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Milekhin I, Anikin K, Kurus NN, Mansurov VG, Malin TV, Zhuravlev KS, Milekhin AG, Latyshev AV, Zahn DRT. Local phonon imaging of AlN nanostructures with nanoscale spatial resolution. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2820-2830. [PMID: 37205283 PMCID: PMC10187024 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00054k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate local phonon analysis of single AlN nanocrystals by two complementary imaging spectroscopic techniques: tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) and nano-Fourier transform infrared (nano-FTIR) spectroscopy. Strong surface optical (SO) phonon modes appear in the TERS spectra with their intensities revealing a weak polarization dependence. The local electric field enhancement stemming from the plasmon mode of the TERS tip modifies the phonon response of the sample, making the SO mode dominate over other phonon modes. The TERS imaging allows the spatial localization of the SO mode to be visualized. We were able to probe the angle anisotropy on the SO phonon modes in AlN nanocrystals with nanoscale spatial resolution. The excitation geometry and the local nanostructure surface profile determine the frequency position of SO modes in nano-FTIR spectra. An analytical calculation explains the behaviour of SO mode frequencies vs. tip position with respect to the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Milekhin
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics pr. Lavrentieva, 13 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogov, 1 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Kirill Anikin
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics pr. Lavrentieva, 13 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Nina N Kurus
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics pr. Lavrentieva, 13 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Vladimir G Mansurov
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics pr. Lavrentieva, 13 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Timur V Malin
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics pr. Lavrentieva, 13 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Konstantin S Zhuravlev
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics pr. Lavrentieva, 13 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Alexander G Milekhin
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics pr. Lavrentieva, 13 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogov, 1 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Alexander V Latyshev
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics pr. Lavrentieva, 13 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogov, 1 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Dietrich R T Zahn
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
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Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a vibrational spectroscopy technique that enables specific identification of target analytes with sensitivity down to the single-molecule level by harnessing metal nanoparticles and nanostructures. Excitation of localized surface plasmon resonance of a nanostructured surface and the associated huge local electric field enhancement lie at the heart of SERS, and things will become better if strong chemical enhancement is also available simultaneously. Thus, the precise control of surface characteristics of enhancing substrates plays a key role in broadening the scope of SERS for scientific purposes and developing SERS into a routine analytical tool. In this review, the development of SERS substrates is outlined with some milestones in the nearly half-century history of SERS. In particular, these substrates are classified into zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional substrates according to their geometric dimension. We show that, in each category of SERS substrates, design upon the geometric and composite configuration can be made to achieve an optimized enhancement factor for the Raman signal. We also show that the temporal dimension can be incorporated into SERS by applying femtosecond pulse laser technology, so that the SERS technique can be used not only to identify the chemical structure of molecules but also to uncover the ultrafast dynamics of molecular structural changes. By adopting SERS substrates with the power of four-dimensional spatiotemporal control and design, the ultimate goal of probing the single-molecule chemical structural changes in the femtosecond time scale, watching the chemical reactions in four dimensions, and visualizing the elementary reaction steps in chemistry might be realized in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hai-Yao Yang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, China
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Stutz EZ, Escobar Steinvall S, Litvinchuk AP, Leran JB, Zamani M, Paul R, Fontcuberta I Morral A, Dimitrievska M. Raman spectroscopy and lattice dynamics calculations of tetragonally-structured single crystal zinc phosphide (Zn 3P 2) nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:085704. [PMID: 33171447 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc91b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Earth-abundant and low-cost semiconductors, such as zinc phosphide (Zn3P2), are promising candidates for the next generation photovoltaic applications. However, synthesis on commercially available substrates, which favors the formation of defects, and controllable doping are challenging drawbacks that restrain device performance. Better assessment of relevant properties such as structure, crystal quality and defects will allow faster advancement of Zn3P2, and in this sense, Raman spectroscopy can play an invaluable role. In order to provide a complete Raman spectrum reference of Zn3P2, this work presents a comprehensive analysis of vibrational properties of tetragonally-structured Zn3P2 (space group P42/nmc) nanowires, from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. Low-temperature, high-resolution Raman polarization measurements have been performed on single-crystalline nanowires. Different polarization configurations have allowed selective enhancement of A1g, B1g and Eg Raman modes, while B2g modes were identified from complementary unpolarized Raman measurements. Simultaneous deconvolution of all Raman spectra with Lorentzian curves has allowed identification of 33 peaks which have been assigned to 34 (8 A1g + 9 B1g + 3 B2g + 14 Eg) out of the 39 theoretically predicted eigenmodes. The experimental results are in good agreement with the vibrational frequencies that have been computed by first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. Three separate regions were observed in the phonon dispersion diagram: (i) low-frequency region (<210 cm-1) which is dominated by Zn-related vibrations, (ii) intermediate region (210-225 cm-1) which represents a true phonon gap with no observed vibrations, and (iii) high-frequency region (>225 cm-1) which is attributed to primarily P-related vibrations. The analysis of vibrational patterns has shown that non-degenerate modes involve mostly atomic motion along the long crystal axis (c-axis), while degenerate modes correspond primarily to in-plane vibrations, perpendicular to the long c-axis. These results provide a detailed reference for identification of the tetragonal Zn3P2 phase and can be used for building Raman based methodologies for effective defect screening of bulk materials and films, which might contain structural inhomogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Z Stutz
