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Du J, Zhou S, Ma Y, Wei Y, Li Q, Huang H, Chen L, Yang Y, Yu S. Folic acid functionalized gadolinium-doped carbon dots as fluorescence / magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent for targeted imaging of liver cancer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 234:113721. [PMID: 38176338 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Gadolinium-doped carbon dots (Gd-CDs), as a new class of nanomaterial, has a wide application prospect in targeted imaging and monitoring diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer because of their good fluorescence (FL)-magnetic resonance (MR) imaging properties. First, Gd-CDs were synthesized by hydrothermal method with gadodiamide as gadolinium source, citric acid as carbon source and silane coupling agent (KH-792) as coupling agent with FL quantum yield (QY) of 48.2%. Then, folic acid (FA), which is highly expressed in liver cancer, was used as a targeting component to modify Gd-CDs to obtain targeted imaging agent (Gd-CDs-FA). The results showed that Gd-CDs and Gd-CDs-FA have low cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility, and the targeting and selectivity of Gd-CDs-FA to HepG2 cells could be observed under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The T1 longitudinal relaxation rates (r1) of Gd-CDs and Gd-CDs-FA are 15.92 mM-1s-1 and 13.56 mM-1s-1, respectively. They showed good MR imaging ability in vitro and in vivo, and MR imaging in nude mice further proved the targeting imaging performance of Gd-CDs-FA. Therefore, Gd-CDs-FA with higher QY showed good FL-MR targeting imaging ability of liver cancer, which broke through the limitations of single molecular imaging probe in sensitivity and soft tissue resolution. This study provides a new idea for the application of Gd-CDs in FL and MR targeting imaging of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglei Du
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Shizhao Zhou
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yihua Ma
- Honghui Hospital of Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi' an 710054, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Interventional Treatment Department, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Yongzhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Shiping Yu
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
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2
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Yin Z, Zhang K, Shi Y, Wang Y, Shen S. An Interface-cascading Silicon Photoanode with Strengthened Built-in Electric Field and Enriched Surface Oxygen Vacancies for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Chemistry 2024:e202303895. [PMID: 38198245 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
To promote interfacial charge transfer process and accelerate surface water oxidation reaction kinetics for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting over n-type Silicon (n-Si) based photoanodes, herein, starting with surface stabilized n-Si/CoOx , a NiOx /NiFeOOH composite overlayer was coated by atomic layer deposition and spray coating to fabricate the multilayer structured n-Si/CoOx /NiOx /NiFeOOH photoanode. Encouragingly, the obtained n-Si/CoOx /NiOx /NiFeOOH photoanode exhibits much increased PEC activity for water splitting, with onset potential cathodically shifted to ~0.96 V vs. RHE and photocurrent density increased to 22.6 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE for OER, as compared to n-Si/CoOx , even significantly surpassing the counterpart n-Si/CoOx /NiOx /FeOOH and n-Si/CoOx /NiOx /NiOOH photoanodes. Photophysical and electrochemical characterizations evidence that the deposited CoOx /NiOx /NiFeOOH composite overlayer would create large band bending and strong built-in electric field at the introduced cascading interfaces, thereby producing a large photovoltage of 650 mV to efficiently accelerate charge transfer from the n-Si substrate to the electrolyte for water oxidation. Furthermore, the surface oxygen vacancy enriched NiFeOOH overlayer could effectively catalyze the water oxidation reaction by thermodynamically reducing the energy barrier of rate determining step for OER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuocheng Yin
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Kaini Zhang
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Yuchuan Shi
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Shaohua Shen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
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Mao L, Huang YC, Deng H, Meng F, Fu Y, Wang Y, Li M, Zhang Q, Dong CL, Gu L, Shen S. Synergy of Ultrathin CoO x Overlayer and Nickel Single Atoms on Hematite Nanorods for Efficient Photo-Electrochemical Water Splitting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2203838. [PMID: 36511178 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To solve surface carrier recombination and sluggish water oxidation kinetics of hematite (α-Fe2 O3 ) photoanodes, herein, an attractive surface modification strategy is developed to successively deposit ultrathin CoOx overlayer and Ni single atoms on titanium (Ti)-doped α-Fe2 O3 (Ti:Fe2 O3 ) nanorods through a two-step atomic layer deposition (ALD) and photodeposition process. The collaborative decoration of ultrathin CoOx overlayer and Ni single atoms can trigger a big boost in photo-electrochemical (PEC) performance for water splitting over the obtained Ti:Fe2 O3 /CoOx /Ni photoanode, with the photocurrent density reaching 1.05 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), more than three times that of Ti:Fe2 O3 (0.326 mA cm-2 ). Electrochemical and electronic investigations reveal that the surface passivation effect of ultrathin CoOx overlayer can reduce surface carrier recombination, while the catalysis effect of Ni single atoms can accelerate water oxidation kinetics. Moreover, theoretical calculations evidence that the synergy of ultrathin CoOx overlayer and Ni single atoms can lower the adsorption free energy of OH* intermediates and relieve the potential-determining step (PDS) for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This work provides an exemplary modification through rational engineering of surface electrochemical and electronic properties for the improved PEC performances, which can be applied in other metal oxide semiconductors as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Mao
