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Pan ML, Hsu CH, Lin YD, Chen BH, Lu CH, Yang SD, Chou PT, Wu YT. Overcrowded 14,14'-Bidibenzo[a,j]anthracenes: Challenges in Syntheses and Atypical Property of Lacking Symmetry-Breaking Charge Transfer (SBCT). Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401063. [PMID: 38654592 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
14,14'-Bidibenzo[a,j]anthracenes (BDBAs) were prepared by iridium-catalyzed annulation of 5,5'-biterphenylene with alkynes. The molecular geometries of overcrowded BDBAs were verified by X-ray crystallography. The two dibenzo[a,j]anthryl moieties are connected through the sterically hindered 14 positions, resulting in highly distorted molecular halves. The conformation with a small twist angle between two molecular halves can minimize steric conflicts between the substituents at 1 and 13 positions and the carbon atoms of the central axis, as well as steric clashes between those substituents. One such example is octafluoro-substituted BDBA, where the interplanar angle between two anthryl moieties is approximately 31° (currently the lowest reported value, cf. 81° in 9,9'-bianthracene). The intramolecular interactions and electronic couplings between two molecular halves resulted in upfield 1H NMR signals, redshifted absorption and emission bands, and a reduced HOMO-LUMO gap. Photodynamic investigations on BDBAs indicated that the formation of the conventional symmetry-breaking charge transfer (SBCT) state was suspended by restricted rocking around the central C-C bond. Such a mechanism associated with this highly constrained conformation was examined for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lun Pan
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 Ta-Hsueh Rd., 701401, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., 106319, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ding Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., 106319, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, No.101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., 300044, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Lu
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, No.101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., 300044, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Da Yang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, No.101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., 300044, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., 106319, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 Ta-Hsueh Rd., 701401, Tainan, Taiwan
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2
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Roy R, Chawla S, Sharma V, Pal AK, Silori Y, Datta A, De AK, Koner AL. Ultrafast symmetry-breaking charge separation in Perylenemonoimide-embedded multichromophores: impact of regioisomerism. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6363-6377. [PMID: 38699268 PMCID: PMC11062123 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Symmetry-breaking charge separation (SB-CS) has recently evolved as an emerging concept offering its potential to the latest generation of organic photovoltaics. However there are several concerns that need to be addressed to reach the state-of-the-art in SB-CS chemistry, for instance, the desirable molecular geometry, interchromophoric distance and extent of electronic coupling. To shed light on those features, it is reported herein, that ortho-functionalized perylene monoimide (PMI) constituted regioisomeric dimer and trimer derivatives with varied molecular twisting and electronic conjugation have been synthesized. In steady-state photophysical studies, all the dimers and trimer derivatives exhibit a larger bathochromic shift in the emission spectra and a significant reduction of fluorescence quantum yield in polar DMF. Among the series of multichromophores, ortho- and self-coupled dimers display the strikingly different optical feature of SB-CS with a very fast charge separation rate (τCS = 80.2 ps) upon photoexcitation in DMF, which is unveiled by femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) studies. The SB-CS for two dimers is well-supported by the formation of PMI˙+ and PMI˙- bands in the fs-TA spectra. Further analysis of fs-TA data revealed that, among the other multichromophores the trimer also exhibits a clear charge separation, whereas SB-CS signatures are less prominent, but can not be completely disregarded, for the meta- and para-dimers. Additionally, the charge separation dynamics of those above-mentioned PMI derivatives are devoid of a kinetically favorable excimer or triplet formation. The evidence of a profound charge transfer phenomenon in the ortho-dimer is characterized by density functional theory (DFT) calculations on excited state electronic structures. The excitonic communications in the excited state electronic arrangements unravel the key role of dihedral twisting in SB-CS. The thermodynamic feasibility of CS (ΔGCS) and activation barrier (ΔG≠) of the derivatives in DMF are established from the Rehm-Weller equation and Marcus's theory, respectively. This work is an in-depth study of the effect of mutual orientation of PMIs and regioisomerism in determining sustainable guidelines for using SB-CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Roy
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Sakshi Chawla
- Condensed Phase Dynamics Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Punjab 140 306 India
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Arun K Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata West Bengal 700032 India
| | - Yogita Silori
- Condensed Phase Dynamics Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Punjab 140 306 India
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata West Bengal 700032 India
| | - Arijit K De
- Condensed Phase Dynamics Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Punjab 140 306 India
| | - Apurba Lal Koner
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
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3
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Balanikas E, Reymond-Joubin M, Vauthey E. Excited-State Symmetry Breaking in Solvent Mixtures. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2447-2452. [PMID: 38407054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A large number of multipolar dyes undergo excited-state symmetry breaking (ESSB) in polar media. During this process, electronic excitation, initially distributed evenly over the molecule, localizes, at least partially, on one donor-acceptor branch. To resolve its initial stage, ESSB is investigated with a donor-acceptor-donor dye in binary mixtures of nonpolar and polar solvents using time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy. The presence of a few polar molecules around the dye is sufficient to initiate ESSB. Although the extent of asymmetry in a mixture is close to that in a pure solvent of similar polarity, the dynamics are slower and involve translational diffusion. However, preferential solvation in the mixtures leads to a larger local polarity. Furthermore, inhomogeneous broadening of the S1 ← S0 absorption band of the dye is observed in the mixtures, allowing for a photoselection of solutes with different local environments and ESSB dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Balanikas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maric Reymond-Joubin
