1
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Ma C, Mohr JM, Lauer G, Metternich JT, Neutsch K, Ziebarth T, Reiner A, Kruss S. Ratiometric Imaging of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters with Nanosensors. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2400-2407. [PMID: 38345220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are important signaling molecules in the brain and are relevant in many diseases. Measuring them with high spatial and temporal resolutions in biological systems is challenging. Here, we develop a ratiometric fluorescent sensor/probe for catecholamine neurotransmitters on the basis of near-infrared (NIR) semiconducting single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Phenylboronic acid (PBA)-based quantum defects are incorporated into them to interact selectively with catechol moieties. These PBA-SWCNTs are further modified with poly(ethylene glycol) phospholipids (PEG-PL) for biocompatibility. Catecholamines, including dopamine, do not affect the intrinsic E11 fluorescence (990 nm) of these (PEG-PL-PBA-SWCNT) sensors. In contrast, the defect-related E11* emission (1130 nm) decreases by up to 35%. Furthermore, this dual functionalization allows tuning selectivity by changing the charge of the PEG polymer. These sensors are not taken up by cells, which is beneficial for extracellular imaging, and they are functional in brain slices. In summary, we use dual functionalization of SWCNTs to create a ratiometric biosensor for dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
| | - Jennifer Maria Mohr
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
| | - German Lauer
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
| | - Justus Tom Metternich
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia 47057, Germany
| | - Krisztian Neutsch
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
| | - Tim Ziebarth
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
| | - Andreas Reiner
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia 47057, Germany
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2
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An S, Suh Y, Kelich P, Lee D, Vukovic L, Jeong S. Directed Evolution of Near-Infrared Serotonin Nanosensors with Machine Learning-Based Screening. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:247. [PMID: 38334518 PMCID: PMC10856788 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we employed a novel approach to improve the serotonin-responsive ssDNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotube (ssDNA-SWCNT) nanosensors, combining directed evolution and machine learning-based prediction. Our iterative optimization process is aimed at the sensitivity and selectivity of ssDNA-SWCNT nanosensors. In the three rounds for higher serotonin sensitivity, we substantially improved sensitivity, achieving a remarkable 2.5-fold enhancement in fluorescence response compared to the original sequence. Following this, we directed our efforts towards selectivity for serotonin over dopamine in the two rounds. Despite the structural similarity between these neurotransmitters, we achieved a 1.6-fold increase in selectivity. This innovative methodology, offering high-throughput screening of mutated sequences, marks a significant advancement in biosensor development. The top-performing nanosensors, N2-1 (sensitivity) and L1-14 (selectivity) present promising reference sequences for future studies involving serotonin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghyeon An
- Department of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjoo Suh
- Department of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Payam Kelich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Dakyeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Lela Vukovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Sanghwa Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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3
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Rosenberg DJ, Cunningham FJ, Hubbard JD, Goh NS, Wang JWT, Nishitani S, Hayman EB, Hura GL, Landry MP, Pinals RL. Mapping the Morphology of DNA on Carbon Nanotubes in Solution Using X-ray Scattering Interferometry. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:386-398. [PMID: 38158616 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with adsorbed single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are applied as sensors to investigate biological systems, with potential applications ranging from clinical diagnostics to agricultural biotechnology. Unique ssDNA sequences render SWCNTs selectively responsive to target analytes such as (GT)n-SWCNTs recognizing the neuromodulator, dopamine. It remains unclear how the ssDNA conformation on the SWCNT surface contributes to functionality, as observations have been limited to computational models or experiments under dehydrated conditions that differ substantially from the aqueous biological environments in which the nanosensors are applied. We demonstrate a direct mode of measuring in-solution ssDNA geometries on SWCNTs via X-ray scattering interferometry (XSI), which leverages the interference pattern produced by AuNP tags conjugated to ssDNA on the SWCNT surface. We employ XSI to quantify distinct surface-adsorbed morphologies for two (GT)n ssDNA oligomer lengths (n = 6, 15) that are used on SWCNTs in the context of dopamine sensing and measure the ssDNA conformational changes as a function of ionic strength and during dopamine interaction. We show that the shorter oligomer, (GT)6, adopts a more periodically ordered ring structure along the SWCNT axis (inter-ssDNA distance of 8.6 ± 0.3 nm), compared to the longer (GT)15 oligomer (most probable 5'-to-5' distance of 14.3 ± 1.1 nm). During molecular recognition, XSI reveals that dopamine elicits simultaneous axial elongation and radial constriction of adsorbed ssDNA on the SWCNT surface. Our approach using XSI to probe solution-phase morphologies of polymer-functionalized SWCNTs can be applied to yield insights into sensing mechanisms and inform future design strategies for nanoparticle-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rosenberg
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Francis J Cunningham
