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Wang Y, Dou W. Electron Transfer at Molecule-Metal Interfaces under Floquet Engineering: Rate Constant and Floquet Marcus Theory. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:160-166. [PMID: 38560755 PMCID: PMC10979498 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Electron transfer (ET) at molecule-metal or molecule-semiconductor interfaces is a fundamental reaction that underlies all electrochemical processes and substrate-mediated surface photochemistry. In this study, we show that ET rates near a metal surface can be significantly manipulated by periodic driving (e.g., Floquet engineering). We employ the Floquet surface hopping and Floquet electronic friction algorithms developed previously to calculate the ET rates near the metal surface as a function of driving amplitudes and driving frequencies. We find that ET rates have a turnover effect when the driving frequencies increase. A Floquet Marcus theory is further formulated to analyze such a turnover effect. We then benchmark the Floquet Marcus theory against Floquet surface hopping and Floquet electronic friction methods, indicating that the Floquet Marcus theory works in the strong nonadiabatic regimes but fails in the weak nonadiabatic regimes. We hope these theoretical tools will be useful to study ET rates in the plasmonic cavity and plasmon-assisted photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake
University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute
of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute
for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Wenjie Dou
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake
University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute
of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute
for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
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2
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Avramopoulos A, Reis H, Tzeli D, Zaleśny R, Papadopoulos MG. Photoswitchable Molecular Units with Tunable Nonlinear Optical Activity: A Theoretical Investigation. Molecules 2023; 28:5646. [PMID: 37570617 PMCID: PMC10419997 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The first-, second-, and third-order molecular nonlinear optical properties, including two-photon absorption of a series of derivatives, involving two dithienylethene (DTE) groups connected by several molecular linkers (bis(ethylene-1,2-dithiolato)Ni- (NiBDT), naphthalene, quasilinear oligothiophene chains), are investigated by employing density functional theory (DFT). These properties can be efficiently controlled by DTE switches, in connection with light of appropriate frequency. NiBDT, as a linker, is associated with a greater contrast, in comparison to naphthalene, between the first and second hyperpolarizabilities of the "open-open" and the "closed-closed" isomers. This is explained by invoking the low-lying excited states of NiBDT. It is shown that the second hyperpolarizability can be used as an index, which follows the structural changes induced by photochromism. Assuming a Förster type transfer mechanism, the intramolecular excited-state energy transfer (EET) mechanism is studied. Two important parameters related to this are computed: the electronic coupling (VDA) between the donor and acceptor fragments as well as the overlap between the absorption and emission spectra of the donor and acceptor groups. NiBDT as a linker is associated with a low electronic coupling, VDA, value. We found that VDA is affected by molecular geometry. Our results predict that the linker strongly influences the communication between the open-closed DTE groups. The sensitivity of the molecular nonlinear optical properties could assist with identification of molecular isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heribert Reis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece; (H.R.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Demeter Tzeli
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece;
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Robert Zaleśny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, PL-50370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Manthos G. Papadopoulos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece; (H.R.); (M.G.P.)