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Majumder K, Mukherjee S, Panjwani NA, Lee J, Bittl R, Kim W, Patil S, Musser AJ. Controlling Intramolecular Singlet Fission Dynamics via Torsional Modulation of Through-Bond versus Through-Space Couplings. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20883-20896. [PMID: 37705333 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Covalent dimers, particularly pentacenes, are the dominant platform for developing a mechanistic understanding of intramolecular singlet fission (iSF). Numerous studies have demonstrated that a photoexcited singlet state in these structures can rapidly and efficiently undergo exciton multiplication to form a correlated pair of triplets within a single molecule, with potential applications from photovoltaics to quantum information science. One of the most significant barriers limiting such dimers is the fast recombination of the triplet pair, which prevents spatial separation and the formation of long-lived triplet states. There is an ever-growing need to develop general synthetic strategies to control the evolution of triplets following iSF and enhance their lifetime. Here, we rationally tune the dihedral angle and interchromophore separation between pairs of pentacenes in a systematic series of bridging units to facilitate triplet separation. Through a combination of transient optical and spin-resonance techniques, we demonstrate that torsion within the linker provides a simple synthetic handle to tune the fine balance between through-bond and through-space interchromophore couplings that steer iSF. We show that the full iSF pathway from femtosecond to microsecond timescales is tuned through the static coupling set by molecular design and structural fluctuations that can be biased through steric control. Our approach highlights a straightforward design principle to generate paramagnetic spin pair states with higher yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanad Majumder
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Soham Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Naitik A Panjwani
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität, Berlin, Berlin 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Bittl
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität, Berlin, Berlin 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Woojae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Satish Patil
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Andrew J Musser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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5
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Sissaoui J, Budkina DS, Vauthey E. Torsional Disorder, Symmetry Breaking, and the Crystal Violet Shoulder Controversy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5602-5606. [PMID: 37307294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the lowest-energy electronic absorption band of crystal violet (CV) and particularly the origin of its high-energy shoulder have been debated since the middle of the past century. The most recent studies invoke a splitting of the S1 state upon symmetry breaking induced by interactions with the solvent and/or the counterion. Using a combination of stationary and time-resolved polarized spectroscopy together with quantum-chemical calculations, we show that torsional disorder in the ground-state results in an inhomogeneous broadening of the absorption band of CV. The center of the band is mostly due to symmetric molecules with a degenerate S1 state, whereas the edges originate from transitions to the S1 and S2 states of distorted symmetry-broken molecules. Transient-absorption measurements with different excitation wavelengths reveal that these two groups of molecules interconvert rapidly in liquid but not in a rigid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihad Sissaoui
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Darya S Budkina
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Ivanov AI. Modeling the Effect of H-Bonding of Excited Quadrupolar Molecules with a Solvent on Charge Transfer Symmetry Breaking. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9038-9046. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly I. Ivanov
- Volgograd State University, University Avenue 100, Volgograd400062, Russia
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7
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Liu Z, Liu Z, Wang R, Zhang ZG, Wang J, Zhang C. Intersystem Crossing in Acceptor-Donor-Acceptor Type Organic Photovoltaic Molecules Promoted by Symmetry Breaking in Polar Environments. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10305-10311. [PMID: 36305820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The intramolecular electron push-pulling effect has been widely applied to manipulate the excited states in organic photovoltaic (OPV) molecules toward efficient photocurrent generation in working devices with bias fields. However, the effect of field induced polar environments on the excited-state dynamics remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigate the polar environment effect on excited dynamics in acceptor-donor-acceptor type OPV molecules dissolved in solvents with different polarities. By combining ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemical computation, we observe the stabilization of excited states induced by symmetry breaking in the polar solvent in the molecules exhibiting strong electron push-pulling effects. The stabilized excited states undergo faster intersystem crossing processes with reduced singlet-triplet energy gaps. The findings suggest that the dynamics of charge generation and recombination may be controlled by manipulating the polar environment and electron push-pulling effect to improve the device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi830046, China
| | - Zhixing Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIIT, Nanjing211106, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Jide Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi830046, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
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8