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joshua D Hubbard
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Natalie S Goh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey Wei-Ting Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shoichi Nishitani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emily B Hayman
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Greg L Hura
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Markita P Landry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca L Pinals
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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4
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Metternich JT, Wartmann JAC, Sistemich L, Nißler R, Herbertz S, Kruss S. Near-Infrared Fluorescent Biosensors Based on Covalent DNA Anchors. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37367958 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are versatile near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores. They are noncovalently modified to create sensors that change their fluorescence when interacting with biomolecules. However, noncovalent chemistry has several limitations and prevents a consistent way to molecular recognition and reliable signal transduction. Here, we introduce a widely applicable covalent approach to create molecular sensors without impairing the fluorescence in the NIR (>1000 nm). For this purpose, we attach single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) via guanine quantum defects as anchors to the SWCNT surface. A connected sequence without guanines acts as flexible capture probe allowing hybridization with complementary nucleic acids. Hybridization modulates the SWCNT fluorescence and the magnitude increases with the length of the capture sequence (20 > 10 ≫ 6 bases). The incorporation of additional recognition units via this sequence enables a generic route to NIR fluorescent biosensors with improved stability. To demonstrate the potential, we design sensors for bacterial siderophores and the SARS CoV-2 spike protein. In summary, we introduce covalent guanine quantum defect chemistry as rational design concept for biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus T Metternich
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Linda Sistemich
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert Nißler
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Herbertz
- Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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5
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Palai BB, Panda SS, Sharma NK. Synthesis of Aminotroponyl-/Difluoroboronyl Aminotroponyl Deoxyuridine Phosphoramidites. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e609. [PMID: 36541868 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the chemical synthesis of aminotroponyl-conjugated deoxyuridine analog (at-dU) and its difluoroboron complex (dfbat-dU) and their phosphoramidites by using the versatile phosphorylating reagent 2-Cyanoethyl N,N-diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite. Tropolone is a non-benzenoid aromatic bioactive natural fluorescent molecule, possessing intramolecular charge transfer and metal chelating properties with transition metal ions such as Cu2+/ Zn2+/ Ni2+ . Its synthetic derivatives, 2-aminotropones also exhibit unique bioactivities and are considered potential therapeutic drug candidate. Recently, the fluorescence properties of aminotropone has improved by complexing with difluoroboron residue that generates aminotroponyl-BODIPY analog. These could be employed for the synthesis of at-dU/dfbat-dU containing DNA oligonucleotides for designing the 11 B/19 F-NMR/fluorescence-based DNA probes. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of N-propargyl-2-aminotropone (2) and difluoroboronyl N-propargyl-2-aminotropone (3) molecules. Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis of N-propargyl-2-aminotroponyl deoxyuridinyl (at-dU) phosphoramidites (7). Basic Protocol 3: Synthesis of difluoroboronyl N-propargyl-2-aminotroponyl deoxyuridinyl (dfbat-dU) phosphoramidites (10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti Bhusana Palai
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Jatani, Odisha, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI)-Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Subhashree S Panda
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Jatani, Odisha, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI)-Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Nagendra K Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Jatani, Odisha, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI)-Mumbai, Mumbai, India
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6
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Gong X, Cho SY, Kuo S, Ogunlade B, Tso K, Salem DP, Strano MS. Divalent Metal Cation Optical Sensing Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Corona Phase Molecular Recognition. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16393-16401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Soo-Yeon Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sydney Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Babatunde Ogunlade
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kathryn Tso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel P. Salem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael S. Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Antonucci A, Reggente M, Roullier C, Gillen AJ, Schuergers N, Zubkovs V, Lambert BP, Mouhib M, Carata E, Dini L, Boghossian AA. Carbon nanotube uptake in cyanobacteria for near-infrared imaging and enhanced bioelectricity generation in living photovoltaics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:1111-1119. [PMID: 36097045 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The distinctive properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have inspired the development of many novel applications in the field of cell nanobiotechnology. However, studies thus far have not explored the effect of SWCNT functionalization on transport across the cell walls of prokaryotes. We explore the uptake of SWCNTs in Gram-negative cyanobacteria and demonstrate a passive length-dependent and selective internalization of SWCNTs decorated with positively charged biomolecules. We show that lysozyme-coated SWCNTs spontaneously penetrate the cell walls of a unicellular strain and a multicellular strain. A custom-built spinning-disc confocal microscope was used to image the distinct near-infrared SWCNT fluorescence within the autofluorescent cells, revealing a highly inhomogeneous distribution of SWCNTs. Real-time near-infrared monitoring of cell growth and division reveal that the SWCNTs are inherited by daughter cells. Moreover, these nanobionic living cells retained photosynthetic activity and showed an improved photo-exoelectrogenicity when incorporated into bioelectrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Antonucci
