1
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Chen Y, Atwi R, Nguyen DT, Bazak JD, Hahn NT, Ryu J, Sears JA, Han KS, Song M, Li Z, Karkamkar AJ, Hu JZ, Zavadil KR, Rajput NN, Mueller KT, Murugesan V. From Bulk to Interface: Solvent Exchange Dynamics and Their Role in Ion Transport and the Interfacial Model of Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12984-12999. [PMID: 38709897 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Multivalent battery chemistries have been explored in response to the increasing demand for high-energy rechargeable batteries utilizing sustainable resources. Solvation structures of working cations have been recognized as a key component in the design of electrolytes; however, most structure-property correlations of metal ions in organic electrolytes usually build upon favorable static solvation structures, often overlooking solvent exchange dynamics. We here report the ion solvation structures and solvent exchange rates of magnesium electrolytes in various solvents by using multimodal nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis and molecular dynamics/density functional theory (MD/DFT) calculations. These magnesium solvation structures and solvent exchange dynamics are correlated to the combined effects of several physicochemical properties of the solvents. Moreover, Mg2+ transport and interfacial charge transfer efficiency are found to be closely correlated to the solvent exchange rate in the binary electrolytes where the solvent exchange is tunable by the fraction of diluent solvents. Our primary findings are (1) most battery-related solvents undergo ultraslow solvent exchange coordinating to Mg2+ (with time scales ranging from 0.5 μs to 5 ms), (2) the cation transport mechanism is a mixture of vehicular and structural diffusion even at the ultraslow exchange limit (with faster solvent exchange leading to faster cation transport), and (3) an interfacial model wherein organic-rich regions facilitate desolvation and inorganic regions promote Mg2+ transport is consistent with our NMR, electrochemistry, and cryogenic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (cryo-XPS) results. This observed ultraslow solvent exchange and its importance for ion transport and interfacial properties necessitate the judicious selection of solvents and informed design of electrolyte blends for multivalent electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rasha Atwi
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Dan Thien Nguyen
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - J David Bazak
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Nathan T Hahn
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Material, Physical and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Jaegeon Ryu
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jesse A Sears
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kee Sung Han
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Minyung Song
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zheng Li
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Abhijeet J Karkamkar
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jian Zhi Hu
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kevin R Zavadil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Nav Nidhi Rajput
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Karl T Mueller
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Vijayakumar Murugesan
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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2
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Sanz Matias A, Roncoroni F, Sundararaman S, Prendergast D. Ca-dimers, solvent layering, and dominant electrochemically active species in Ca(BH 4) 2 in THF. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1397. [PMID: 38360965 PMCID: PMC11258298 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45672-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Divalent ions (Mg, Ca, and Zn) are being considered as competitive, safe, and earth-abundant alternatives to Li-ion electrochemistry, but present challenges for stable cycling due to undesirable interfacial phenomena. We explore the formation of electroactive species in the electrolyte Ca(BH4)2∣THF using molecular dynamics coupled with a continuum model of bulk and interfacial speciation. Free-energy analysis and unsupervised learning indicate a majority population of neutral Ca dimers and monomers with diverse molecular conformations and an order of magnitude lower concentration of the primary electroactive charged species - the monocation, CaBH[Formula: see text] - produced via disproportionation of neutral complexes. Dense layering of THF molecules within ~1 nm of the electrode surface strongly modulates local electrolyte species populations. A dramatic increase in monocation population in this interfacial zone is induced at negative bias. We see no evidence for electrochemical activity of fully-solvated Ca2+. The consequences for performance are discussed in light of this molecular-scale insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sanz Matias
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fabrice Roncoroni
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Siddharth Sundararaman
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David Prendergast
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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3
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Holoubek J, Yu K, Wu J, Wang S, Li M, Gao H, Hui Z, Hyun G, Yin Y, Mu AU, Kim K, Liu A, Yu S, Pascal TA, Liu P, Chen Z. Toward a quantitative interfacial description of solvation for Li metal battery operation under extreme conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2310714120. [PMID: 37782794 PMCID: PMC10576153 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310714120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The future application of Li metal batteries (LMBs) at scale demands electrolytes that endow improved performance under fast-charging and low-temperature operating conditions. Recent works indicate that desolvation kinetics of Li+ plays a crucial role in enabling such behavior. However, the modulation of this process has typically been achieved through inducing qualitative degrees of ion pairing into the system. In this work, we find that a more quantitative control of the ion pairing is crucial to minimizing the desolvation penalty at the electrified interface and thus the reversibility of the Li metal anode under kinetic strain. This effect is demonstrated in localized electrolytes based on strongly and weakly bound ether solvents