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Fakis M, Petropoulos V, Hrobárik P, Nociarová J, Osuský P, Maiuri M, Cerullo G. Exploring Solvent and Substituent Effects on the Excited State Dynamics and Symmetry Breaking of Quadrupolar Triarylamine End-Capped Benzothiazole Chromophores by Femtosecond Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:8532-8543. [PMID: 36256786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate herein the excited state dynamics and symmetry breaking processes in three benzothiazole-derived two-photon absorbing chromophores by femtosecond fluorescence and transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopies in solvents of various polarity. The chromophores feature a quasi-quadrupolar D-π-A-π-D architecture comprised of an electron-withdrawing benzothiazole core and lateral triphenylamine donors (Qbtz-H), while the acceptor strength of the central unit is enforced by attached cyano groups (Qbtz-CN) and the electron-donating strength of the arylamine moieties by introduction of peripheral methoxy groups (Qbtz'-CN). Steady state spectroscopy reveals positive solvatochromism, which is mostly pronounced for Qbtz'-CN. Femtosecond spectroscopy of Qbtz-H reveals the coexistence of the Franck-Condon (FC) state and states populated after symmetry breaking (SB) in low-polarity solvents such as toluene and tetrahydrofuran, while the SB state becomes favorable in polar acetonitrile. For the other two molecules possessing a stronger electron-accepting unit and thus more polar excited state, SB takes place even in low-polarity solvents, as shown by fs-TA spectroscopy. Global fitting of the fs-TA spectra together with investigation of the evolution associated spectra (EAS) reveals the existence of an initial FC state in Qbtz-H, in all studied solvents, which relaxes toward Intermediate Charge Transfer (I-CT) and SB states. On the other hand, for Qbtz-CN and Qbtz'-CN in more polar solvents, the FC state undergoes ultrafast relaxation toward symmetry-broken charge transfer (SB-CT) states which in turn show very fast recombination to the ground state. Our measurements confirm that the extent of symmetry breaking is larger for D-π-A-π-D systems with the stronger acceptor core and increases further by increasing electron-donating strength of triarylamine moieties, giving rise to symmetry breaking in these nonionic quadrupolar molecules with ethynylene (triple bond) π-spacers also in less polar solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihalis Fakis
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, PatrasGR-26500, Greece
| | - Vasilis Petropoulos
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Hrobárik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, SK-84215Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jela Nociarová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, SK-84215Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrik Osuský
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, SK-84215Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Margherita Maiuri
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133Milan, Italy
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9
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Feng Y, Das PJ, Young RM, Brown PJ, Hornick JE, Weber JA, Seale JSW, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Alkoxy-Substituted Quadrupolar Fluorescent Dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16841-16854. [PMID: 36083184 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polar and polarizable π-conjugated organic molecules containing push-pull chromophores have been investigated extensively in the past. Identifying unique backbones and building blocks for fluorescent dyes is a timely exercise. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of fluorescent dyes containing quadrupolar A-D-A constitutions (where A = acceptor and D = donor), which exhibit fluorescence emission at a variety of different wavelengths. We have investigated the effects of different electron-withdrawing groups, located at both termini of a para-terphenylene backbone, by steady-state UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Pyridine and substituted pyridinium units are also introduced during the construction of the quadrupolar backbones. Depending on the quadrupolarity, fluorescence emission wavelengths cover from 380 to 557 nm. Time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy reveal that the photophysical properties of those quadrupolar dyes result from intramolecular charge transfer. One of the dyes we have investigated is a symmetrical box-like tetracationic cyclophane. Its water-soluble tetrachloride, which is non-cytotoxic to cells up to a loading concentration of 1 μM, has been employed in live-cell imaging. When taken up by cells, the tetrachloride emits a green fluorescence emission without any hint of photobleaching or disruption of normal cell behavior. We envision that our design strategy of modifying molecules through the functionalization of the quadrupolar building blocks as chromophores will lead to future generations of fluorescent dyes in which these A-D-A constitutional fragments are incorporated into more complex molecules and polymers for broader photophysical and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Partha Jyoti Das
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paige J Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jessica E Hornick
- Chemistry for Life Processes Institutes, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jacob A Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - James S W Seale
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Integrated Molecular Structure Education and Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
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Water-Soluble Single-Benzene Chromophores: Excited State Dynamics and Fluorescence Detection. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175522. [PMID: 36080287 PMCID: PMC9457774 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two water-soluble single-benzene-based chromophores, 2,5-di(azetidine-1-yl)-tereph- thalic acid (DAPA) and its disodium carboxylate (DAP-Na), were conveniently obtained. Both chromophores preserved moderate quantum yields in a wide range of polar and protonic solvents. Spectroscopic studies demonstrated that DAPA exhibited red luminescence as well as large Stokes shift (>200 nm) in aqueous solutions. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra illustrated quadrupolar DAPA usually involved the formation of an intramolecular charge transfer state. Its Frank−Condon state could be rapidly relaxed to a slight symmetry-breaking state upon light excitation following the solvent relaxation, then the slight charge separation may occur and the charge localization became partially asymmetrical in polar environments. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation results were supported well with the experimental measurements. Unique pH-dependent fluorescent properties endows the two chromophores with rapid, highly selective, and sensitive responses to the amino acids in aqueous media. In detail, DAPA served as a fluorescence turn-on probe with a detection limit (DL) of 0.50 μM for Arg and with that of 0.41 μM for Lys. In contrast, DAP-Na featured bright green luminescence and showed fluorescence turn-off responses to Asp and Glu with the DLs of 0.12 μM and 0.16 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, these two simple-structure probes exhibited strong anti-interference ability towards other natural amino acids and realized visual identification of specific analytes. The present work helps to understand the photophysic−structure relationship of these kinds of compounds and render their fluorescent detection applications.