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melania Reggente
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Roullier
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alice J Gillen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nils Schuergers
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vitalijs Zubkovs
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin P Lambert
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed Mouhib
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Carata
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, CNR Nanotec, Lecce, Italy
| | - Ardemis A Boghossian
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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8
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Ackermann J, Metternich JT, Herbertz S, Kruss S. Biosensing with Fluorescent Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202112372. [PMID: 34978752 PMCID: PMC9313876 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are powerful tools for modern basic research and biomedical diagnostics. Their development requires substantial input from the chemical sciences. Sensors or probes with an optical readout, such as fluorescence, offer rapid, minimally invasive sensing of analytes with high spatial and temporal resolution. The near‐infrared (NIR) region is beneficial because of the reduced background and scattering of biological samples (tissue transparency window) in this range. In this context, single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have emerged as versatile NIR fluorescent building blocks for biosensors. Here, we provide an overview of advances in SWCNT‐based NIR fluorescent molecular sensors. We focus on chemical design strategies for diverse analytes and summarize insights into the photophysics and molecular recognition. Furthermore, different application areas are discussed—from chemical imaging of cellular systems and diagnostics to in vivo applications and perspectives for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ackermann
- Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany.,Department EBS, University Duisburg-Essen, Bismarckstrasse 81, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Justus T Metternich
- Physical Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Herbertz
- Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Physical Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
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9
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Ackermann J, Metternich JT, Herbertz S, Kruss S. Biosensing with Fluorescent Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ackermann
- Biomedical Nanosensors Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems Finkenstrasse 61 47057 Duisburg Germany
- Department EBS University Duisburg-Essen Bismarckstrasse 81 47057 Duisburg Germany
| | - Justus T. Metternich
- Physical Chemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
- Biomedical Nanosensors Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems Finkenstrasse 61 47057 Duisburg Germany
| | - Svenja Herbertz
- Biomedical Nanosensors Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems Finkenstrasse 61 47057 Duisburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Physical Chemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
- Biomedical Nanosensors Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems Finkenstrasse 61 47057 Duisburg Germany
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10
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Gravely M, Roxbury D. Multispectral Fingerprinting Resolves Dynamics of Nanomaterial Trafficking in Primary Endothelial Cells. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12388-12404. [PMID: 34180232 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular vesicle trafficking involves a complex series of biological pathways used to sort, recycle, and degrade extracellular components, including engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) which gain cellular entry via active endocytic processes. A recent emphasis on routes of ENM uptake has established key physicochemical properties which direct certain mechanisms, yet relatively few studies have identified their effect on intracellular trafficking processes past entry and initial subcellular localization. Here, we developed and applied an approach where single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) play a dual role-that of an ENM undergoing intracellular processing, in addition to functioning as the signal transduction element reporting these events in individual cells with single organelle resolution. We used the exceptional optical properties exhibited by noncovalent hybrids of single-stranded DNA and SWCNTs (DNA-SWCNTs) to report the progression of intracellular processing events via two orthogonal hyperspectral imaging approaches of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence and resonance Raman scattering. A positive correlation between fluorescence and G-band intensities was uncovered within single cells, while exciton energy transfer and eventual aggregation of DNA-SWCNTs were observed to scale with increasing time after internalization. An analysis pipeline was developed to colocalize and deconvolute the fluorescence and Raman spectra of subcellular regions of interest (ROIs), allowing for single-chirality component spectra to be obtained with submicron spatial resolution. This approach uncovered correlations between DNA-SWCNT concentration, dielectric modulation, and irreversible aggregation within single intracellular vesicles. An immunofluorescence assay was designed to directly observe the DNA-SWCNTs in labeled endosomal vesicles, revealing a distinct relationship between the physical state of organelle-bound DNA-SWCNTs and the dynamic luminal conditions during endosomal maturation processes. Finally, we trained a machine learning algorithm to predict endosome type using the Raman spectra of the vesicle-bound DNA-SWCNTs, enabling major components in the endocytic pathway to be simultaneously visualized using a single intracellular reporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Gravely
