1
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Deng Z, Huang G, Li J, Pang J, He J, Phillips DL, Li MD. High-level reverse intersystem crossing of charge transfer compounds: to fluoresce or not to fluoresce? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:17809-17816. [PMID: 38884121 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01596g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) has been widely applied to electroluminescent materials to take the best advantage of triplet excitons. For some materials, the TADF originates from high-level reverse intersystem crossing (hRISC), and has attracted much attention due to its high efficiency for utilizing the triplet excitons. However, reports concerning the mechanistic studies on the hRISC-TADF process and structure-property correlation are sparse. In this study, we prepared three compounds containing triphenylamine and benzophenone with different substitution positions, o-TPA-BP, m-TPA-BP, and p-TPA-BP, in which only p-TPA-BP displays strong luminescence and hRISC-TADF features. To investigate the mechanism of the substituent-position-dependent hRISC-TADF, ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy was utilized to observe the deactivation pathways with the assistance of theoretical calculations. The results show that o-TPA-BP will not generate triplet species, and the triplet species for m-TPA-BP will rapidly deactivate. Only p-TPA-BP can transition back to the singlet state from the T2 state effectively and exhibit a large gap between T1 and T2 to favor the hRISC route. These results illustrate how the substitution position affects the ISC and further influences the luminescence properties, which can provide new insights for developing new high-efficiency luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key (Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint) Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China.
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guanheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jiayu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key (Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint) Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China.
| | - Junhong Pang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key (Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint) Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China.
| | - Jiaxing He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key (Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint) Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China.
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ming-De Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key (Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint) Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China.
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2
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Baños J, Avilés A, Colmenares F. Disruptive Model That Explains for the Long-Lived Triplet States Observed for 2-Thiocytosine upon UVA Radiation. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13059-13066. [PMID: 38524487 PMCID: PMC10955585 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The possible role of radical species in the formation of the long-lived triplet states observed for 2-thiocytosine upon UV irradiation was theoretically investigated. It is predicted that the radical fragments arising from the homolytic rupture of the NH group of the thiobase can be yielded upon ultraviolet-A radiation. Recombination of the radicals through the most favorable singlet channel yields the lowest-lying tautomer of the 2-thiocytosine (the amino-thiol form) through a barrierless pathway. The rebounding of the radical fragments along the triplet channels that emerge from the attack of the hydrogen to the nitrogen atoms next to the C-S bond leads to stable structures for the amino-thion-N1H and amino-thion-N3H tautomers. These results allow for the rationalization of the near-unity triplet yields observed when this pure light-atom organic molecule is exposed to UV irradiation, without invoking intersystem crossings between the electronic states of different spin-multiplicities. A similar study for cytosine showed that the energy required to induce the homolytic breaking of the N-H bond of the nucleobase is not attainable under UVA radiation. This result is consistent with the experimental fact that no triplet states are observed when this molecule is exposed to that light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Baños
- Departamento de Física y Química
Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Fernando Colmenares
- Departamento de Física y Química
Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX 04510, Mexico
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3
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Wu S, Shi D, Zhu L, Chen X, Song K, Gan Z, Xie L, Lin MJ, Li Y. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Sila-Annulated Phenanthrene Imides. Org Lett 2024; 26:1028-1033. [PMID: 38285509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
A series of sila-annulated phenanthrene imides were synthesized through a three-step synthetic route, which represent a hybrid class of biphenyl-based π-conjugated molecules incorporating an imide unit and silole. A comprehensive investigation of their structural, photophysical, and electronic properties was studied by experiment and theoretical calculations. Notably, sila-annulated phenanthrene imides with significant aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Dan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Lingyun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Kanghui Song
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ziyang Gan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Lili Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Mei-Jin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yuanming Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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4