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11
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Vauthey E. Watching Excited-State Symmetry Breaking in Multibranched Push-Pull Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2064-2071. [PMID: 35212550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The emissive properties of symmetric molecules containing several donor-acceptor branches are often similar to those of the single-branched analogues. This is due to the at least partial localization of the excitation on one branch. Detailed understanding of this excited-state symmetry breaking (ES-SB) requires the ability to monitor this process in real time. Over the past few years, several spectroscopic approaches were shown to enable visualization of ES-SB and of its dynamics. They include the detection of new vibrational or electronic absorption bands associated with transitions that are forbidden in the symmetric excited state. Alternatively, ES-SB can be detected by observing transitions that become weaker or vanish upon localization of the excitation. Herein, we discuss these different approaches as well as their merits and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Zhang W, Kong J, Xu W, Niu X, Song D, Liu W, Xia A. Probing effect of solvation on photoexcited quadrupolar donor-acceptor-donor molecule via ultrafast Raman spectroscopy. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2111223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The symmetric and quadrupolar donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) molecules usually exhibit excited-state charge redistribution process from delocalized intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state to localized ICT state. Direct observation of such charge redistribution process in real-time has been intensively studied via various ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopies. Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) is one of the powerful methods which can be used to determine the excited state dynamics by tracking vibrational mode evolution of the specific chemical bonds within molecules. Herein, a molecule, 4,4′-(buta-1,3-diyne-1,4-diyl)bis( N, N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline), that consists of two central adjacent alkyne (-C≡C-) groups as electron-acceptors and two separated, symmetric N, N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline at both branches as electron-donors, is chosen to investigate the excited-state photophysical properties. It is shown that the solvation induced excited-state charge redistribution in polar solvents can be probed by using femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy. The results provide a fundamental understanding of photoexcitation induced charge delocalization/localization properties of the symmetric quadrupolar molecules with adjacent vibrational markers located at central position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Kong
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenqi Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- STU SIOM Joint Laboratory for Superintense Lasers and the Applications, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xinmiao Niu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Di Song
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- STU SIOM Joint Laboratory for Superintense Lasers and the Applications, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Andong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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13
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Keller S, Hankache J, Yushchenko O, Lawson Daku LM, Sun Q, Ding J, Decurtins S, Vauthey E, Häner R, Hauser A, Liu S. Intramolecular Charge‐Transfer Dynamics in Benzodifuran‐Based Triads. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Keller
- Department of Chemistry Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Jihane Hankache
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Oleksandr Yushchenko
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Latévi Max Lawson Daku
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Qinchao Sun
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Robert Häner
- Department of Chemistry Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hauser
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Shi‐Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
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14
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Cesaretti A, Spalletti A, Elisei F, Foggi P, Germani R, Fortuna CG, Carlotti B. The role of twisting in driving excited-state symmetry breaking and enhanced two-photon absorption in quadrupolar cationic pyridinium derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16739-16753. [PMID: 34318828 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01888d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two symmetric quadrupolar cationic push-pull compounds with a central electron-acceptor (N+-methylpyrydinium, A+) and different lateral electron-donors, (N,N-dimethylamino and N,N-diphenylamino, D) in a D-π-A+-π-D arrangement, were investigated together with their dipolar counterparts (D-π-A+) for their excited-state dynamics and NLO properties. As for the quadrupolar compounds, attention was focused on excited-state symmetry breaking (ESSB), which leads to a relaxed dipolar excited state. Both electron charge displacements and structural rearrangements were recognized in the excited-state dynamics of these molecules by resorting to femtosecond-resolved broadband fluorescence up-conversion experiments and advanced data analysis, used as a valuable alternative approach for fluorescent molecules compared to time-resolved IR spectroscopy, only suitable for compounds bearing IR markers. Specifically, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) was found to be guided by ultrafast inertial solvation, while diffusive solvation can drive the twisting of lateral groups to originate twisted-ICT (TICT) states on a picosecond time scale. Yet still, only the bis-N,N-diphenylamino-substituted compound undergoes ESSB, in both highly and sparingly polar solvents, provided that it can experience large amplitude motions to a fully symmetry-broken TICT state. Besides well-known solvation effects, this structural requirement proved to be a necessary condition for these quadrupolar cations to undergo ESSB. In fact, a more efficient uncoupling between the out-of-plane D and A+ groups in the TICT state allows a greater stabilization gained through solvation, relative to the bis-N,N-dimethylamino-substituted derivative, which instead maintains its symmetry. This different behavior parallels the two-photon absorption (TPA) ability, which is greatly enhanced in the case of the bis-N,N-diphenylamino-substituted compound, paving the way for cutting-edge bio-imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cesaretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN) University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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15