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Daniel Roxbury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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11
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Card M, Gravely M, M Madani SZ, Roxbury D. A Spin-Coated Hydrogel Platform Enables Accurate Investigation of Immobilized Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:31986-31995. [PMID: 34197074 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been used in a variety of sensing and imaging applications over the past few years due to their unique optical properties. In the solution phase, SWCNTs are employed as near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence-based sensors of target analytes via modulations in emission intensity and/or wavelength. In an effort to lower the limit of detection, research has been conducted into isolating SWCNTs adhered to surfaces for potential single molecule analyte detection. However, it is known that SWCNT fluorescence is adversely affected by the inherently rough surfaces that are conventionally used for their observation (e.g., glass coverslip), potentially interfering with fluorescence-based analyte detection. Here, using a spin-coating method with thin films of alginate and SWCNTs, we demonstrate that a novel hydrogel platform can be created to investigate immobilized individual SWCNTs without significantly perturbing their optical properties as compared to solution-phase values. In contrast to the glass coverslip, which red-shifted DNA-functionalized (6,5)-SWCNTs by an average of 3.4 nm, the hydrogel platform reported emission wavelengths that statistically matched the solution-phase values. Additionally, the heterogeneity in the wavelength measurements, as determined from the width of created histograms, was reduced nearly by a factor of 3 for the SWCNTs in the hydrogel platform when compared to glass coverslips. Using long SWCNTs, i.e., those with an average length above the diffraction limit of our microscope, we show that a glass coverslip can induce optical heterogeneity along the length of a single SWCNT regardless of its surface functionalization. This is again significantly mitigated when examining the long SWCNTs in the hydrogel platform. Finally, we show that upon the addition of a model analyte (calcium chloride), the optical response can be spatially resolved along the length of a single SWCNT, enabling localized analyte detection on the surface of a single nanoscale sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Card
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Mitchell Gravely
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - S Zahra M Madani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Daniel Roxbury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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12
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Mann FA, Herrmann N, Opazo F, Kruss S. Quantum Defects as a Toolbox for the Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes with Peptides and Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17732-17738. [PMID: 32511874 PMCID: PMC7540668 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are a 1D nanomaterial that shows fluorescence in the near-infrared (NIR, >800 nm). In the past, covalent chemistry was less explored to functionalize SWCNTs as it impairs NIR emission. However, certain sp3 defects (quantum defects) in the carbon lattice have emerged that preserve NIR fluorescence and even introduce a new, red-shifted emission peak. Here, we report on quantum defects, introduced using light-driven diazonium chemistry, that serve as anchor points for peptides and proteins. We show that maleimide anchors allow conjugation of cysteine-containing proteins such as a GFP-binding nanobody. In addition, an Fmoc-protected phenylalanine defect serves as a starting point for conjugation of visible fluorophores to create multicolor SWCNTs and in situ peptide synthesis directly on the nanotube. Therefore, these quantum defects are a versatile platform to tailor both the nanotube's photophysical properties as well as their surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A. Mann
- Institute of Physical ChemistryGeorg-August UniversitätTammannstraße 637077GöttingenGermany
| | - Niklas Herrmann
- Institute of Physical ChemistryGeorg-August UniversitätTammannstraße 637077GöttingenGermany
| | - Felipe Opazo
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of NeurodegenerationVon-Siebold-Straße 3a37075GöttingenGermany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Institute of Physical ChemistryGeorg-August UniversitätTammannstraße 637077GöttingenGermany
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13
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Mann FA, Herrmann N, Opazo F, Kruss S. Quantendefekte als Werkzeugkasten für die kovalente Funktionalisierung von Kohlenstoffnanoröhren mit Peptiden und Proteinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian A. Mann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Georg-August Universität Tammannstraße 6 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Niklas Herrmann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Georg-August Universität Tammannstraße 6 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Felipe Opazo
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration Von-Siebold-Straße 3a 37075 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Georg-August Universität Tammannstraße 6 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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14