that allow for the deconvolution of solvation chemistry and structure. Unexpectedly, we find that maximum degrees of ion pairing are suboptimal for ultralow temperature and high-rate operation and that reversibility is substantially improved via slight local dilution away from the saturation point. Further, we find that at the optimum degree of ion pairing for each system, weakly bound solvents still produce superior behavior. The impact of these structure and chemistry effects on charge transfer are then explicitly resolved via experimental and computational analyses. Lastly, we demonstrate that the locally optimized diethyl ether-based localized-high-concentration electrolytes supports kinetic strained operating conditions, including cycling down to -60 °C and 20-min fast charging in LMB full cells. This work demonstrates that explicit, quantitative optimization of the Li+ solvation state is necessary for developing LMB electrolytes capable of low-temperature and high-rate operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Holoubek
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
| | - Kunpeng Yu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
| | - Junlin Wu
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
| | - Shen Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
| | - Mingqian Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
| | - Hongpeng Gao
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
| | - Zeyu Hui
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
| | - Gayea Hyun
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
| | - Yijie Yin
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
| | - Anthony U. Mu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
| | - Kangwoon Kim
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
| | - Alex Liu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
| | - Sicen Yu
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
| | - Tod A. Pascal
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, CA92093
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, CA92093
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA92093
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, CA92093
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4
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Prabhakaran V, Agarwal G, Howard JD, Wi S, Shutthanandan V, Nguyen DT, Soule L, Johnson GE, Liu YS, Yang F, Feng X, Guo J, Hankins K, Curtiss LA, Mueller KT, Assary RS, Murugesan V. Coordination-Dependent Chemical Reactivity of TFSI Anions at a Mg Metal Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:7518-7528. [PMID: 36715357 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer across the electrode-electrolyte interface is a highly complex and convoluted process involving diverse solvated species with varying structures and compositions. Despite recent advances in in situ and operando interfacial analysis, molecular specific reactivity of solvated species is inaccessible due to a lack of precise control over the interfacial constituents and/or an unclear understanding of their spectroscopic fingerprints. However, such molecular-specific understanding is critical to the rational design of energy-efficient solid-electrolyte interphase layers. We have employed ion soft landing, a versatile and highly controlled method, to prepare well-defined interfaces assembled with selected ions, either as solvated species or as bare ions, with distinguishing molecular precision. Equipped with precise control over interfacial composition, we employed in situ multimodal spectroscopic characterization to unravel the molecular specific reactivity of Mg solvated species comprising (i.e., bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, TFSI-) anions and solvent molecules (i.e., dimethoxyethane, DME/G1) on a Mg metal surface relevant to multivalent Mg batteries. In situ multimodal spectroscopic characterization revealed higher reactivity of the undercoordinated solvated species [Mg-TFSI-G1]+ compared to the fully coordinated [Mg-TFSI-(G1)2]+ species or even the bare TFSI-. These results were corroborated by the computed reaction pathways and energy barriers for decomposition of the TFSI- within Mg solvated species relative to bare TFSI-. Finally, we evaluated the TFSI reactivity under electrochemical conditions using Mg(TFSI)2-DME-based phase-separated electrolytes representing different solvated constituents. Based on our multimodal study, we report a detailed understanding of TFSI- decomposition processes as part of coordinated solvated species at a Mg-metal anode that will aid the rational design of improved sustainable electrochemical energy technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateshkumar Prabhakaran
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Garvit Agarwal
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jason D Howard
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sungun Wi
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | - Dan-Thien Nguyen
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Luke Soule
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Grant E Johnson
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yi-Sheng Liu
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Feipeng Yang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xuefei Feng
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kie Hankins
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Larry A Curtiss
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Karl T Mueller
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rajeev S Assary
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Vijayakumar Murugesan
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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5
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Holoubek J, Baskin A, Lawson JW, Khemchandani H, Pascal TA, Liu P, Chen Z. Predicting the Ion Desolvation Pathway of Lithium Electrolytes and Their Dependence on Chemistry and Temperature. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4426-4433. [PMID: 35549480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the influence of electrolyte chemistry on the ion-desolvation portion of charge-transfer beyond the commonly applied techniques, we apply free-energy sampling to simulations involving diethyl ether (DEE) and 1,3-dioxoloane/1,2-dimethoxyethane (DOL/DME) electrolytes, which display bulk solvation structures dominated by ion-pairing and solvent coordination, respectively. This analysis was conducted at a pristine electrode with and without applied bias at 298 and 213 K to provide insights into the low-temperature charge-transfer behavior, where it has been proposed that desolvation dominates performance. We find that, to reach the inner Helmholtz layer, ion-paired structures are advantageous and that the Li+ ion must reach a total coordination number of 3, which requires the shedding of 1 species in the DEE electrolyte or 2-3 species in DOL/DME. This work represents an effort to predict the distinct thermodynamic states as well as the most probable kinetic pathways of ion desolvation relevant for the charge transfer at electrochemical interphases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Holoubek