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3
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Thanh Phuc N. Chiral-Induced Spin Selectivity in Photon-Coupled Achiral Matters. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1626-1632. [PMID: 36750980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chiral-induced spin selectivity is a phenomenon in which electron spins are polarized as they are transported through chiral molecules, and the spin polarization depends on the handedness of the chiral molecule. In this study, we show that spin selectivity can be realized in achiral materials by strongly coupling electrons to a circularly polarized mode of an optical cavity or waveguide. Through the investigation of spin-dependent electron transport in a two-terminal setup using the nonequilibrium Green's function approach, it is found that a large spin polarization can be obtained if the rate of dephasing is sufficiently small and the average chemical potential of the two leads is within an appropriate range of values, which is narrow because of the high frequency of the optical mode. To obtain a wider range of energies for a large spin polarization, chiral molecules can be combined with light-matter interactions. To demonstrate this, the spin polarization of electrons transported through a helical molecule strongly coupled to a circularly polarized optical mode is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Phuc
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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4
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Su Y, Chen ZH, Zhu H, Wang Y, Han L, Xu RX, Yan Y. Electron Transfer under the Floquet Modulation in Donor-Bridge-Acceptor Systems. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4554-4561. [PMID: 35786902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electron transfer (ET) processes are of broad interest in modern chemistry. With the advancements of experimental techniques, one may modulate the ET via such events as light-matter interactions. In this work, we study the ET under a Floquet modulation occurring in the donor-bridge-acceptor systems, with the rate kernels projected out from the exact dissipaton equation of motion formalism. This together with the Floquet theorem enables us to investigate the interplay between the intrinsic non-Markovianity and the driving periodicity. The observed rate kernel exhibits a Herzberg-Teller-like mechanism induced by the bridge fluctuation subject to effective modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Su
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zi-Hao Chen
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Rui-Xue Xu
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - YiJing Yan
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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5
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Dimitriev OP. Dynamics of Excitons in Conjugated Molecules and Organic Semiconductor Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8487-8593. [PMID: 35298145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exciton, an excited electron-hole pair bound by Coulomb attraction, plays a key role in photophysics of organic molecules and drives practically important phenomena such as photoinduced mechanical motions of a molecule, photochemical conversions, energy transfer, generation of free charge carriers, etc. Its behavior in extended π-conjugated molecules and disordered organic films is very different and very rich compared with exciton behavior in inorganic semiconductor crystals. Due to the high degree of variability of organic systems themselves, the exciton not only exerts changes on molecules that carry it but undergoes its own changes during all phases of its lifetime, that is, birth, conversion and transport, and decay. The goal of this review is to give a systematic and comprehensive view on exciton behavior in π-conjugated molecules and molecular assemblies at all phases of exciton evolution with emphasis on rates typical for this dynamic picture and various consequences of the above dynamics. To uncover the rich variety of exciton behavior, details of exciton formation, exciton transport, exciton energy conversion, direct and reverse intersystem crossing, and radiative and nonradiative decay are considered in different systems, where these processes lead to or are influenced by static and dynamic disorder, charge distribution symmetry breaking, photoinduced reactions, electron and proton transfer, structural rearrangements, exciton coupling with vibrations and intermediate particles, and exciton dissociation and annihilation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
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6
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Ivanov KL, Mote KR, Ernst M, Equbal A, Madhu PK. Floquet theory in magnetic resonance: Formalism and applications. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 126-127:17-58. [PMID: 34852924 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Floquet theory is an elegant mathematical formalism originally developed to solve time-dependent differential equations. Besides other fields, it has found applications in optical spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). This review attempts to give a perspective of the Floquet formalism as applied in NMR and shows how it allows one to solve various problems with a focus on solid-state NMR. We include both matrix- and operator-based approaches. We discuss different problems where the Hamiltonian changes with time in a periodic way. Such situations occur, for example, in solid-state NMR experiments where the time dependence of the Hamiltonian originates either from magic-angle spinning or from the application of amplitude- or phase-modulated radiofrequency fields, or from both. Specific cases include multiple-quantum and multiple-frequency excitation schemes. In all these cases, Floquet analysis allows one to define an effective Hamiltonian and, moreover, to treat cases that cannot be described by the more popularly used and simpler-looking average Hamiltonian theory based on the Magnus expansion. An important example is given by spin dynamics originating from multiple-quantum phenomena (level crossings). We show that the Floquet formalism is a very general approach for solving diverse problems in spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin L Ivanov