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Huang
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 25137, Taiwan
| | - Hao Deng
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Fanqi Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yanming Fu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chung-Li Dong
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 25137, Taiwan
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shaohua Shen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
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4
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Chen C, Lu Y, Fan R, Shen M. Integration of Oxygen-Vacancy-Rich NiFe-Layered Double Hydroxide onto Silicon as Photoanode for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3893-3900. [PMID: 32400054 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has the potential to efficiently convert intermittent solar energy into storable hydrogen fuel. However, poor charge separation and transfer ability as well as sluggish surface oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics of the photoelectrode severely hinder the advance in PEC performance. Herein, a facile electrodeposition method was used to integrate Mo-doped NiFe-layered double hydroxide onto a NiOx /Ni-protected Si photoanode for enhanced PEC water oxidation. Mo doping contributed to an increased amount of oxygen vacancies, whereas a dynamic surface self-reconstruction was induced by Mo leaching under PEC OER conditions. This led to enhanced PEC performance with an onset potential of 0.87 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), a photocurrent density of 39.3 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE, a fill factor of 0.38, and a solar-to-oxygen conversion efficiency of 5.3 %, along with a stability of 130 h continuous PEC reaction. The performance was superior to that of the undoped NiFe-LDH/NiOx /Ni/Si (4.3 %), which was attributed to the elevated interface charge separation, fast charge transfer, and accelerated OER kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, P.R. China
| | - Yao Lu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, P.R. China
| | - Ronglei Fan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, P.R. China
| | - Mingrong Shen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, P.R. China
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5
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Chen X, Fu Y, Hong L, Kong T, Shi X, Wang G, Qu L, Shen S. Interface and surface engineering of hematite photoanode for efficient solar water oxidation. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:244707. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0009072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Chen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yanming Fu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Liu Hong
- National Key Lab of Science and Technology on LRE, Xi’an Aerospace Propulsion Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710100, China
| | - Tingting Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Xiaobo Shi
- National Key Lab of Science and Technology on LRE, Xi’an Aerospace Propulsion Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710100, China
| | - Guangxu Wang
- National Key Lab of Science and Technology on LRE, Xi’an Aerospace Propulsion Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710100, China
| | - Le Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Shaohua Shen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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Jung JY, Kim DW, Shinde SS, Kim SH, Kim DH, Lin C, Park TJ, Lee JH. Bipolar Energetics and Bifunctional Catalytic Activity of a Nanocrystalline Ru Thin-Film Enable High-Performance Photoelectrochemical Water Reduction and Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:16402-16410. [PMID: 32183516 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, which represent a promising technology for the production of hydrogen fuel through water splitting reactions, must meet two criteria to achieve high-performance operation: (i) a high thermodynamic open-circuit potential and (ii) a low kinetic overpotential. Herein, we achieved these criteria in both an oxygen-evolving n-Si photoanode and hydrogen-evolving p-Si photocathode by simple electrodeposition of a nanocrystalline thin film of Ru. The bifunctional electrocatalytic activity of the nanocrystalline Ru led to low overpotentials in both the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (0.27 V) and alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (0.04 V). In addition, the nanocrystalline Ru/Si junctions influenced the interface energetics via the induction of an extrinsic electrochemical potential on the surface of the Ru nanocrystals through a redox reaction rather than the chemical potential of the electrons (work function) of bulk Ru. The nanocrystalline Ru film exhibited bipolar applicability, enabling both Ru/n-Si and Ru/p-Si junctions with high Voc values of 0.63 and 0.5 V, respectively. As a result, the n-Si photoanode in the acidic electrolyte and the p-Si photocathode in the alkaline electrolyte generated a photocurrent of 10 mA/cm2 at record values of 0.87 and 0.42 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode, respectively. These results provide insight into the development of high-performance PEC cells based on a nanocrystalline electrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Jung