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Artem Baskin
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - John W Lawson
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Hridayanand Khemchandani
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tod A Pascal
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Program of Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Program of Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Program of Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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6
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QM/MM and molecular dynamics simulation of the structure and dissociation of CuF in acetonitrile solvent. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Weitzner SE, Pham TA, Orme CA, Qiu SR, Wood BC. Beyond Thermodynamics: Assessing the Dynamical Softness of Hydrated Ions from First Principles. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11980-11986. [PMID: 34882417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ion (de)hydration is a key rate-determining step in interfacial processes from corrosion to electrochemical energy storage. However, predicting the kinetics of ion (de)hydration remains challenging, prompting the use of static proxies such as hydration energy and valence. While useful for assessing thermodynamic preferences, such descriptors cannot fully capture the dynamical softness of the hydration shell that dictates kinetics. Accordingly, we use first-principles molecular dynamics to analyze hydration shell softness for a diverse set of metal cations. Three dynamic metrics are introduced to intuitively describe the bond rigidity, shape deformability, and exchange fluidity of the solvation shell. Together, these metrics capture the relevant physics in the static descriptors, while offering a far more complete and efficient representation for the overall propensity for (de)hydration. Application to the hydrated ion set demonstrates a weak connection between dynamical softness and hydration energy, confirming that dynamical descriptors of hydration are key for correctly describing ion transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Weitzner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Tuan Anh Pham
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Christine A Orme
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - S Roger Qiu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Brandon C Wood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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8
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Sundararaman S, Halat DM, Choo Y, Snyder RL, Abel BA, Coates GW, Reimer JA, Balsara NP, Prendergast D. Exploring the Ion Solvation Environments in Solid-State Polymer Electrolytes through Free-Energy Sampling. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Sundararaman
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David M. Halat
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and College of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Youngwoo Choo
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rachel L. Snyder
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brooks A. Abel
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and College of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and College of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David Prendergast
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Eilmes A, Alves WA. Combining experimental and theoretical vibrational spectroscopy to study magnesium aluminum chloride complex electrolytes. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Wang H, Ryu J, Shao Y, Murugesan V, Persson K, Zavadil K, Mueller KT, Liu J. Advancing Electrolyte Solution Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry of Divalent Metal Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Energy & Environment Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) Lemont Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Jaegeon Ryu
- Energy & Environment Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) Lemont Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Yuyan Shao
- Energy & Environment Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) Lemont Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Vijayakumar Murugesan
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) Lemont Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Kristin Persson
- Energy Technologies Area Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720 United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of California, Berkeley Berkeley California 94720 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) Lemont Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Kevin Zavadil
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Sciences Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque New Mexico 87185 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) Lemont Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Karl T. Mueller
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) Lemont Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Jun Liu
- Energy & Environment Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 United States
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11
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Baskin A, Lawson JW, Prendergast D. Anion-Assisted Delivery of Multivalent Cations to Inert Electrodes. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4347-4356. [PMID: 33929859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To understand and control key electrochemical processes-metal plating, corrosion, intercalation, etc.-requires molecular-scale details of the active species at electrochemical interfaces and their mechanisms for desolvation from the electrolyte. Using free energy sampling techniques we reveal the interfacial speciation of divalent cations in ether-based electrolytes and mechanisms for their delivery to an inert graphene electrode interface. Surprisingly, we find that anion solvophobicity drives a high population of anion-containing species to the interface that facilitate the delivery of divalent cations, even to negatively charged electrodes. Our simulations indicate that cation desolvation is greatly facilitated by cation-anion coupling. We propose anion solvophobicity as a molecular-level descriptor for rational design of electrolytes with increased efficiency for electrochemical processes limited by multivalent cation desolvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Baskin