- International Tomographic Center, Institutskaya 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Kaustubh R Mote
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Matthias Ernst
- ETH Zurich, Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Asif Equbal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Perunthiruthy K Madhu
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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7
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Breuil G, Mangaud E, Lasorne B, Atabek O, Desouter-Lecomte M. Funneling dynamics in a phenylacetylene trimer: Coherent excitation of donor excitonic states and their superposition. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:034303. [PMID: 34293889 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Funneling dynamics in conjugated dendrimers has raised great interest in the context of artificial light-harvesting processes. Photoinduced relaxation has been explored by time-resolved spectroscopy and simulations, mainly by semiclassical approaches or referring to open quantum systems methods, within the Redfield approximation. Here, we take the benefit of an ab initio investigation of a phenylacetylene trimer, and in the spirit of a divide-and-conquer approach, we focus on the early dynamics of the hierarchy of interactions. We build a simplified but realistic model by retaining only bright electronic states and selecting the vibrational domain expected to play the dominant role for timescales shorter than 500 fs. We specifically analyze the role of the in-plane high-frequency skeletal vibrational modes involving the triple bonds. Open quantum system non-adiabatic dynamics involving conical intersections is conducted by separating the electronic subsystem from the high-frequency tuning and coupling vibrational baths. This partition is implemented within a robust non-perturbative and non-Markovian method, here the hierarchical equations of motion. We will more precisely analyze the coherent preparation of donor states or of their superposition by short laser pulses with different polarizations. In particular, we extend the π-pulse strategy for the creation of a superposition to a V-type system. We study the relaxation induced by the high-frequency vibrational collective modes and the transitory dissymmetry, which results from the creation of a superposition of electronic donor states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Breuil
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Mangaud
- MSME, Université Gustave Eiffel, UPEC, CNRS, F-77454 Marne-La-Vallée, France
| | | | - Osman Atabek
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay-CNRS, UMR8214, F-91400 Orsay, France
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8
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Tanimura Y. Numerically "exact" approach to open quantum dynamics: The hierarchical equations of motion (HEOM). J Chem Phys 2021; 153:020901. [PMID: 32668942 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An open quantum system refers to a system that is further coupled to a bath system consisting of surrounding radiation fields, atoms, molecules, or proteins. The bath system is typically modeled by an infinite number of harmonic oscillators. This system-bath model can describe the time-irreversible dynamics through which the system evolves toward a thermal equilibrium state at finite temperature. In nuclear magnetic resonance and atomic spectroscopy, dynamics can be studied easily by using simple quantum master equations under the assumption that the system-bath interaction is weak (perturbative approximation) and the bath fluctuations are very fast (Markovian approximation). However, such approximations cannot be applied in chemical physics and biochemical physics problems, where environmental materials are complex and strongly coupled with environments. The hierarchical equations of motion (HEOM) can describe the numerically "exact" dynamics of a reduced system under nonperturbative and non-Markovian system-bath interactions, which has been verified on the basis of exact analytical solutions (non-Markovian tests) with any desired numerical accuracy. The HEOM theory has been used to treat systems of practical interest, in particular, to account for various linear and nonlinear spectra in molecular and solid state materials, to evaluate charge and exciton transfer rates in biological systems, to simulate resonant tunneling and quantum ratchet processes in nanodevices, and to explore quantum entanglement states in quantum information theories. This article presents an overview of the HEOM theory, focusing on its theoretical background and applications, to help further the development of the study of open quantum dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Tanimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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9
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Reitz M, Genes C. Floquet engineering of molecular dynamics via infrared coupling. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:234305. [PMID: 33353327 DOI: 10.1063/5.0033382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We discuss Floquet engineering of dissipative molecular systems through periodic driving of an infrared-active vibrational transition, either directly or via a cavity mode. Following a polaron quantum Langevin equation approach, we derive correlation functions and stationary quantities showing strongly modified optical response of the infrared-dressed molecule. The coherent excitation of molecular vibrational modes in combination with the modulation of electronic degrees of freedom due to vibronic coupling can lead to both enhanced vibronic coherence and control over vibrational sideband amplitudes. The additional coupling to an infrared cavity allows for the controlled suppression of undesired sidebands, an effect stemming from the Purcell enhancement of vibrational relaxation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reitz
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudiu Genes
