In a bottom-up approach, understanding the photophysics of fluorescent proteins requires detailed investigations of the light-absorbing chromophore, which can be achieved by studying the chromophore in isolation. This paper reports a photodissociation action spectroscopy study on the deprotonated anion of the red Kaede fluorescent protein chromophore, demonstrating that at least three isomers-assigned to deprotomers-are generated in the gas phase. Deprotomer-selected action spectra are recorded over the S1 ← S0 band using an instrument with differential mobility spectrometry coupled with photodissociation spectroscopy. The spectrum for the principal phenoxide deprotomer spans the 480-660 nm range with a maximum response at ≈610 nm. The imidazolate deprotomer has a blue-shifted action spectrum with a maximum response at ≈545 nm. The action spectra are consistent with excited state coupled-cluster calculations of excitation wavelengths for the deprotomers. A third gas-phase species with a distinct action spectrum is tentatively assigned to an imidazole tautomer of the principal phenoxide deprotomer. This study highlights the need for isomer-selective methods when studying the photophysics of biochromophores possessing several deprotonation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville J A Coughlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mark H Stockett
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Kjær
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Eleanor K Ashworth
- School of Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C Bulman Page
- School of Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lluís Blancafort
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catálisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/M.A. Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - W Scott Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - James N Bull
- School of Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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4
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Woodhouse JL, Henley A, Lewin R, Ward JM, Hailes HC, Bochenkova AV, Fielding HH. A photoelectron imaging study of the deprotonated GFP chromophore anion and RNA fluorescent tags. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19911-19922. [PMID: 34474467 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01901e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein (GFP), together with its family of variants, is the most widely used fluorescent protein for in vivo imaging. Numerous spectroscopic studies of the isolated GFP chromophore have been aimed at understanding the electronic properties of GFP. Here, we build on earlier work [A. V. Bochenkova, C. Mooney, M. A. Parkes, J. Woodhouse, L. Zhang, R. Lewin, J. M. Ward, H. Hailes, L. H. Andersen and H. H. Fielding, Chem. Sci., 2017, 8, 3154] investigating the impact of fluorine and methoxy substituents that have been employed to tune the electronic structure of the GFP chromophore for use as fluorescent RNA tags. We present photoelectron spectra following photoexcitation over a broad range of wavelengths (364-230 nm) together with photoelectron angular distributions following photoexcitation at 364 nm, which are interpreted with the aid of quantum chemistry calculations. The results support the earlier high-level quantum chemistry calculations that predicted how fluorine and methoxy substituents tune the electronic structure and we find evidence to suggest that the methoxy substituents enhance internal conversion, most likely from the 2ππ* state which has predominantly Feshbach resonance character, to the 1ππ* state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Woodhouse
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Alice Henley
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Ross Lewin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - John M Ward
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | | | - Helen H Fielding
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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5
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Patel AM, Henley A, Parkes MA, Assmann M, Worth GA, Anderson JC, Fielding HH. Shining light on the electronic structure and relaxation dynamics of the isolated oxyluciferin anion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:19022-19032. [PMID: 32808948 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03276j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Firefly bioluminescence is exploited widely in imaging in the biochemical and biomedical sciences; however, our fundamental understanding of the electronic structure and relaxation processes of the oxyluciferin that emits the light is still rudimentary. Here, we employ photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculations to investigate the electronic structure and relaxation of a series of model oxyluciferin anions. We find that changing the deprotonation site has a dramatic influence on the relaxation pathway following photoexcitation of higher lying electronically excited states. The keto form of the oxyluciferin anion is found to undergo internal conversion to the fluorescent S1 state, whereas we find evidence to suggest that the enol and enolate forms undergo internal conversion to a dipole bound state, possibly via the fluorescent S1 state. Partially resolved vibrational structure points towards the involvement of out-of-plane torsional motions in internal conversion to the dipole bound state, emphasising the combined electronic and structural role that the microenvironment plays in controlling the electronic relaxation pathway in the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand M Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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6
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Zagorec-Marks W, Foreman MM, Verlet JRR, Weber JM. Cryogenic Ion Spectroscopy of the Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore in Vacuo. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:7817-7822. [PMID: 31682445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present the spectrum of the S1 ← S0 transition of an anionic model for the chromophore of the green fluorescent protein in vacuo at cryogenic temperatures, showing previously unresolved vibrational features, and resolving the band origin at 20 930 cm-1 (477.8 nm) with unprecedented accuracy. The vibrational spectrum establishes that the molecule is in the Z isomer at low temperature. At increased temperature, the S1 ← S0 band shifts to the red, which we tentatively attribute to emergent population of the E isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt Zagorec-Marks