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Dinarvand M, Elizarova S, Daniel J, Kruss S. Imaging of Monoamine Neurotransmitters with Fluorescent Nanoscale Sensors. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1465-1480. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meshkat Dinarvand
- Institute of Physical ChemistryGöttingen University Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Sofia Elizarova
- Department of Molecular NeurobiologyMax Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - James Daniel
- Department of Molecular NeurobiologyMax Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Institute of Physical ChemistryGöttingen University Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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15
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Aguzzi J, Flexas MM, Flögel S, Lo Iacono C, Tangherlini M, Costa C, Marini S, Bahamon N, Martini S, Fanelli E, Danovaro R, Stefanni S, Thomsen L, Riccobene G, Hildebrandt M, Masmitja I, Del Rio J, Clark EB, Branch A, Weiss P, Klesh AT, Schodlok MP. Exo-Ocean Exploration with Deep-Sea Sensor and Platform Technologies. ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:897-915. [PMID: 32267735 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of Saturn's largest moons, Enceladus, possesses a vast extraterrestrial ocean (i.e., exo-ocean) that is increasingly becoming the hotspot of future research initiatives dedicated to the exploration of putative life. Here, a new bio-exploration concept design for Enceladus' exo-ocean is proposed, focusing on the potential presence of organisms across a wide range of sizes (i.e., from uni- to multicellular and animal-like), according to state-of-the-art sensor and robotic platform technologies used in terrestrial deep-sea research. In particular, we focus on combined direct and indirect life-detection capabilities, based on optoacoustic imaging and passive acoustics, as well as molecular approaches. Such biologically oriented sampling can be accompanied by concomitant geochemical and oceanographic measurements to provide data relevant to exo-ocean exploration and understanding. Finally, we describe how this multidisciplinary monitoring approach is currently enabled in terrestrial oceans through cabled (fixed) observatories and their related mobile multiparametric platforms (i.e., Autonomous Underwater and Remotely Operated Vehicles, as well as crawlers, rovers, and biomimetic robots) and how their modified design can be used for exo-ocean exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aguzzi
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - M M Flexas
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - S Flögel
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Lo Iacono
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- National Oceanographic Center (NOC), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - C Costa
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)-Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari - Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - S Marini
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Marine Sciences, La Spezia, Italy
| | - N Bahamon
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain
| | - S Martini
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - E Fanelli
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - R Danovaro
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - S Stefanni
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | | | - G Riccobene
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
| | - M Hildebrandt
- German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Bremen, Germany
| | - I Masmitja
- SARTI, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Del Rio
- SARTI, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E B Clark
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - A Branch
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - A T Klesh
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - M P Schodlok
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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16
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Lambert BP, Gillen AJ, Boghossian AA. Synthetic Biology: A Solution for Tackling Nanomaterial Challenges. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4791-4802. [PMID: 32441940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioengineers have mastered practical techniques for tuning a biomaterial's properties with only limited information on the relationship between the material's structure and function. These techniques have been quintessential to engineering proteins, which are most often riddled with ill-defined structure-function relationships. In this Perspective, we review bioengineering approaches aimed at overcoming the elusive protein structure-function relation. We extend these principles to engineering synthetic nanomaterials, specifically applying the underlying theory to optical sensors based on single-stranded DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (ssDNA-SWCNTs). Bioengineering techniques such as directed evolution, computational design, and noncanonical synthesis are reviewed in the broader context of nanomaterials engineering. We further provide an order-of-magnitude analysis of empirical approaches that rely on random or guided searches for designing new nanomaterials. The underlying concepts presented in these approaches can be further extended to a broad range of engineering fields confronted with empirical design strategies, including catalysis, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), pharmaceutical dosing, and optimization algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Lambert
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alice J Gillen