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - John W Lawson
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - David Prendergast
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Baskin A, Prendergast D. Ion Solvation Engineering: How to Manipulate the Multiplicity of the Coordination Environment of Multivalent Ions. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9336-9343. [PMID: 33090799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Free energy analysis of solvation structures of free divalent cations, their ion pairs, and neutral aggregates in low dielectric solvents reveals the multiplicity of thermodynamically stable cation solvation configurations and identifies the micro- and macroscopic factors responsible for this phenomenon. Specifically, we show the role of ion-solvent interactions and solvent mixtures in determining the cation solvation free energy landscapes. We show that it is the entropic contribution of solvent degrees of freedom that is responsible for the solvation multiplicity, and the mutual balance between enthalpic and entropic forces or their concerted contributions is what ultimately defines the most stable ion solvation configuration and creates new ones. We show general consequences of ion solvation multiplicity on thermodynamics of complex electrolytes, specifically in the context of homogeneous or interfacial charge transfer. Identified factors and their interplay provide a pathway to formulation of solvation design rules that can be used to control bulk solvation, interfacial chemistry, and charge transfer. Our findings also suggest experimentally testable predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Baskin
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David Prendergast
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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13
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Lu YH, Morales C, Zhao X, van Spronsen MA, Baskin A, Prendergast D, Yang P, Bechtel HA, Barnard ES, Ogletree DF, Altoe V, Soriano L, Schwartzberg AM, Salmeron M. Ultrathin Free-Standing Oxide Membranes for Electron and Photon Spectroscopy Studies of Solid-Gas and Solid-Liquid Interfaces. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6364-6371. [PMID: 32786946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Free-standing ultrathin (∼2 nm) films of several oxides (Al2O3,TiO2, and others) have been developed, which are mechanically robust and transparent to electrons with Ekin ≥ 200 eV and to photons. We demonstrate their applicability in environmental X-ray photoelectron and infrared spectroscopy for molecular level studies of solid-gas (≥1 bar) and solid-liquid interfaces. These films act as membranes closing a reaction cell and as substrates and electrodes for electrochemical reactions. The remarkable properties of such ultrathin oxides membranes enable atomic/molecular level studies of interfacial phenomena, such as corrosion, catalysis, electrochemical reactions, energy storage, geochemistry, and biology, in a broad range of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsien Lu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Carlos Morales
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthijs A van Spronsen
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Artem Baskin
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David Prendergast
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peidong Yang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hans A Bechtel
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Edward S Barnard
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - D Frank Ogletree
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Virginia Altoe
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Leonardo Soriano
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adam M Schwartzberg
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Miquel Salmeron
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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14
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Chen Y, Jaegers NR, Wang H, Han KS, Hu JZ, Mueller KT, Murugesan V. Role of Solvent Rearrangement on Mg 2+ Solvation Structures in Dimethoxyethane Solutions using Multimodal NMR Analysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6443-6449. [PMID: 32672969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the main impediments faced for predicting emergent properties of a multivalent electrolyte (such as conductivity and electrochemical stability) is the lack of quantitative analysis of ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions, which manifest in solvation structures and dynamics. In particular, the role of ion-solvent interactions is still unclear in cases where the strong electric field from multivalent cations can influence intramolecular rotations and conformal structural evolution (i.e., solvent rearrangement process) of low permittivity organic solvent molecules on solvation structure. Using quantitative 1H, 19F, and 17O NMR together with 19F nuclear spin relaxation and diffusion measurments, we find an unusual correlation between ion concentration and solvation structure of Mg(TFSI)2 salt in dimethoxyethane (DME) solution. The dominant solvation structure evolves from contact ion pairs (i.e., [Mg(TFSI)(DME)1-2]+) to fully solvated clusters (i.e., [Mg(DME)3]2+) as salt concentration increases or as temperature decreases. This transition is coupled to a phase separation, which we study here between 0.06 and 0.36 M. Subsequent analysis is based on an explanation of the solvent rearrangement process and the competition between solvent molecules and TFSI anions for cation coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nicholas R Jaegers
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kee Sung Han
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jian Zhi Hu
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Karl T Mueller
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Vijayakumar Murugesan
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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