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Bakulina OD, Ivanov MY, Prikhod’ko SA, Adonin NY, Fedin MV. Effects of Zwitterions on Structural Anomalies in Ionic Liquid Glasses Studied by EPR. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2164. [PMID: 37570482 PMCID: PMC10420841 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) form a variety of nanostructures due to their amphiphilic nature. Recently, unusual structural phenomena have been found in glassy ILs near their glass transition temperatures; however, in all studied cases, IL cations and anions were in the form of separate moieties. In this work, we investigate for the first time such structural anomalies in zwitterionic IL glasses (ZILs), where the cation and anion are bound in a single molecule. Such binding reasonably restricts mutual diffusion of cations and anions, leading to modification of nano-ordering and character of structural anomalies in these glassy nanomaterials, as has been investigated using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In particular, the occurrence of structural anomalies in ZIL glasses was revealed, and their characteristic temperatures were found to be higher compared to common ILs of a similar structure. Altogether, this work broadens the scope of structural anomalies in ionic liquid glasses and indicates new routes to tune their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga D. Bakulina
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Physics Department, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail Yu. Ivanov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Physics Department, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Prikhod’ko
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentiev Avenue 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.A.P.); (N.Y.A.)
| | - Nicolay Yu. Adonin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentiev Avenue 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.A.P.); (N.Y.A.)
| | - Matvey V. Fedin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Physics Department, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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2
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Structural Anomaly in Glasses: Molecular Dynamics Study of Organic Radical in Dibutylphthalate at Different Temperatures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314859. [PMID: 36499187 PMCID: PMC9735606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the heterogeneous nano/microscopic structures of various organic glasses is fundamental and necessary for many applications. Recently, unusual structural phenomena have been observed experimentally in various organic glasses near their glass transition temperatures (Tg), including dibutyl phthalate (DBP). In particular, the librational motion of radical probe in the glass is progressively suppressed upon temperature increase. In this work, we report in-depth molecular dynamics studies of structural anomalies in DBP glass, that revealed insights into the general mechanism of these phenomena. In particular, we have evidenced that the two types of solvation within alkyl chains coexist, allowing only small-angle wobbling of the solute molecule (TEMPO radical), and another favouring large-angle rotations. The former solvation assumes constrained location of the solute near carboxyl groups of DBP, while the latter is coupled to the concerted movement of butyl chains. Remarkably, excellent qualitative and quantitative agreement with previous experimental results were obtained. As such, we are certain that the above-mentioned dynamic phenomena explain the intriguing structural anomalies observed in DBP and some other glasses in the vicinity of Tg.
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Bakulina OD, Ivanov MY, Alimov DV, Prikhod’ko SA, Adonin NY, Fedin MV. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient-Ionic Liquids (API-ILs): Nanostructure of the Glassy State Studied by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Molecules 2022; 27:5117. [PMID: 36014356 PMCID: PMC9415235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient-Ionic Liquids (API-ILs) draw increasing interest as a particular class of ILs that possess unusual physicochemical properties along with simultaneous potentials for pharmaceutical applications. Although nanostructuring phenomena were actively investigated in common ILs, their studies in API-ILs are scarce so far. In this work, using the complex methodology of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and dissolved spin probes, we investigate nanostructuring phenomena in a series of API-ILs: [Cnmim][Ibu], [Cnmim][Gly], and [Cnmim][Sal] with n = 2, 4, and 6, respectively. We reveal similar trends for API-ILs and common ILs, as well as peculiarities inherent to the studied API-ILs. Unusual behavior observed for [Cnmim][Ibu] has been assigned to the presence of a non-polar fragment in the [Ibu]- anion, which leads to the formation of more complex nanostructures around the radical compared to common ILs. Understanding general trends in the formation of such self-organized molecular structures is of fundamental interest and importance for applying API-ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga D. Bakulina
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Physics Department, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail Yu. Ivanov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Physics Department, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitriy V. Alimov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Physics Department, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Prikhod’ko