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Gillen AJ, Siefman DJ, Wu SJ, Bourmaud C, Lambert B, Boghossian AA. Templating colloidal sieves for tuning nanotube surface interactions and optical sensor responses. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 565:55-62. [PMID: 31931299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants offer a tunable approach for modulating the exposed surface area of a nanoparticle. They further present a scalable and cost-effective means for suspending single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), which have demonstrated practical use as fluorescence sensors. Though surfactant suspensions show record quantum yields for SWCNTs in aqueous solutions, they lack the selectivity that is vital for optical sensing. We present a new method for controlling the selectivity of optical SWCNT sensors through colloidal templating of the exposed surface area. Colloidal nanotube sensors were obtained using various concentrations of sodium cholate, and their performances were compared to DNA-SWCNT optical sensors. Sensor responses were measured against a library of bioanalytes, including neurotransmitters, amino acids, and sugars. We report an intensity response towards dopamine and serotonin for all sodium cholate-suspended SWCNT concentrations. We further identify a selective, 14.1 nm and 10.3 nm wavelength red-shifting response to serotonin for SWCNTs suspended in 1.5 and 0.5 mM sodium cholate, respectively. Through controlled, adsorption-based tuning of the nanotube surface, this study demonstrates the applicability of sub-critical colloidal suspensions to achieve selectivities exceeding those previously reported for DNA-SWCNT sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice J Gillen
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Siefman
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shang-Jung Wu
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claire Bourmaud
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Lambert
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Chio L, Del Bonis-O'Donnell JT, Kline MA, Kim JH, McFarlane IR, Zuckermann RN, Landry MP. Electrostatic Assemblies of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Sequence-Tunable Peptoid Polymers Detect a Lectin Protein and Its Target Sugars. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7563-7572. [PMID: 30958010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A primary limitation to real-time imaging of metabolites and proteins has been the selective detection of biomolecules that have no naturally occurring or stable molecular recognition counterparts. We present developments in the design of synthetic near-infrared fluorescent nanosensors based on the fluorescence modulation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with select sequences of surface-adsorbed N-substituted glycine peptoid polymers. We assess the stability of the peptoid-SWNT nanosensor candidates under variable ionic strengths, protease exposure, and cell culture media conditions and find that the stability of peptoid-SWNTs depends on the composition and length of the peptoid polymer. From our library, we identify a peptoid-SWNT assembly that can detect lectin protein wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) with a sensitivity comparable to the concentration of serum proteins. To demonstrate the retention of nanosensor-bound protein activity, we show that WGA on the nanosensor produces an additional fluorescent signal modulation upon exposure to the lectin's target sugars, suggesting the lectin protein remains active and selectively binds its target sugars through ternary molecular recognition interactions relayed to the nanosensor. Our results inform design considerations for developing synthetic molecular recognition elements by assembling peptoid polymers on SWNTs and also demonstrate these assemblies can serve as optical nanosensors for lectin proteins and their target sugars. Together, these data suggest certain peptoid sequences can be assembled with SWNTs to serve as versatile optical probes to detect proteins and their molecular substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | | | - Mark A Kline
- The Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jae Hong Kim
- The Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ian R McFarlane
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ronald N Zuckermann
- The Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Markita P Landry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (qb3) , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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19
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Rose KM, Alves Ferreira-Bravo I, Li M, Craigie R, Ditzler MA, Holliger P, DeStefano JJ. Selection of 2'-Deoxy-2'-Fluoroarabino Nucleic Acid (FANA) Aptamers That Bind HIV-1 Integrase with Picomolar Affinity. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2166-2175. [PMID: 31560515 PMCID: PMC7005942 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Systematic Evolution
of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX)
is the iterative process by which nucleic acids that can bind with
high affinity and specificity (termed aptamers) to specific protein
targets are selected. Using a SELEX protocol adapted for Xeno-Nucleic
Acid (XNA) as a suitable substrate for aptamer generation, 2′-fluoroarabinonucleic
acid (FANA) was used to select several related aptamers to HIV-1 integrase
(IN). IN bound FANA aptamers with equilibrium dissociation constants
(KD,app) of ∼50–100 pM in
a buffer with 200 mM NaCl and 6 mM MgCl2. Comparisons to
published HIV-1 IN RNA and DNA aptamers as well as IN genomic binding
partners indicated that FANA aptamers bound more than 2 orders of
magnitude more tightly to IN. Using a combination of RNA folding algorithms
and covariation analysis, all strong binding aptamers demonstrated
a common four-way junction structure, despite significant sequence
variation. IN aptamers were selected from the same starting library
as FA1, a FANA aptamer that binds with pM affinity to HIV-1 Reverse
Transcriptase (RT). It contains a 20-nucleotide 5′ DNA sequence
followed by 59 FANA nucleotides. IN-1.1 (one of the selected aptamers)
potently inhibited IN activity and intasome formation in vitro. Replacing
the FANA nucleotides of IN-1.1 with 2′-fluororibonucleic acid
(F-RNA), which has the same chemical formula but with a ribose rather
than arabinose sugar conformation, dramatically reduced binding, suggesting
that FANA adopts unique structural conformations that promote binding
to HIV-1 IN.