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Rout Y, Montanari C, Pasciucco E, Misra R, Carlotti B. Tuning the Fluorescence and the Intramolecular Charge Transfer of Phenothiazine Dipolar and Quadrupolar Derivatives by Oxygen Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9933-9943. [PMID: 34161725 PMCID: PMC8297855 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of new naphthalimide and phenothiazine-based push-pull systems (NPI-PTZ1-5), in which we structurally modulate the oxidation state of the sulfur atom in the thiazine ring, i.e., S(II), S(IV), and S(VI), was designed and synthesized by the Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction. The effect of the sulfur oxidation state on the spectral, photophysical, and electrochemical properties was investigated. The steady-state absorption and emission results show that oxygen functionalization greatly improves the optical (absorption coefficient and fluorescence efficiency) and nonlinear optical (hyperpolarizability) features. The cyclic voltammetry experiments and the quantum mechanical calculations suggest that phenothiazine is a stronger electron donor unit relative to phenothiazine-5-oxide and phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide, while the naphthalimide is a strong electron acceptor in all cases. The advanced ultrafast spectroscopic measurements, transient absorption, and broadband fluorescence up conversion give insight into the mechanism of photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer. A planar intramolecular charge transfer (PICT) and highly fluorescent excited state are populated for the oxygen-functionalized molecules NPI-PTZ2,3 and NPI-PTZ5; on the other hand, a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) state is produced upon photoexcitation of the oxygen-free derivatives NPI-PTZ1 and NPI-PTZ4, with the fluorescence being thus significantly quenched. These results prove oxygen functionalization as a new effective synthetic strategy to tailor the photophysics of phenothiazine-based organic materials for different optoelectronic applications. While oxygen-functionalized compounds are highly fluorescent and promising active materials for current-to-light conversion in organic light-emitting diode devices, oxygen-free systems show very efficient photoinduced ICT and may be employed for light-to-current conversion in organic photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogajivan Rout
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Chiara Montanari
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Erika Pasciucco
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Benedetta Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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16
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Abstract
Excited-state symmetry breaking (ES-SB) is common to a large number of multibranched electron donor-acceptor (DA) molecules in polar environments. During this process, the electronic excitation, originally evenly distributed over the molecule, localizes, at least partially, on one branch. Due to the absence of an unambiguous spectroscopic signature in the UV-vis region, electronic transient absorption (TA) has not been the method of choice for real-time observation of this phenomenon. Herein, we demonstrate that the Laporte rule, which states that one-photon transitions conserving parity are forbidden in centrosymmetric molecules, provides such clear signature of ES-SB in electronic TA spectroscopy. Using a dicyanoanthracene-based D-A-D dye, we show that transitions from the S1 state of this molecule, which are initially Laporte forbidden, become allowed upon ES-SB. This leads to the rise of new TA bands, whose intensity provides a direct measure of the extent of asymmetry in the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szakács
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Zhang W, Xu W, Zhang G, Kong J, Niu X, Chan JMW, Liu W, Xia A. Direct Tracking Excited-State Intramolecular Charge Redistribution of Acceptor-Donor-Acceptor Molecule by Means of Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4456-4464. [PMID: 33902280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Symmetric quadrupolar molecules generally exhibit apolar ground states and dipolar excited states in a polar environment, which is explained by the excited state evolution from initial charge delocalization over all molecules to localization on one branch of the molecules after a femtosecond pulse excitation. However, direct observation of excited-state charge redistribution (delocalization/localization) is hardly accessible. Here, the intramolecular charge delocalization/localization character of a newly synthesized acceptor-donor-acceptor molecule (ADA) has been intensively investigated by femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) together with femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy. By tracking the excited state Raman spectra of the specific alkynyl (-C≡C-) bonds at each branch of ADA, we found that the nature of the relaxed S1 state is strongly governed by solvent polarity: symmetric delocalized intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) characters occurred in apolar solvent, whereas the asymmetric localized ICT characters appeared in polar solvent because of solvation. The solvation dynamics of ADA extracted from fs-TA is consistent with the time constants obtained by FSRS, but the FSRS clearly tracks the excited state intramolecular charge transfer delocalization/localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R China
| | - Wenqi Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China.,STU & SIOM Joint Laboratory for Superintense Lasers and the Applications, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Guoxian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jie Kong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R China
| | - Xinmiao Niu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R China
| | - Julian M W Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Weimin Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China.,STU & SIOM Joint Laboratory for Superintense Lasers and the Applications, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Andong Xia
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R China
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18
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Morisue M, Kawanishi M, Kusukawa T. Charge‐Transfer‐Adaptable Double‐Strand Formation of a Porphyrin‐BODIPY‐Porphyrin Triad. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Morisue
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8585 Japan
| | - Miho Kawanishi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8585 Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusukawa
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8585 Japan
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19