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simon Escobar Steinvall
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander P Litvinchuk
- Texas Center for Superconductivity and Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5002, United States of America
| | - Jean-Baptiste Leran
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mahdi Zamani
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rajrupa Paul
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Fontcuberta I Morral
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mirjana Dimitrievska
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Arbi R, Hui LS, Dittrich M, Turak A. Utility of far-field effects from tip-assisted Raman spectroscopy for the detection of a monolayer of diblock copolymer reverse micelles for nanolithography. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:11065-11074. [PMID: 33942831 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01399h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A modified set-up for Raman spectroscopy is proposed to utilize an AFM probe in a regime beyond the dependence on near field optics. Possible mechanisms for the observed enhancement have been explored through comparisons to spectra from other enhanced Raman techniques, including surface enhanced Raman, interference enhanced Raman and polarized Raman spectroscopies. The effects of polarization, focusing and interference are heightened when near field effects are diminished, giving rise to spectral enhancement. This technique allows for the characterization of a sub-20 nm monolayer of polystyrene-block-poly(2 vinyl pyridine) reverse micelles and paves the way for a promising method of non-destructive analysis of large self-assembled arrays of colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramis Arbi
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lok Shu Hui
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Maria Dittrich
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayse Turak
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Minn K, Howard Lee HW, Zhang Z. Enhanced subwavelength coupling and nano-focusing with optical fiber-plasmonic hybrid probe. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:38098-38108. [PMID: 31878581 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.038098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanowires supporting surface plasmon polaritons can localize optical fields at nanoscale tapered ends for near-field imaging. Radially polarized light through the optical fiber or free space efficiently excites the converging radial plasmons at the apex of a sharp tip. However, such radial vector mode excitation through optical fiber requires precise polarization control and strongly polarization maintaining state in optical fiber, thus inducing a complexity for optical applications. In this paper, we propose a photonic-plasmonic probe that uses the linearly polarized source to excite the nanoscale plasmonic hotspot. The linearly polarized fiber mode is converted to radial surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) through asymmetric coupling at the base of the metallic nano-tip. The radial SPP's then propagate along the half ellipsoid tip and are focused at the tip apex giving rise to the nanoscale concentration of optical energy. The probe can be implemented with near-field imaging techniques such as tip-enhanced Raman microscopy to obtain topographic and chemical spectroscopic information in atomic resolution for studying light-matter interaction at the nanoscale.
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Voylov DN, Bocharova V, Lavrik NV, Vlassiouk I, Polizos G, Volodin A, Shulga YM, Kisliuk A, Thiyagarajan T, Miller DD, Narayanan R, Sumpter BG, Sokolov AP. Noncontact tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for nanomaterials and biomedical applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:3392-3399. [PMID: 36133556 PMCID: PMC9419720 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00322c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) has been established as one the most efficient analytical techniques for probing vibrational states with nanoscale resolution. While TERS may be a source of unique information about chemical structure and interactions, it has a limited use for materials with rough or sticky surfaces. Development of the TERS approach utilizing a non-contact scanning probe microscopy mode can significantly extend the number of applications. Here we demonstrate a proof of the concept and feasibility of a non-contact TERS approach and test it on various materials. Our experiments show that non-contact TERS can provide 10 nm spatial resolution and a Raman signal enhancement factor of 105, making it very promising for chemical imaging of materials with high aspect ratio surface patterns and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry N Voylov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University Medford Massachusetts 02155 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Vera Bocharova
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Nickolay V Lavrik
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Ivan Vlassiouk
- Energy & Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Georgios Polizos
- Energy & Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Alexei Volodin
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS Chernogolovka Moscow region 142432 Russia
| | - Yury M Shulga
- National University of Science and Technology MISIS Moscow 119049 Russia
| | - Alexander Kisliuk
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Thirumagal Thiyagarajan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee 38103 USA
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee 38103 USA
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee 38103 USA
| | - Bobby G Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Alexei P Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
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Watts KE, Blackburn TJ, Pemberton JE. Optical Spectroscopy of Surfaces, Interfaces, and Thin Films: A Status Report. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4235-4265. [PMID: 30790520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Watts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona 1306 East University Boulevard , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Thomas J Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona 1306 East University Boulevard , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Jeanne E Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona 1306 East University Boulevard , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
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8
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Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: principles, practice, and applications to nanospectroscopic imaging of 2D materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:37-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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