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20
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Gillen AJ, Boghossian AA. Non-covalent Methods of Engineering Optical Sensors Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Front Chem 2019; 7:612. [PMID: 31616652 PMCID: PMC6763700 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical sensors based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) demonstrate tradeoffs that limit their use in in vivo and in vitro environments. Sensor characteristics are primarily governed by the non-covalent wrapping used to suspend the hydrophobic SWCNTs in aqueous solutions, and we herein review the advantages and disadvantages of several of these different wrappings. Sensors based on surfactant wrappings can show enhanced quantum efficiency, high stability, scalability, and diminished selectivity. Conversely, sensors based on synthetic and bio-polymer wrappings tend to show lower quantum efficiency, stability, and scalability, while demonstrating improved selectivity. Major efforts have focused on optimizing sensors based on DNA wrappings, which have intermediate properties that can be improved through synthetic modifications. Although SWCNT sensors have, to date, been mainly engineered using empirical approaches, herein we highlight alternative techniques based on iterative screening that offer a more guided approach to tuning sensor properties. These more rational techniques can yield new combinations that incorporate the advantages of the diverse nanotube wrappings available to create high performance optical sensors.
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21
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Gravely M, Safaee MM, Roxbury D. Biomolecular Functionalization of a Nanomaterial To Control Stability and Retention within Live Cells. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6203-6212. [PMID: 31424226 PMCID: PMC7199458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent hybrids of single-stranded DNA and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have demonstrated applications in biomedical imaging and sensing due to their enhanced biocompatibility and photostable, environmentally responsive near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence. The fundamental properties of such DNA-SWCNTs have been studied to determine the correlative relationships between oligonucleotide sequence and length, SWCNT species, and the physical attributes of the resultant hybrids. However, intracellular environments introduce harsh conditions that can change the physical identities of the hybrid nanomaterials, thus altering their intrinsic optical properties. Here, through visible and NIR fluorescence imaging in addition to confocal Raman microscopy, we show that the oligonucleotide length controls the relative uptake, intracellular optical stability, and retention of DNA-SWCNTs in mammalian cells. Although the absolute NIR fluorescence intensity of DNA-SWCNTs in murine macrophages increases with increasing oligonucleotide length (from 12 to 60 nucleotides), we found that shorter oligonucleotide DNA-SWCNTs undergo a greater magnitude of spectral shift and are more rapidly internalized and expelled from the cell after 24 h. Furthermore, by labeling the DNA with a fluorophore that dequenches upon removal from the SWCNT surface, we found that shorter oligonucleotide strands are displaced from the SWCNT within the cell, altering the physical identity and changing the fate of the internalized nanomaterial. Finally, through a pharmacological inhibition study, we identified the mechanism of SWCNT expulsion from the cells as lysosomal exocytosis. These findings provide a fundamental understanding of the interactions between SWCNTs and live cells as well as evidence suggesting the ability to control the biological fate of the nanomaterials merely by varying the type of DNA wrapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Gravely
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Rhode Island , Kingston , Rhode Island 02881 , United States
| | - Mohammad Moein Safaee
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Rhode Island , Kingston , Rhode Island 02881 , United States
| | - Daniel Roxbury
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Rhode Island , Kingston , Rhode Island 02881 , United States
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22
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Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11926. [PMID: 31417148 PMCID: PMC6695385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have recently been utilized as fillers that reduce the flammability and enhance the strength and thermal conductivity of material composites. Enhancing the thermal stability of SWCNTs is crucial when these materials are applied to high temperature applications. In many instances, SWCNTs are applied to composites with surface coatings that are toxic to living organisms. Alternatively, single-stranded DNA, a naturally occurring biological polymer, has recently been utilized to form singly-dispersed hybrids with SWCNTs as well as suppress their known toxicological effects. These hybrids have shown