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Zhang S, Yang W, Lu X, Zhang X, Pan Z, Qu DH, Mei D, Mei J, Tian H. Near-infrared AIEgens with high singlet-oxygen yields for mitochondria-specific imaging and antitumor photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7076-7085. [PMID: 37389256 PMCID: PMC10306102 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00588g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIE-active photosensitizers (PSs) are promising for antitumor therapy due to their advantages of aggregation-promoted photosensitizing properties and outstanding imaging ability. High singlet-oxygen (1O2) yield, near-infrared (NIR) emission, and organelle specificity are vital parameters to PSs for biomedical applications. Herein, three AIE-active PSs with D-π-A structures are rationally designed to realize efficient 1O2 generation, by reducing the electron-hole distribution overlap, enlarging the difference on the electron-cloud distribution at the HOMO and LUMO, and decreasing the ΔEST. The design principle has been expounded with the aid of time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations and the analysis of electron-hole distributions. The 1O2 quantum yields of AIE-PSs developed here can be up to 6.8 times that of the commercial photosensitizer Rose Bengal under white-light irradiation, thus among the ones with the highest 1O2 quantum yields reported so far. Moreover, the NIR AIE-PSs show mitochondria-targeting capability, low dark cytotoxicity but superb photo-cytotoxicity, and satisfactory biocompatibility. The in vivo experimental results demonstrate good antitumor efficacy for the mouse tumour model. Therefore, the present work will shed light on the development of more high-performance AIE-PSs with high PDT efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Wenfang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health 56 South Lishi Road, Xicheng District Beijing 100045 P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Zhichao Pan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Dong Mei
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health 56 South Lishi Road, Xicheng District Beijing 100045 P. R. China
| | - Ju Mei
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
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5
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Deng Z, Li L, Jia H, Li NF, He J, Li MD, Phillips DL, Li Y. Insights into the Photodynamics of Fluorescence Emission and Singlet Oxygen Generation of Fluorogen Activating Protein-Malachite Green Systems. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203684. [PMID: 36453719 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembled fluorogen activating protein (FAP)-malachite green (MG) complex is a well-established protein-ligand system, which can realize binding-caused fluorescence turn-on of MG and singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) generation by MG iodination. To clarify the mechanism of fluorescence activation and 1 O2 generation, the photodynamics of different halogen-substituted MG derivatives and their corresponding FAP-MG complexes were studied by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical computations. The results show that the rotation of MG is restricted by FAP binding, which prevents a rapid internal conversion to allow a longer lifetime for the excited MG to undergo fluorescence emission and intersystem crossing. Moreover, these FAP-MG complexes exhibit notably varied fluorescence quantum yields (ΦFL ) and 1 O2 yields. The study on the decay pathways indicates that such an anti-heavy atom effect predominately stems from the lifetimes of the excited-state species. The photodynamic mechanism study here will lead to more advanced FAP-MG systems with high spatiotemporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Han Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nga-Fong Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiaxing He
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and, Application of Ordered Structure Materials of Guangdong Providence, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and, Application of Ordered Structure Materials of Guangdong Providence, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Sidat A, Hernández FJ, Stojanović L, Misquitta AJ, Crespo-Otero R. Competition between ultralong organic phosphorescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence in dichloro derivatives of 9-benzoylcarbazole. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:29437-29450. [PMID: 36453725 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04802g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Optoelectronic materials based on metal-free organic molecules represent a promising alternative to traditional inorganic devices. Significant attention has been devoted to the development of the third generation of OLEDs which are based on the temperature-activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) mechanism. In the last few years, several materials displaying ultra-long organic phosphorescence (UOP) have been designed using strategies such as crystal engineering and halogen functionalisation. Both TADF and UOP are controlled by the population of triplet states and the energy gaps between the singlet and triplet manifolds. In this paper, we explore the competition between TADF and UOP in the molecular crystals of three dichloro derivatives of 9H-carbazol-3-yl(phenyl)methanone. We investigate the excited state mechanisms in solution and the crystalline phase and address the effects of exciton transport and temperature on the rates of direct and reverse intersystem crossing under the Marcus-Levich-Jortner model. We also analyse how the presence of isomeric impurities and the stabilisation of charge transfer states affect these processes. Our simulations explain the different mechanisms observed for the three derivatives and highlight the role of intramolecular rotation and crystal packing in determining the energy gaps. This work contributes to a better understanding of the connection between chemical and crystalline structures that will enable the design of efficient materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sidat
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Federico J Hernández
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Ljiljana Stojanović
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Alston J Misquitta
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Rachel Crespo-Otero
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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7