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Szakács Z, Glöcklhofer F, Plasser F, Vauthey E. Excited-state symmetry breaking in 9,10-dicyanoanthracene-based quadrupolar molecules: the effect of donor-acceptor branch length. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15150-15158. [PMID: 34259270 PMCID: PMC8294646 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02376d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Excited-state symmetry breaking is investigated in a series of symmetric 9,10-dicyanoanthracenes linked to electron-donating groups on the 2 and 6 positions via different spacers, allowing for a tuning of the length of the donor–acceptor branches. The excited-state properties of these compounds are compared with their dipolar single-branch analogues. The changes in electronic structure upon their optical excitation are monitored by transient electronic spectroscopy in the visible and near-infrared regions as well as by transient vibrational spectroscopy in the mid-infrared. Our results reveal that, with the shortest branches, electronic excitation remains distributed almost symmetrically over the molecule even in polar environments. Upon increasing the donor–acceptor distance, excitation becomes unevenly distributed and, with the longest one, it fully localises on one branch in polar solvents. The influence of the branch length on the propensity of quadrupolar dyes to undergo excited-state symmetry breaking is rationalised in terms of the balance between interbranch coupling and solvation energy. Excited-state symmetry breaking in quadrupolar molecules depends on the balance between inter-branch coupling and polar solvation energy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szakács
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, Switzerland.
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20
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Dereka B, Rosspeintner A, Svechkarev D, Vauthey E. Comment on "Theoretical Insights into the Excited State Decays of a Donor-Acceptor Dyad: Is the Twisted and Rehybridized Intramolecular Charge-Transfer State Involved?". J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10578-10581. [PMID: 33169608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Dereka
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Denis Svechkarev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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21
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Nazarov AE, Ivanov AI. Nonstationary Theory of Excited State Charge Transfer Symmetry Breaking Driven by Polar Solvent. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10787-10801. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey E. Nazarov
- Volgograd State University, University Avenue 100, Volgograd 400062, Russia
| | - Anatoly I. Ivanov
- Volgograd State University, University Avenue 100, Volgograd 400062, Russia
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22
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Zhang J, Gong L, Zhang X, Zhu M, Su C, Ma Q, Qi D, Bian Y, Du H, Jiang J. Multipolar Porphyrin-Triazatruxene Arrays for Two-Photon Fluorescence Cell Imaging. Chemistry 2020; 26:13842-13848. [PMID: 32468667 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon excited fluorescent (TPEF) materials are highly desirable for bioimaging applications owing to their unique characteristics of deep-tissue penetration and high spatiotemporal resolution. Herein, by connecting one, two, or three electron-deficient zinc porphyrin units to an electron-rich triazatruxene core via ethynyl π-bridges, conjugated multipolar molecules TAT-(ZnP)n (n=1-3) were developed as TPEF materials for cell imaging. The three new dyes present high fluorescence quantum yields (0.40-0.47) and rationally improved two-photon absorption (TPA) properties. In particular, the peak TPA cross section of TAT-ZnP (436 GM) is significantly larger than that of the ZnP reference (59 GM). The δTPA values of TAT-(ZnP)2 and TAT-(ZnP)3 further increase to 1031 and up to 1496 GM, respectively, indicating the effect of incorporated ZnP units on the TPA properties. The substantial improvement of the TPEF properties is attributed to the formation of π-conjugated quadrapole/octupole molecules and the extension of D-π-A-D systems, which has been rationalized by density function theory (DFT) calculations. Moreover, all of the three new dyes display good biocompatibility and preferential targeting ability toward cytomembrane, thus can be superior candidates for TPEF imaging of living cells. Overall, this work demonstrated a promising strategy for the development of porphyrin-based TPEF materials by the construction and extension of D-π-A-D multipolar array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Lei Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Mengliang Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Chaorui Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Qing Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhong Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Hongwu Du
- Department of Biology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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23
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Szakács Z, Tasior M, Gryko DT, Vauthey E. Change of Quadrupole Moment upon Excitation and Symmetry Breaking in Multibranched Donor-Acceptor Dyes. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1718-1730. [PMID: 32415748 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Upon photoexcitation, a majority of quadrupolar dyes, developed for large two-photon absorption, undergo excited-state symmetry breaking (ES-SB) and behave as dipolar molecules. We investigate how the change of quadrupole moment upon S1 ←S0 excitation, ΔQ, influences the propensity of a dye to undergo ES-SB using a series of molecules with a A-π-D-π-A motif where D is the exceptionally electron-rich pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole and A are accepting groups. Tuning of ΔQ is achieved by appending a secondary acceptor group, A', on both sides of the D core and ES-SB is monitored using a combination of time-resolved IR and broadband fluorescence spectroscopy. The results reveal a clear correlation between ΔQ and the tendency to undergo ES-SB. When A is a stronger acceptor than A', ES-SB occurs already in non-dipolar but quadrupolar solvents. When A and A' are identical, ES-SB is only partial even in highly dipolar solvents. When A is a weaker acceptor than A', the orientation of ΔQ changes, ES-SB is observed in dipolar solvents only and involves major redistribution of the excitation over the D-π-A and D-A' branches of the dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szakács
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Mariusz Tasior
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Genève 4, Switzerland
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24