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentiev Avenue 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nicolay Yu. Adonin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentiev Avenue 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matvey V. Fedin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Physics Department, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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4
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Paturej J, Koperwas K, Tarnacka M, Jurkiewicz K, Maksym P, Grelska J, Paluch M, Kamiński K. Supramolecular structures of self-assembled oligomers under confinement. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4930-4936. [PMID: 35730478 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00343k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the molecular origin of a prepeak (PP) observed at low q values in the structure factors of three oligomers in a bulk (poly(mercaptopropyl)methylsiloxane, PMMS, poly(methylmercaptopropyl)-grafted-hexylmethacrylate, PMMS-g-HMA, and poly(methylphenyl)siloxane, PMPS) in order to understand the lowering of the PP intensity detected for oligomers confined in cylindrical pores with low diameter. For this purpose, we use a combination of X-ray diffraction measurements and coarse-grained bead-spring molecular dynamics simulations. Our molecular modelling demonstrated that the planarity of the pendant groups triggers the self-association of oligomers into nanoaggregates. However, the formation of oligomeric nanodomains is not sufficient for building-up the PP. The latter requires spatial disturbance in the arrangement of the side groups of oligomers within clusters. Importantly, our numerical analysis revealed that the increasing degree of the confinement of oligomers limits their aggregation and consequently lowers the amplitude of the PP observed in the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Paturej
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung, Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kajetan Koperwas
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Tarnacka
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
| | - Karolina Jurkiewicz
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
| | - Paulina Maksym
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Joanna Grelska
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
| | - Marian Paluch
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
| | - Kamil Kamiński
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
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Probing Small-Angle Molecular Motions with EPR Spectroscopy: Dynamical Transition and Molecular Packing in Disordered Solids. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry8020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Disordered molecular solids present a rather broad class of substances of different origin—amorphous polymers, materials for photonics and optoelectronics, amorphous pharmaceutics, simple molecular glass formers, and others. Frozen biological media in many respects also may be referred to this class. Theoretical description of dynamics and structure of disordered solids still does not exist, and only some phenomenological models can be developed to explain results of particular experiments. Among different experimental approaches, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) applied to spin probes and labels also can deliver useful information. EPR allows probing small-angle orientational molecular motions (molecular librations), which intrinsically are inherent to all molecular solids. EPR is employed in its conventional continuous wave (CW) and pulsed—electron spin echo (ESE)—versions. CW EPR spectra are sensitive to dynamical librations of molecules while ESE probes stochastic molecular librations. In this review, different manifestations of small-angle motions in EPR of spin probes and labels are discussed. It is shown that CW-EPR-detected dynamical librations provide information on dynamical transition in these media, similar to that explored with neutron scattering, and ESE-detected stochastic librations allow elucidating some features of nanoscale molecular packing. The possible EPR applications are analyzed for gel-phase lipid bilayers, for biological membranes interacting with proteins, peptides and cryoprotectants, for supercooled ionic liquids (ILs) and supercooled deep eutectic solvents (DESs), for globular proteins and intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), and for some other molecular solids.
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Golysheva EA, Dzuba SA. Low-temperature molecular motions in a deep eutectic solvent choline chloride/urea studied by spin-probe EPR. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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EPR study of nanostructuring in protic ionic liquids [PriNH3]NO3 and [BuNH3]NO3. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Golysheva E, Maslennikova N, Baranov DS, Dzuba S. Structural properties of supercooled deep eutectic solvents: choline chloride–thiourea compared to reline. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5974-5981. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05162h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are eutectic mixtures of hydrogen bond acceptors and hydrogen bond donors which melt at much lower temperatures than the individual components. DESs attract growing interest because...