unrivaled stabilities in both aqueous suspension or as a dried material. Furthermore, DNA has certain documented flame-retardant effects due to the creation of a protective char upon heating in the presence of oxygen. Herein, using various thermogravimetric analytical techniques, we find that single-stranded DNA has a significant flame-retardant effect on the SWCNTs, and effectively enhances their thermal stability. Hybridization with DNA results in the elevation of the thermal decomposition temperature of purified SWCNTs in excess of 200 °C. We translate this finding to other carbon nanomaterials including multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and fullerene (C60), and show similar effects upon complexation with DNA. The rate of thermal decomposition of the SWCNTs was also explored and found to significantly depend upon the sequence of DNA that was used.
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23
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Nißler R, Mann FA, Preiß H, Selvaggio G, Herrmann N, Kruss S. Chirality enriched carbon nanotubes with tunable wrapping via corona phase exchange purification (CPEP). NANOSCALE 2019; 11:11159-11166. [PMID: 31149692 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03258d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have unique photophysical properties and serve as building blocks for biosensors, functional materials and devices. For many applications it is crucial to use chirality-pure SWCNTs, which requires sophisticated processes. Purification procedures such as wrapping by certain polymers, phase separation, density gradient centrifugation or gel chromatography have been developed and yield distinct SWCNT species wrapped by a specific polymer or surfactant. However, many applications require a different organic functionalization (corona) around the SWCNTs instead of the one used for the purification process. Here, we present a novel efficient and straightforward process to gain chirality pure SWCNTs with tunable functionalization. Our approach uses polyfluorene (PFO) polymers to enrich certain chiralities but the polymer is removed again and finally exchanged to any desired organic phase. We demonstrate this concept by dispersing SWCNTs in poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(6,6'-{2,2'-bipyridine})] (PFO-BPy), which is known to preferentially solubilize (6,5)-SWCNTs. Then PFO-BPy is removed and recycled, while letting the SWCNTs adsorb/agglomerate on sodium chloride (NaCl) crystals, which act as a toluene-stable but water-soluble filler material. In the last step these purified SWCNTs are redispersed in different polymers, surfactants and ssDNA. This corona phase exchange purification (CPEP) approach was also extended to other PFO variants to enrich and functionalize (7,5)-SWCNTs. CPEP purified and functionalized SWCNTs display monodisperse nIR spectra, which are important for fundamental studies and applications that rely on spectral changes. We show this advantage for SWCNT-based nIR fluorescent sensors for the neurotransmitter dopamine and red-shifted sp3 defect peaks . In summary, CPEP makes use of PFO polymers for chirality enrichment but provides access to chirality enriched SWCNTs functionalized in any desired polymer, surfactant or biopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nißler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, Germany.
| | - Florian A Mann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, Germany.
| | - Helen Preiß
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, Germany.
| | | | - Niklas Herrmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, Germany.
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24
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Lambert B, Gillen AJ, Schuergers N, Wu SJ, Boghossian AA. Directed evolution of the optoelectronic properties of synthetic nanomaterials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3239-3242. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08670b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We present the use of directed evolution for the engineering of the optoelectronic properties of DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (DNA-SWCNTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lambert
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC)
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015-Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Alice J. Gillen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC)
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015-Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Nils Schuergers
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC)
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015-Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Shang-Jung Wu
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC)
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015-Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Ardemis A. Boghossian
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC)
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015-Lausanne
- Switzerland
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