- JILA and Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0440 , United States
| | - Madison M Foreman
- JILA and Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0440 , United States
| | - Jan R R Verlet
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , Durham , DH1 3LE , U.K
| | - J Mathias Weber
- JILA and Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0440 , United States
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7
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Parkes MA, Bennett A, Fielding HH. A photoelectron imaging and quantum chemistry study of the deprotonated cyan fluorescent protein chromophore anion. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1603410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anabel Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
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8
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Woodhouse JL, Henley A, Parkes MA, Fielding HH. Photoelectron Imaging and Quantum Chemistry Study of Phenolate, Difluorophenolate, and Dimethoxyphenolate Anions. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2709-2718. [PMID: 30848907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L. Woodhouse
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, U.K
| | - Alice Henley
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, U.K
| | - Michael A. Parkes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, U.K
| | - Helen H. Fielding
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, U.K
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Henley
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
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10
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Henley A, Patel AM, Parkes MA, Anderson JC, Fielding HH. Role of Photoisomerization on the Photodetachment of the Photoactive Yellow Protein Chromophore. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8222-8228. [PMID: 30234981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photocycle of photoactive yellow protein (PYP) is initiated by a photoinduced trans-cis isomerization around a C═C bond in the chromophore that lies at the heart of the protein; however, in addition to the desired photochemical pathway, the chromophore can undergo competing electronic relaxation processes. Here we combine gas-phase anion photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculations to investigate how locking the C═C bond in the chromophore controls the competition between these electronic relaxation processes following photoexcitation in the range 400-310 nm. We find evidence to suggest that preventing trans-cis isomerization effectively turns off internal conversion to the ground electronic state and enhances electron emission from the first electronically excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Henley
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Anand M Patel
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Parkes
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - James C Anderson
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Helen H Fielding
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
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11
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Singh TP, Devi TJ, Singh NP, Singh OM. GFP Chromophores from L‐Phenylalanine: Synthesis, Photophysical and Thermal Properties. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Conyard J, Heisler IA, Chan Y, Bulman Page PC, Meech SR, Blancafort L. A new twist in the photophysics of the GFP chromophore: a volume-conserving molecular torsion couple. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1803-1812. [PMID: 29675225 PMCID: PMC5892128 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04091a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamics of a nonplanar GFP chromophore are studied experimentally and theoretically. Coupled torsional motion is responsible for the ultrafast decay.
The simple structure of the chromophore of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), a phenol and an imidazolone ring linked by a methyne bridge, supports an exceptionally diverse range of excited state phenomena. Here we describe experimentally and theoretically the photochemistry of a novel sterically crowded nonplanar derivative of the GFP chromophore. It undergoes an excited state isomerization reaction accompanied by an exceptionally fast (sub 100 fs) excited state decay. The decay dynamics are essentially independent of solvent polarity and viscosity. Excited state structural dynamics are probed by high level quantum chemical calculations revealing that the fast decay is due to a conical intersection characterized by a twist of the rings and pyramidalization of the methyne bridge carbon. The intersection can be accessed without a barrier from the pre-twisted Franck–Condon structure, and the lack of viscosity dependence is due to the fact that the rings twist in the same direction, giving rise to a volume-conserving decay coordinate. Moreover, the rotation of the phenyl, methyl and imidazolone groups is coupled in the sterically crowded structure, with the methyl group translating the rotation of one ring to the next. As a consequence, the excited state dynamics can be viewed as a torsional couple, where the absorbed photon energy leads to conversion of the out-of-plane orientation from one ring to the other in a volume conserving fashion. A similar modification of the range of methyne dyes may provide a new family of devices for molecular machines, specifically torsional couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Conyard
- School of Chemistry , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich NR4 7TJ , UK .
| | - Ismael A Heisler
- School of Chemistry , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich NR4 7TJ , UK .
| | - Yohan Chan
- School of Chemistry , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich NR4 7TJ , UK .
| | - Philip C Bulman Page
- School of Chemistry , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich NR4 7TJ , UK .