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Ivanov MY, Surovtsev NV, Fedin MV. Ionic liquid glasses: properties and applications. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Peek Inside the Water Mixtures of Ionic Liquids at Molecular Level: Microscopic Properties Probed by EPR Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111900. [PMID: 34769336 PMCID: PMC8584414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many ionic liquids (ILs) can be mixed with water, forming either true solutions or emulsions. This favors their applications in many respects, but at the same time might strongly alter their physicochemical properties. A number of methods exist for studying the macroscopic properties of such mixtures, whereas understanding their characteristics at micro/nanoscale is rather challenging. In this work we investigate microscopic properties, such as viscosity and local structuring, in binary water mixtures of IL [Bmim]BF4 in liquid and glassy states. For this sake, we use continuous wave and pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with dedicated spin probes, located preferably in IL-rich domains or distributed in IL- and water-rich domains. We demonstrate that the glassy-state nanostructuring of IL-rich domains is very similar to that in neat ILs. At the same time, in liquid state the residual water makes local viscosity in IL-rich domains noticeably different compared to neat ILs, even though the overwhelming amount of water is contained in water-rich domains. These results have to be taken into account in various applications of IL-water mixtures, especially in those cases demanding the combinations of optimum micro- and macroscopic characteristics.
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11
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Fehling P, Buckenmaier K, Dobrynin SA, Morozov DA, Polienko YF, Khoroshunova YV, Borozdina Y, Mayer P, Engelmann J, Scheffler K, Angelovski G, Kirilyuk IA. The effects of nitroxide structure upon 1H Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization efficacy at ultralow-field. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:144203. [PMID: 34654311 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy in 1H Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization in liquids at ultralow magnetic field (ULF, B0 = 92 ± 0.8 µT) and polarization field (Bp = 1-10 mT) was studied for a broad variety of 26 different spin probes. Among others, piperidine, pyrrolidine, and pyrroline radicals specifically synthesized for this study, along with some well-established commercially available nitroxides, were investigated. Isotope-substituted variants, some sterically shielded reduction-resistant nitroxides, and some biradicals were included in the measurements. The maximal achievable enhancement, Emax, and the radio frequency power, P1/2, needed for reaching Emax/2 were measured. Physico-chemical features such as molecular weight, spectral linewidth, heterocyclic structure, different types of substituents, deuteration, and 15N-labeling as well as the difference between monoradicals and biradicals were investigated. For the unmodified nitroxide radicals, the Emax values correlate with the molecular weight. The P1/2 values correlate with the spectral linewidth and are additionally influenced by the type of substituents neighboring the nitroxide group. The nitroxide biradicals with high intramolecular spin-spin coupling show low performance. Nitroxides enriched with 15N and/or 2H afford significantly higher |Emax| and require lower power to do so, compared to their unmodified counterparts containing at natural abundance predominantly 14N and 1H. The results allow for a correlation of chemical features with physical hyperpolarization-related properties and indicate that small nitroxides with narrow spectral lines have clear advantages for the use in Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization experiments. Perdeuteration and 15N-labeling can be used to additionally boost the spin probe performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fehling
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kai Buckenmaier
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sergey A Dobrynin
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Denis A Morozov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yuliya F Polienko
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yulia V Khoroshunova
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yulia Borozdina
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörn Engelmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Goran Angelovski
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Igor A Kirilyuk
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Evidence for an Ordering Transition near 120 K in an Intrinsically Disordered Protein, Casein. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195971. [PMID: 34641515 PMCID: PMC8512290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are proteins that possess large unstructured regions. Their importance is increasingly recognized in biology but their characterization remains a challenging task. We employed field swept Electron Spin Echoes in pulsed EPR to investigate low-temperature stochastic molecular librations in a spin-labeled IDP, casein (the main protein of milk). For comparison, a spin-labeled globular protein, hen egg white lysozyme, is also investigated. For casein these motions were found to start at 100 K while for lysozyme only above 130 K, which was ascribed to a denser and more ordered molecular packing in lysozyme. However, above 120 K, the motions in casein were found to depend on temperature much slower than those in lysozyme. This abrupt change in casein was assigned to an ordering transition in which peptide residues rearrange making the molecular packing more rigid and/or more cohesive. The found features of molecular motions in these two proteins turned out to be very similar to those known for gel-phase lipid bilayers composed of conformationally ordered and conformationally disordered lipids. This analogy with a simpler molecular system may appear helpful for elucidation properties of molecular packing in IDPs.