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Jena S, Tulsiyan KD, Kumari A, Das R, Biswal HS. Thiolumazines as Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers for Applications in Daylight Photodynamic Therapy: Insights from Ultrafast Excited-State Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6083-6094. [PMID: 35938784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Finding appropriate photosensitizers (PSs) for daylight photodynamic therapy (dPDT) applications is extremely challenging, even though heavy-atom-free photosensitizers (HAFPSs) such as thiocarbonyl-modified nucleobases have shown a ray of hope. Few attempts have been made to find alternative natural products for dPDT applications. Pteridine heterocycles consisting of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring, such as lumazine, which exhibit many structural similarities to the alloxazine ring of the flavin molecule, could be an option for HAFPSs. The photophysical and quantum mechanical studies of the thio-modified lumazines revealed that sequential thiomodifications in lumazine result in a bathochromic shift. Additionally, higher tissue penetration depths were observed for thiolumazines. The fluorescence quenching in the case of thiomodified lumazines was explained using triplet state formation, whereas the contribution from the photoinduced electron transfer process cannot be ignored. It was also noticed that a strong one-photon absorption influenced the two-photon absorption (TPA) process, leading to a self-focusing effect in the visible spectral region. The higher tissue penetration and larger TPA cross section are the hallmark characteristics of the thiolumazines to be considered as potential HAFPSs for dPDT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrakant Jena
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Kiran Devi Tulsiyan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Anupa Kumari
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India.,School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ritwick Das
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India.,School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Himansu S Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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8
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Wasif Baig M, Pederzoli M, Kývala M, Cwiklik L, Pittner J. Theoretical Investigation of the Effect of Alkylation and Bromination on Intersystem Crossing in BODIPY-Based Photosensitizers. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11617-11627. [PMID: 34661408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated and alkylated BODIPY derivatives are reported as suitable candidates for their use as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy due to their efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) between states of different spin multiplicities. Spin-orbit couplings (SOCs) are evaluated using an effective one-electron spin-orbit Hamiltonian for brominated and alkylated BODIPY derivatives to investigate the quantitative effect of alkyl and bromine substituents on ISC. BODIPY derivatives containing bromine atoms have been found to have significantly stronger SOCs than alkylated BODIPY derivatives outside the Frank-Condon region while they are nearly the same at local minima. Based on calculated time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) vertical excitation energies and SOCs, excited-state dynamics of three BODIPY derivatives were further explored with TD-DFT surface hopping molecular dynamics employing a simple accelerated approach. Derivatives containing bromine atoms have been found to have very similar lifetimes, which are much shorter than those of the derivatives possessing just the alkyl moieties. However, both bromine atoms and alkyl moieties reduce the HOMO/LUMO gap, thus assisting the derivatives to behave as efficient photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Wasif Baig
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, Prague 18223, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague 12840, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Pederzoli
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, Prague 18223, Czech Republic
| | - Mojmír Kývala
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovonám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Lukasz Cwiklik
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, Prague 18223, Czech Republic.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovonám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pittner
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, Prague 18223, Czech Republic
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9
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Zhou J, Stojanović L, Berezin AA, Battisti T, Gill A, Kariuki BM, Bonifazi D, Crespo-Otero R, Wasielewski MR, Wu YL. Organic room-temperature phosphorescence from halogen-bonded organic frameworks: hidden electronic effects in rigidified chromophores. Chem Sci 2020; 12:767-773. [PMID: 34163810 PMCID: PMC8178982 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04646a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of purely organic materials displaying room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) will expand the toolbox of inorganic phosphors for imaging, sensing or display applications. While molecular solids were found to suppress non-radiative energy dissipation and make the RTP process kinetically favourable, such an effect should be enhanced by the presence of multivalent directional non-covalent interactions. Here we report phosphorescence of a series of fast triplet-forming tetraethyl naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylates. Various numbers of bromo substituents were introduced to modulate intermolecular halogen-bonding interactions. Bright RTP with quantum yields up to 20% was observed when the molecule is surrounded by a Br⋯O halogen-bonded network. Spectroscopic and computational analyses revealed that judicious heavy-atom positioning suppresses non-radiative relaxation and enhances intersystem crossing at the same time. The latter effect was found to be facilitated by the orbital angular momentum change, in addition to the conventional heavy-atom effect. Our results suggest the potential of multivalent non-covalent interactions for excited-state conformation and electronic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208-3113 USA
| | - Ljiljana Stojanović
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
| | | | | | - Abigail Gill
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | | | - Davide Bonifazi
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Währinger Str. 38 Vienna 1090 Austria
| | - Rachel Crespo-Otero