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Dereka B, Svechkarev D, Rosspeintner A, Aster A, Lunzer M, Liska R, Mohs AM, Vauthey E. Solvent tuning of photochemistry upon excited-state symmetry breaking. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1925. [PMID: 32317631 PMCID: PMC7174366 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of the electronic excited state of many symmetric multibranched donor–acceptor molecules varies from delocalized/multipolar to localized/dipolar depending on the environment. Solvent-driven localization breaks the symmetry and traps the exciton in one branch. Using a combination of ultrafast spectroscopies, we investigate how such excited-state symmetry breaking affects the photochemical reactivity of quadrupolar and octupolar A–(π-D)2,3 molecules with photoisomerizable A–π–D branches. Excited-state symmetry breaking is identified by monitoring several spectroscopic signatures of the multipolar delocalized exciton, including the S2 ← S1 electronic transition, whose energy reflects interbranch coupling. It occurs in all but nonpolar solvents. In polar media, it is rapidly followed by an alkyne–allene isomerization of the excited branch. In nonpolar solvents, slow and reversible isomerization corresponding to chemically-driven symmetry breaking, is observed. These findings reveal that the photoreactivity of large conjugated molecules can be tuned by controlling the localization of the excitation. Symmetric multibranched donor-acceptor molecules are promising photoactive materials for diverse applications. Here the authors show that, in octupolar and quadrupolar dyes, excited-state symmetry breaking occurs efficiently in polar solvents only and results in a concentration of the excitation that may trigger fast photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Dereka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Denis Svechkarev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6858, USA
| | - Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Aster
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Markus Lunzer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aaron M Mohs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6858, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6858, USA
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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25
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Eng J, Penfold TJ. Understanding and Designing Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters: Beyond the Energy Gap Approximation. CHEM REC 2020; 20:831-856. [PMID: 32267093 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this article recent progress in the development of molecules exhibiting Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) is discussed with a particular focus upon their application as emitters in highly efficient organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The key aspects controlling the desirable functional properties, e. g. fast intersystem crossing, high radiative rate and unity quantum yield, are introduced with a particular focus upon the competition between the key requirements needed to achieve high performance OLEDs. The design rules required for organic and metal organic materials are discussed, and the correlation between them outlined. Recent progress towards understanding the influence of the interaction between a molecule and its environment are explained as is the role of the mechanism for excited state formation in OLEDs. Finally, all of these aspects are combined to discuss the ability to implement high level design rules for achieving higher quality materials for commercial applications. This article highlights the significant progress that has been made in recent years, but also outlines the significant challenges which persist to achieve a full understanding of the TADF mechanism and improve the stability and performance of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Eng
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Thomas J Penfold
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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26
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Łukasiewicz ŁG, Rammo M, Stark C, Krzeszewski M, Jacquemin D, Rebane A, Gryko DT. Ground‐ and Excited‐State Symmetry Breaking and Solvatofluorochromism in Centrosymmetric Pyrrolo[3,2‐
b
]pyrroles Possessing two Nitro Groups. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz G. Łukasiewicz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44–52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Matt Rammo
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Akadeemia tee 23 12618 Tallinn Estonia
| | - Charlie Stark
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Akadeemia tee 23 12618 Tallinn Estonia
| | - Maciej Krzeszewski
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44–52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM laboratory – UMR 6230University of Nantes 2, rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes France
| | - Aleksander Rebane
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Akadeemia tee 23 12618 Tallinn Estonia
- Department of PhysicsMontana State University Bozeman, MT 59717 USA
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44–52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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Niu X, Kuang Z, Planells M, Guo Y, Robertson N, Xia A. Electron-donating strength dependent symmetry breaking charge transfer dynamics of quadrupolar molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15743-15750. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02527e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solvent induced excited state symmetry breaking processes of donor–acceptor–donor quadrupolar dyes are successfully tracked in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Niu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key laboratory of Photochemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Zhuoran Kuang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key laboratory of Photochemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Miquel Planells
- EastChem – School of Chemistry
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh EH9 3JJ
- UK
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key laboratory of Photochemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Neil Robertson
- EastChem – School of Chemistry
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh EH9 3JJ
- UK
| | - Andong Xia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key laboratory of Photochemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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28