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Ivanov MY, Prikhod’ko SA, Bakulina OD, Kiryutin AS, Adonin NY, Fedin MV. Validation of Structural Grounds for Anomalous Molecular Mobility in Ionic Liquid Glasses. Molecules 2021; 26:5828. [PMID: 34641371 PMCID: PMC8510339 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) glasses have recently drawn much interest as unusual media with unique physicochemical properties. In particular, anomalous suppression of molecular mobility in imidazolium IL glasses vs. increasing temperature was evidenced by pulse Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Although such behavior has been proven to originate from dynamics of alkyl chains of IL cations, the role of electron spin relaxation induced by surrounding protons still remains unclear. In this work we synthesized two deuterated imidazolium-based ILs to reduce electron-nuclear couplings between radical probe and alkyl chains of IL, and investigated molecular mobility in these glasses. The obtained trends were found closely similar for deuterated and protonated analogs, thus excluding the relaxation-induced artifacts and reliably demonstrating structural grounds of the observed anomalies in heterogeneous IL glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Yu. Ivanov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.D.B.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Sergey A. Prikhod’ko
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentiev Avenue 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.A.P.); (N.Y.A.)
| | - Olga D. Bakulina
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.D.B.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Alexey S. Kiryutin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.D.B.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Nicolay Yu. Adonin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentiev Avenue 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.A.P.); (N.Y.A.)
| | - Matvey V. Fedin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.D.B.); (A.S.K.)
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14
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Ivanov MY, Bakulina OD, Alimov DV, Prikhod'ko SA, Veber SL, Pylaeva S, Adonin NY, Fedin MV. Inherent heterogeneities and nanostructural anomalies in organic glasses revealed by EPR. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4973-4978. [PMID: 36132341 PMCID: PMC9416887 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00452b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intriguing heterogeneities and nanostructural reorganizations of glassy ionic liquids (ILs) have recently been found using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Alkyl chains of IL cations play the key role in such phenomena and govern the anomalous temperature dependence of local density and molecular mobility. In this paper we evidence and study similar manifestations in a variety of common non-IL glasses, which also contain molecules with alkyl chains. A series of phthalates clearly demonstrates very similar behavior to imidazolium-based ILs with the same length of alkyl chain. Glasses of alkyl alcohols and alkyl benzenes show only some similarities to the corresponding ILs, mainly due to a lower glass transition temperature hindering the development of the anomaly. Therefore, we demonstrate the general nature and broad scope of nanoscale structural anomalies in organic glasses based on alkyl-chain compounds. The 'roadmap' for their occurrence is provided, which aids in understanding and future applications of these anomalous nanoheterogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Yu Ivanov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Olga D Bakulina
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova Street 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Dmitriy V Alimov
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova Street 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Sergey A Prikhod'ko
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS Lavrentiev Avenue 5 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Sergey L Veber
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Svetlana Pylaeva
- Universität Paderborn Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Nicolay Yu Adonin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS Lavrentiev Avenue 5 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
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15
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Kattnig BYM, Chumakova NA, Kattnig DR, Grigor'ev IA, Grampp G, Kokorin AI. Influence of the Electric Charge of Spin Probes on Their Diffusion in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9235-9243. [PMID: 34378388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rotational and translational diffusion of negatively charged and uncharged spin probes in five imidazolium-based room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, emimBF4, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, bmimBF4, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, omimBF4, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, omimPF6, and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, omimCl, has been studied by means of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Detailed analyses of the spin-Hamiltonian parameters and spin exchange interactions have been carried out. The temperature dependences of the line broadening induced by the electronic dipole-dipole interaction and the electron spin exchange coupling are determined. The translational mobility of spin probes is semiquantitatively characterized and successfully explained in the framework of a hypothesis based on the assumption of polar and unpolar domains within the RTILs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N A Chumakova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Kosygin St. 4, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - D R Kattnig