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208-3113 USA
| | - Yi-Lin Wu
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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10
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Christensen JA, Zhou J, Tcyrulnikov NA, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Spin-Polarized Molecular Triplet States as Qubits: Phosphorus Hyperfine Coupling in the Triplet State of Benzoisophosphinoline. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7569-7574. [PMID: 32812766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances in quantum information science (QIS) require the development of new molecular materials to serve as microwave addressable qubits that can be read out optically. Laser photoexcitation of organic π-conjugated molecules often results in spin-polarized phosphorescent triplet states that can be readily observed and manipulated using time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Photoexcitation of N-mesityl-1,8-naphthalimide (M-NMI) and its phosphorus analogues, 2-mesitylbenzoisophosphinoline (M-BIPD) and 2-mesitylbenzoisophosphinoline oxide (M-BIPDO) results in ultrafast spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing to form the corresponding phosphorescent triplet states M-3*NMI, M-3*BIPD and M-3*BIPDO. The ultrafast triplet formation dynamics, phosphorescence, and spin-polarized EPR spectra of these triplet states were examined. The most promising qubit candidate, M-3*BIPD, was examined using pulse-EPR to measure its spin relaxation times, and pulse electron-nuclear double resonance spectroscopy to perform a two-qubit CNOT gate using the phosphorus nuclear spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Nikolai A Tcyrulnikov
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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11
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Wu Y, Zhao Y, Zhou P, Zheng D, Wang H, Tang S, Tian J, Yang S, Deng W, Han K, Song F. Enhancing Intersystem Crossing to Achieve Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in a Water-Soluble Fluorescein Derivative with a Flexible Propenyl Group. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5692-5698. [PMID: 32568552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is a challenge to rationally design an organic molecule with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) due to the intrinsically spin-forbidden transition. Meanwhile, those reported TADF organic molecules have difficulty to be directly applied in the field of biological and medical imaging because they usually have no water solubility. Here, a water-soluble TADF organic molecule DCF-BXJ was developed by introducing a flexible propenyl group into the commercial traditional fluorophore DCF (2,7-dichlorofluorescein). The flexible group provides nonradiative rotational motion, which causes an efficient energy level cross between the S1 state and the T2 state of DCF-BXJ. Results of transient absorption spectra and theoretical calculations supported that nonradiative rotational motion of the flexible group can enhance intersystem crossing (ISC) and bring out TADF. This work provides a new mechanism explanation for TADF existing in organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Wu
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanliang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Panwang Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Daoyuan Zheng
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shanliang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, High-tech District, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jiarui Tian
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Songqiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Weiqiao Deng
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Keli Han
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Fengling Song
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, High-tech District, Dalian 116024, China
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12
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Wu H, Gu L, Baryshnikov GV, Wang H, Minaev BF, Ågren H, Zhao Y. Molecular Phosphorescence in Polymer Matrix with Reversible Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:20765-20774. [PMID: 32272835 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultralong organic phosphorescence strongly depends on the formation of aggregation, while it is difficult to obtain in dilute environments on account of excessive internal and external molecular motions. Herein, ultralong single-molecule phosphorescence (USMP) at room temperature was achieved in the monomer state by coassembling biphenyl and naphthalene derivatives at low density with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), where PVA provides a confined environment to stabilize the triplet state. Various factors that affect the USMP were studied, including aggregation, conformation, temperature, and moisture. In these systems, the formation of aggregates through intermolecular stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions in the film or crystal phases completely suppresses the USMP. However, the fluorescence is enhanced when coassembling these compounds at high concentration with PVA and becomes stronger in their powder state, indicating that the intersystem crossing process is blocked by the aggregation. Theoretical calculations suggest that the aggregation depresses spin-orbit coupling between the excited singlet and triplet states and enhances the nonradiative quenching process. Moreover, a relatively twisted conformation is more conducive to the occurrence of intersystem crossing than planar conformation. The USMP shows delicate and reversible sensitivity to the changes of temperature and moisture, rendering them with the applicability as smart organic optoelectronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Long Gu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Glib V Baryshnikov
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Nanomaterials Science, Bogdan Khmelnitsky National University, Cherkasy 18031, Ukraine
| | - Hou Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Boris F Minaev
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Nanomaterials Science, Bogdan Khmelnitsky National University, Cherkasy 18031, Ukraine
| | - Hans Ågren
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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