- Departments of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Kyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Woong Kim
- Departments of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Kyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sambhaji S Shinde
- Departments of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Kyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hae Kim
- Departments of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Kyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyung Kim
- Departments of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Kyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Chao Lin
- Departments of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Kyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Park
- Departments of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Kyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Lee
- Departments of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Kyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
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Li F, Li Y, Zhuo Q, Zhou D, Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wu X, Shan Y, Sun L. Electroless Plating of NiFeP Alloy on the Surface of Silicon Photoanode for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11479-11488. [PMID: 32056436 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
N-type silicon is a kind of semiconductor with a narrow band gap that has been reported as an outstanding light-harvesting material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) reactions. Decorating a thin catalyst layer on the n-type silicon surface can provide a direct and effective route toward PEC water oxidation. However, most of catalyst immobilization methods for reported n-type silicon photoanodes have been based on energetically demanding, time-consuming, and high-cost processes. Herein, a high-performance NiFeP alloy (NiFeP)-decorated n-type micro-pyramid silicon array (n-Si) photoanode (NiFeP/n-Si) was prepared by a fast and low-cost electroless deposition method for light-driven water oxidation reaction. The saturated photocurrent density of NiFeP/n-Si can reach up to ∼40 mA cm-2, and a photocurrent density of 15.5 mA cm-2 can be achieved at 1.23 VRHE under light illumination (100 mW cm-2, AM1.5 filter), which is one of the most promising silicon-based photoanodes to date. The kinetic studies showed that the NiFeP on the silicon photoanodes could significantly decrease the interfacial charge recombination between the n-type silicon surface and electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Institute for Energy Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yingzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Institute for Energy Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qiming Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Institute for Energy Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Dinghua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Institute for Energy Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yilong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Institute for Energy Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ziqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Institute for Energy Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Institute for Energy Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yu Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Institute for Energy Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Licheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Institute for Energy Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden
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Zhou W, Fan R, Hu T, Huang G, Dong W, Wu X, Shen M. 5.1% efficiency of Si photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting catalyzed by porous NiFe (oxy)hydroxide converted from NiFe oxysulfide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12627-12630. [PMID: 31580342 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06413c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A porous NiFe (oxy)hydroxide catalyst fabricated on n+pp+-Si/Ni/NiOx, which is converted from an electrodeposited NiFe oxysulfide, allows a silicon photoanode for water splitting to hit a record 5.1% efficiency with good stability of up to 135 h under 40 mA cm-2 in 1.0 M NaOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 1 Shizi street, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Ronglei Fan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 1 Shizi street, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Taozheng Hu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 1 Shizi street, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Guanping Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 1 Shizi street, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Weng Dong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 1 Shizi street, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Xi Wu
- College of Energy, Soochow University, 1 Shizi street, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Mingrong Shen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 1 Shizi street, Suzhou 215006, China.
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