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich NR4 7TJ , UK .
| | - Lluís Blancafort
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi , Departament de Química , Facultat de Ciències , Universitat de Girona , C/ M. A. Capmany 69 , 17003 Girona , Spain .
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13
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Henley A, Diveky ME, Patel AM, Parkes MA, Anderson JC, Fielding HH. Electronic structure and dynamics of torsion-locked photoactive yellow protein chromophores. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:31572-31580. [PMID: 29165495 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06950b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photocycle of photoactive yellow protein (PYP) begins with small-scale torsional motions of the chromophore leading to large-scale movements of the protein scaffold triggering a biological response. The role of single-bond torsional molecular motions of the chromophore in the initial steps of the PYP photocycle are not fully understood. Here, we employ anion photoelectron spectroscopy measurements and quantum chemistry calculations to investigate the electronic relaxation dynamics following photoexcitation of four model chromophores, para-coumaric acid, its methyl ester, and two analogues with aliphatic bridges hindering torsional motions around the single bonds adjacent to the alkene group. Following direct photoexcitation of S1 at 400 nm, we find that both single bond rotations play a role in steering the PYP chromophore through the S1/S0 conical intersection but that rotation around the single bond between the alkene moiety and the phenoxide group is particularly important. Following photoexcitation of higher lying electronic states in the range 346-310 nm, we find that rotation around the single bond between the alkene and phenoxide groups also plays a key role in the electronic relaxation from higher lying states to the S1 state. These results have potential applications in tuning the photoresponse of photoactive proteins and materials with chromophores based on PYP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Henley
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Matus E Diveky
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Anand M Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Michael A Parkes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - James C Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Helen H Fielding
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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14
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Beekmeyer R, Parkes MA, Ridgwell L, Riley JW, Chen J, Feringa BL, Kerridge A, Fielding HH. Unravelling the electronic structure and dynamics of an isolated molecular rotary motor in the gas-phase. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6141-6148. [PMID: 28989644 PMCID: PMC5627543 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01997a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-driven molecular motors derived from chiral overcrowded alkenes are an important class of compounds in which sequential photochemical and thermal rearrangements result in unidirectional rotation of one part of the molecule with respect to another. Here, we employ anion photoelectron spectroscopy to probe the electronic structure and dynamics of a unidirectional molecular rotary motor anion in the gas-phase and quantum chemistry calculations to guide the interpretation of our results. We find that following photoexcitation of the first electronically excited state, the molecule rotates around its axle and some population remains on the excited potential energy surface and some population undergoes internal conversion back to the electronic ground state. These observations are similar to those observed in time-resolved measurements of rotary molecular motors in solution. This work demonstrates the potential of anion photoelectron spectroscopy for studying the electronic structure and dynamics of molecular motors in the gas-phase, provides important benchmarks for theory and improves our fundamental understanding of light-activated molecular rotary motors, which can be used to inform the design of new photoactivated nanoscale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Beekmeyer
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - Michael A Parkes
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - Luke Ridgwell
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - Jamie W Riley
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Kerridge
- Department of Chemistry , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA1 4YB , UK
| | - Helen H Fielding
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
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15
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Woodhouse JL, Assmann M, Parkes MA, Grounds H, Pacman SJ, Anderson JC, Worth GA, Fielding HH. Photoelectron spectroscopy of isolated luciferin and infraluciferin anions in vacuo: competing photodetachment, photofragmentation and internal conversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:22711-22720. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04815g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure and dynamics of luciferin and infraluciferin have been investigated using photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Assmann
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London WC1H 0AJ
- UK
| | | | - Helen Grounds
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London WC1H 0AJ
- UK
| | - Steven J. Pacman
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London WC1H 0AJ
- UK
| | | | - Graham A. Worth
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London WC1H 0AJ
- UK
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16
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Anstöter CS, Dean CR, Verlet JRR. Chromophores of chromophores: a bottom-up Hückel picture of the excited states of photoactive proteins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:29772-29779. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05766k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many photoactive proteins contain chromophores based on para-substituted phenolate anions which are an essential component of their electronic structure.
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