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
| | - I A Grigor'ev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - G Grampp
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - A I Kokorin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Kosygin St. 4, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow 115093, Russia
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16
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Kashin AS, Boiko DA, Ananikov VP. Neural Network Analysis of Electron Microscopy Video Data Reveals the Temperature-Driven Microphase Dynamics in the Ions/Water System. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007726. [PMID: 33938144 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Real-time field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) measurements and neural network analysis were successfully merged to observe the temperature-induced behavior of soft liquid microdomains in mixtures of different ionic liquids with water. The combination of liquid FE-SEM and in situ heating techniques revealed temperature-driven solution restructuring for ions/water systems with different water states and their critical point behavior expressed in a rapid switch between thermal expansion and shrinkage of liquid microphases at temperatures of ≈100-130 °C, which was directly recorded on electron microscopy videos. Automation of FE-SEM video analysis by a neural network approach allowed quantification of the morphological changes in ions/water systems during heating on the basis of thousands of images processed with a speed almost equal to the frame rate of original electron microscopy videos. Tracking and evolution of the micro-heterogeneous domains, hypothesized in the Ioliomics concept, was mapped and quantified for the first time. The present study describes the concept for quick acquisition of big data in electron microscopy, develops rapid neural network analysis and shows how to link microscopic data to fundamental molecular properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S Kashin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Daniil A Boiko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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17
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Egorova KS, Posvyatenko AV, Fakhrutdinov AN, Galushko AS, Seitkalieva MM, Ananikov VP. Synergistic/antagonistic cytotoxic effects in mixtures of ionic liquids with doxorubicin or mitoxantrone. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Ivanov MY, Poryvaev AS, Polyukhov DM, Prikhod'ko SA, Adonin NY, Fedin MV. Nanoconfinement effects on structural anomalies in imidazolium ionic liquids. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23480-23487. [PMID: 33174581 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06961b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolium Ionic Liquids (ILs) have been found to exhibit unusual nanostructuring behavior below their glass transition temperatures (Tg), which is ascribed to rearrangements in nonpolar domains formed by segregated alkyl chains. However, the dimensions required for such highly cooperative bulk phenomena are still unknown. In this work, we for the first time, investigate the effect of nanoconfinement on structural anomalies in imidazolium ILs. For this purpose, a series of ILs were embedded into the cavities of metal-organic framework (MOF) ZIF-8 and investigated using spin probes and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The unusual nanostructuring near Tg, previously known for bulk ILs, was also observed for such nanoconfined ILs, and the amplitude of the anomaly was found to be dependent on the structure of the IL, thus showing the effects of molecular packing inside the MOF cavity. The first observation of structural anomalies in nanoconfined ILs opens perspectives for designing smart materials exhibiting these phenomena, and engaging MOFs as platforms creates the basis for potential applications of such functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Yu Ivanov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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19
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Bakulina OD, Ivanov MY, Prikhod'ko SA, Pylaeva S, Zaytseva IV, Surovtsev NV, Adonin NY, Fedin MV. Nanocage formation and structural anomalies in imidazolium ionic liquid glasses governed by alkyl chains of cations. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19982-19991. [PMID: 32996529 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06065h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intriguing nanostructuring anomalies have been recently observed in imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) near their glass transition points, where local density around a nanocaged solute progressively grows up with temperature. Herewith, we for the first time demonstrate experimentally and theoretically, that these anomalies are governed by alkyl chains of cations and crucially depend on their length. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy on a series of ILs [Cnmim]BF4 (n = 0-12) shows that only the chains with n = 3-10 favor anomaly. Moreover, remarkable even vs. odd n peculiarities were systematically observed. Finally, similar anomaly was for the first time observed for a non-IL glass of dibutyl phthalate, which structurally mimics cations of imidazolium ILs. Therefore, such anomalous density behavior in a glassy state nanocage goes far beyond ILs and proves to be a more general phenomenon, which can be structurally tuned and rationally adjusted for various potential applications in nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga D Bakulina