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Liu H, Yan S, Huang R, Gao Z, Wang G, Ding L, Fang Y. Single-Benzene-Based Solvatochromic Chromophores: Color-Tunable and Bright Fluorescence in the Solid and Solution States. Chemistry 2019; 25:16732-16739. [PMID: 31674074 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The search for structurally simple chromophores with superior fluorescence brightness and a wide range of solvent compatibility is highly desirable. Herein, a new type of single-benzene-based solvatochromic chromophore with a symmetric bifunctional structure, in which azetidine and ethoxycarbonyl moieties serve as the electron-donating and -withdrawing groups, respectively, is reported. This chromophore exhibits an extraordinary wide range of solvent compatibility and preserves excellent fluorescence quantum yields from nonpolar n-hexane to polar methanol and even in water. Unusually, the symmetric structure of the chromophore shows a distinct color change from bright green to red with increasing solvent polarity and possesses large Stokes shifts (λ=132-207 nm) in the tested solvents. Moreover, this single-benzene-based chromophore displays good photochemical stability in both solution and solid states, and even exhibits reversible mechanochromic luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of, the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.,School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, P.R. China
| | - Sisi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of, the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of, the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of, the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of, the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Liping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of, the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of, the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
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29
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Cooper TM, Haley JE, Krein DM, Burke AR, Stewart DJ, Fore JL, Slagle JE. Triplet state structure-property relationships in a series of platinum acetylides: effect of chromophore length and end cap electronic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:26420-26429. [PMID: 31774073 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02892g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To develop quantitative structure-spectroscopic property relationships in platinum acetylides, we investigated the triplet state behavior of nominally centrosymmetric chromophores trans-Pt(PBu3)2(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-Phenyl-X)2, where X = diphenylamino, NH2, OCH3, t-Bu, CH3, H, F, benzothiazole, CF3, CN, and NO2. We measured ground state absorption, phosphorescence, excitation and triplet state absorption spectra and triplet lifetimes. By DFT we calculated the phosphorescence emission energy (ET), the spin density on the end cap (SD(X)), triplet state geometry and the distance between the triplet centroid and the central platinum atom (RS-Pt(X)). Compounds with electron-donating X have smaller triplet state lifetime, blue-shifted phosphorescence and larger triplet potential energy surface displacement associated with the C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C bond. Compounds with electron-withdrawing X have larger triplet lifetime, red-shifted phosphorescence and smaller triplet potential energy surface displacement associated with the C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C bond. The range of spin-orbit-coupling between the platinum atom and the triplet centroid was determined to be 6 Å. The quantity RS-Pt is shown to be a linear function of one-dimensional well length calculated from experimental ET. The multiple examples demonstrate RS-Pt is a useful descriptor for analyzing triplet state behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Cooper
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA.
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30
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Torres-Moya I, Benitez-Martin C, Donoso B, Tardío C, Martín R, Carrillo JR, Díaz-Ortiz Á, Najera F, Prieto P, Perez-Inestrosa E. Extended Alkenyl and Alkynyl Benzotriazoles with Enhanced Two-Photon Absorption Properties as a Promising Alternative to Benzothiadiazoles. Chemistry 2019; 25:15572-15579. [PMID: 31549756 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of donor-π-acceptor-π-donor (D-π-A-π-D) benzoazole dyes with 2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole or BTD cores have been prepared and their photophysical properties characterized. The properties of these compounds display remarkable differences, mainly as a result of the electron-donor substituent. Dyes with the best properties have visible-light absorption over λ=400 nm, large Stokes shifts in the range of about 3500-6400 cm-1 , and good fluorescence emission with quantum yields of up to 0.78. The two-photon absorption properties were also studied to establish the relationship between structure and properties in the different compounds synthesized. These results provided cross sections of up to 1500 GM, with a predominance of S2 ←S0 transitions and a high charge-transfer character. Time-dependent DFT calculations supported the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Torres-Moya
- Department of Organic, Inorganic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technologies Sciences-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carlos Benitez-Martin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica., Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Malaga, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de NanomedicinayBiotecnología-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590, Campanillas, Malaga, Spain
| | - Beatriz Donoso
- Department of Organic, Inorganic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technologies Sciences-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carlos Tardío
- Department of Organic, Inorganic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technologies Sciences-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Raúl Martín
- Department of Organic, Inorganic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technologies Sciences-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José R Carrillo
- Department of Organic, Inorganic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technologies Sciences-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ángel Díaz-Ortiz
- Department of Organic, Inorganic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technologies Sciences-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Najera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica., Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Malaga, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de NanomedicinayBiotecnología-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590, Campanillas, Malaga, Spain
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Department of Organic, Inorganic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technologies Sciences-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Perez-Inestrosa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica., Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Malaga, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de NanomedicinayBiotecnología-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590, Campanillas, Malaga, Spain
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