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Chen HT, Zhou Z, Subotnik JE. On the proper derivation of the Floquet-based quantum classical Liouville equation and surface hopping describing a molecule or material subject to an external field. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044116. [PMID: 32752688 DOI: 10.1063/5.0013873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate different approaches to derive the proper Floquet-based quantum-classical Liouville equation (F-QCLE) for laser-driven electron-nuclear dynamics. The first approach projects the operator form of the standard QCLE onto the diabatic Floquet basis and then transforms to the adiabatic representation. The second approach directly projects the QCLE onto the Floquet adiabatic basis. Both approaches yield a form that is similar to the usual QCLE with two modifications: (1) The electronic degrees of freedom are expanded to infinite dimension and (2) the nuclear motion follows Floquet quasi-energy surfaces. However, the second approach includes an additional cross derivative force due to the dual dependence on time and nuclear motion of the Floquet adiabatic states. Our analysis and numerical tests indicate that this cross derivative force is a fictitious artifact, suggesting that one cannot safely exchange the order of Floquet state projection with adiabatic transformation. Our results are in accord with similar findings by Izmaylov et al., [J. Chem. Phys. 140, 084104 (2014)] who found that transforming to the adiabatic representation must always be the last operation applied, although now we have extended this result to a time-dependent Hamiltonian. This paper and the proper derivation of the F-QCLE should lay the basis for further improvements of Floquet surface hopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Ta Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Zeyu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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11
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Kim CW, Rhee YM. Toward monitoring the dissipative vibrational energy flows in open quantum systems by mixed quantum-classical simulations. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:244109. [PMID: 32610983 DOI: 10.1063/5.0009867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In open quantum system dynamics, rich information about the major energy relaxation channels and corresponding relaxation rates can be elucidated by monitoring the vibrational energy flow among individual bath modes. However, such calculations often become tremendously difficult as the complexity of the subsystem-bath coupling increases. In this paper, we attempt to make this task feasible by using a mixed quantum-classical method, the Poisson-bracket mapping equation with non-Hamiltonian modification (PBME-nH) [H. W. Kim and Y. M. Rhee, J. Chem. Phys. 140, 184106 (2014)]. For a quantum subsystem bilinearly coupled to harmonic bath modes, we derive an expression for the mode energy in terms of the classical positions and momenta of the nuclei, while keeping consistency with the energy of the quantum subsystem. The accuracy of the resulting expression is then benchmarked against a numerically exact method by using relatively simple models. Although our expression predicts a qualitatively correct dissipation rate for a range of situations, cases involving a strong vibronic resonance are quite challenging. This is attributed to the inherent lack of quantum back reaction in PBME-nH, which becomes significant when the subsystem strongly interacts with a small number of bath modes. A rigorous treatment of such an effect will be crucial for developing quantitative simulation methods that can handle generic subsystem-bath coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Young Min Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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12
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Phuc NT, Trung PQ, Ishizaki A. Controlling the nonadiabatic electron-transfer reaction rate through molecular-vibration polaritons in the ultrastrong coupling regime. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7318. [PMID: 32355233 PMCID: PMC7193605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments showed that the chemical reaction rate is modified, either increased or decreased, by strongly coupling a nuclear vibration mode to the single mode of an optical cavity. Herein we investigate how the rate of an electron-transfer reaction depends on the molecule-cavity coupling in the ultrastrong coupling regime, where the coupling strength is comparable in magnitude with both the vibrational and the cavity frequencies. We found two main factors that determine the modification of the reaction rate: the relative shifts of the energy levels induced by the coupling and the mixing of the ground and excited states of molecular vibration in the ground state of the hybrid molecule-plus-cavity system through which the Franck-Condon factor between the initial and final states of the transition is altered. The former is the dominant factor if the molecule-cavity coupling strengths for the reactant and product states differ significantly from each other and gives rise to an increase in the reaction rate over a wide range of system's parameters. The latter dominates if the coupling strengths and energy levels of the reactant and product states are close to each other and it leads to a decrease in the reaction rate. The effect of the mixing of molecular vibrational states on the reaction rate is, however, suppressed in a system containing a large number of molecules due to the collective nature of the resulting polariton, and thus should be observed in a system containing a small number of molecules. In contrast, the effect of the relative shifts of the energy levels should be essentially independent of the number of molecules coupled to the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Phuc
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan. .,Department of Structural Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Pham Quang Trung
- Section of Brain Function Information, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishizaki
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Structural Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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13
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Kim CW, Lee WG, Kim I, Rhee YM. Effect of Underdamped Vibration on Excitation Energy Transfer: Direct Comparison between Two Different Partitioning Schemes. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:1186-1197. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Weon-Gyu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Inkoo Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16678, Korea
| | - Young Min Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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