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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20
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Wang YL, Li B, Sarman S, Mocci F, Lu ZY, Yuan J, Laaksonen A, Fayer MD. Microstructural and Dynamical Heterogeneities in Ionic Liquids. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5798-5877. [PMID: 32292036 PMCID: PMC7349628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a special category of molten salts solely composed of ions with varied molecular symmetry and charge delocalization. The versatility in combining varied cation-anion moieties and in functionalizing ions with different atoms and molecular groups contributes to their peculiar interactions ranging from weak isotropic associations to strong, specific, and anisotropic forces. A delicate interplay among intra- and intermolecular interactions facilitates the formation of heterogeneous microstructures and liquid morphologies, which further contributes to their striking dynamical properties. Microstructural and dynamical heterogeneities of ILs lead to their multifaceted properties described by an inherent designer feature, which makes ILs important candidates for novel solvents, electrolytes, and functional materials in academia and industrial applications. Due to a massive number of combinations of ion pairs with ion species having distinct molecular structures and IL mixtures containing varied molecular solvents, a comprehensive understanding of their hierarchical structural and dynamical quantities is of great significance for a rational selection of ILs with appropriate properties and thereafter advancing their macroscopic functionalities in applications. In this review, we comprehensively trace recent advances in understanding delicate interplay of strong and weak interactions that underpin their complex phase behaviors with a particular emphasis on understanding heterogeneous microstructures and dynamics of ILs in bulk liquids, in mixtures with cosolvents, and in interfacial regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Lei Wang
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bin Li
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Sten Sarman
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Mocci
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Zhong-Yuan Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aatto Laaksonen
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Centre of
Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- Department
of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Michael D. Fayer
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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21
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Assessing possible influence of structuring effects in solution on cytotoxicity of ionic liquid systems. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Golysheva EA, Samoilova RI, De Zotti M, Toniolo C, Formaggio F, Dzuba SA. Electron spin echo detection of stochastic molecular librations: Non-cooperative motions on solid surface. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 309:106621. [PMID: 31669794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In frozen biological media and molecular glasses only restricted motions exist; because of the weakness and disorder of intermolecular bonds these motions may have stochastic nature. Electron spin echo (ESE) spectroscopy of spin-labeled molecules allows detecting their restricted stochastic rotations (stochastic molecular librations). As in molecular disordered media motions may be highly cooperative, it would be desirable to investigate their spectroscopic manifestation also in the systems where cooperative effects would be certainly ruled out. In this work, ESE of spin-labeled molecules adsorbed on inorganic SiO2 surface was investigated in a wide temperature range. The rate of motion-induced spin relaxation was found to become measurable above 130 K, increasing with temperature and attaining then a saturating behavior with a well-defined maximum near 250 K. For two types of molecules differing remarkably in their size and polarity (a small highly-polar nitroxide radical and a large spin-labeled peptide), quite similar results were obtained. This saturating behavior was quantitatively reproduced in simulations within a simple model of jump between two close orientations. Comparison with experiment allowed estimate that at 250 K the correlation time of the motion τc is of the order of several tens of nanoseconds and the angle α between two orientations is around 0.02 rad. As the found saturating behavior is a property of individual motions, for any other molecular system an excess of the spin relaxation rate above the maximum found here for adsorbed molecules may be ascribed to cooperative motions. Comparison with literature data on molecular systems of different origin has shown that effects of cooperativity indeed are present and, moreover, may be very essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Golysheva
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation; Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Rimma I Samoilova
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sergei A Dzuba
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation; Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.
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23
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Ivanov MY, Prikhod’ko SA, Adonin NY, Fedin MV. Structural Anomalies in Binary Mixtures of Ionic Liquid [Bmim]BF4 with Water Studied by EPR. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:9956-9962. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Yu. Ivanov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Prikhod’ko
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentiev Avenue 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nicolay Yu. Adonin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentiev Avenue 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matvey V. Fedin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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24
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Golysheva EA, Dzuba SA. Lipid chain mobility and packing in DOPC bilayers at cryogenic temperatures. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 226:104817. [PMID: 31525380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.104817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Low-temperature molecular mobility and packing in biological tissues are important for their survival upon cryopreservation. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in its pulsed version of electron spin echo (ESE) allows studying stochastic librations of spin-labeled molecules, the type of motion which dominates at low temperatures. These librations are characterized by the parameter <α2>τc where <α2> is the mean squared angular amplitude and τc is the correlation time for the motion. This parameter is known to be larger for higher temperature and for looser intermolecular structure. In this work, ESE data for the bilayers comprised of doubly-unsaturated DOPC (dioleoyl-glycero-phosphocholine) lipids and mono-unsaturated POPC (palmitoyl-oleoyl-glycero-phosphocholine) lipids with spin-labeled stearic acids added were obtained in the temperature range between 80 and 210 K; the results were compared also with the previously obtained data for fully-saturated DPPC (dipalmitoyl-glycero-phosphocholine) lipid bilayers [J. Phys. Chem. B2014, 118, 12,478-12,485; Appl. Magn. Reson. 2018, 49, 1369-1383]. It turned out that for DOPC bilayers the <α2>τc values are of intermediate magnitude between those for POPC and DPPC bilayers, which implies an intermediate density of lipid packing. A possible explanation of this result could be rearrangement at cryogenic temperatures of the DOPC lipid tails, with their terminal segments folding cooperatively. This interpretation is also in agreement with the known thermodynamic properties of gel-fluid transition for DOPC bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Golysheva
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation; Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei A Dzuba
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation; Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation.
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25
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Ivanov MY, Fedin MV. Nanoscale heterogeneities in ionic liquids: insights from EPR of spin probes. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Kuzhelev AA, Krumkacheva OA, Ivanov MY, Prikhod'ko SA, Adonin NY, Tormyshev VM, Bowman MK, Fedin MV, Bagryanskaya EG. Pulse EPR of Triarylmethyl Probes: A New Approach for the Investigation of Molecular Motions in Soft Matter. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8624-8630. [PMID: 30137993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b07714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Triarylmethyl (TAM) radicals have become widely used free radicals in the past few years. Their electron spins have long relaxation times and narrow electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) lines, which make them an important class of probes and tags in biological applications and materials science. In this work, we propose a new approach to characterize librations by means of TAM radicals. The temperature dependence of motional parameter ⟨α2⟩τc, where ⟨α2⟩ is the mean-squared amplitude of librations and τc is their characteristic time, is obtained by comparison of the 1/ Tm phase-relaxation rates at X- and Q-band EPR frequencies. We study three soft matrixes, viz., glassy trehalose and two ionic liquids, using TAMs with optimized relaxation properties OX063D and a dodeca- n-butyl homologue of Finland trityl (DBT). The motional parameters ⟨α2⟩τc obtained using TAMs are in excellent agreement with those obtained by means of nitroxide radicals. At the same time, the new TAM-based approach has (1) greater sensitivity due to the narrower EPR spectrum and (2) greater measuring accuracy and broader temperature range due to longer relaxation times. The developed approach may be fruitfully implemented to probe low-temperature molecular motions of TAM-labeled biopolymers, membrane systems, polymers, molecules in glassy media, and ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Kuzhelev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia.,International Tomography Center SB RAS , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Olesya A Krumkacheva
- International Tomography Center SB RAS , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Mikhail Yu Ivanov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | | | - Nicolay Yu Adonin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Victor M Tormyshev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Michael K Bowman
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia.,University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama 35487-0336 , United States
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Elena G Bagryanskaya
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
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