Green Emission Induced by Intrinsic Defects in All-Inorganic Perovskite CsPb2Br5

Long-term stable electrochemiluminescence of perovskite quantum dots in aqueous media

We develop a novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitter of aqueous-based perovskite quantum dots, with long-term stable ECL emission in aqueous media. Moreover, an electron transfer annihilation mechanism of ECL generation is proposed, revealed by the experimental results. This study opens a door for exploring efficient perovskite-based ECL emitters.

High-pressure effects on the electronic properties and photoluminescence of Ag-doped CsCu2I3

CsCu2I3 is a popular lead-free metal halide perovskite with good thermal and air stability. To facilitate its applications in optoelectronics, Ag doping and high pressure are employed in this work to improve the optoelectronic properties of CsCu2I3. Using first-principles calculations and experiments, the structural phase change of 10% Ag-doped CsCu2I3 is found to occur at about 4.0 GPa. This reveals the regulation of band structures by hydrostatic pressure. In addition, the high pressure not only increases the emission energy of photoluminescence of 10% Ag-doped CsCu2I3 by more than 0.2 eV, but also increases the emission intensity by multiple times. Finally, the origin of luminescence in 10% Ag-doped CsCu2I3 is attributed to the I vacancies. This work provides insight into the structure and optoelectronic properties of 10% Ag-doped CsCu2I3, and offers significant guidance for the design and manufacturing of future luminescence devices.

Unveiling the Structural Properties, Optical Behavior, and Thermoelectric Performance of 2D CsSn2Br5 Halide Obtained by Mechanochemistry

Metal halide perovskites with a two-dimensional structure are utilized in photovoltaics and optoelectronics. High-crystallinity CsSn2Br5 specimens have been synthesized via ball milling. Differential scanning calorimetry curves show melting at 553 K (endothermic) and recrystallization at 516 K (exothermic). Structural analysis using synchrotron X-ray diffraction data, collected from 100 to 373 K, allows for the determination of Debye model parameters. This analysis provides insights into the relative Cs-Br and Sn-Br chemical bonds within the tetragonal structure (space group: I4/mcm), which remains stable throughout the temperature range studied. Combined with neutron data, X-N techniques permit the identification of the Sn2+ lone electron pair (5s2) in the two-dimensional framework, occupying empty space opposite to the four Sn-Br bonds of the pyramidal [SnBr4] coordination polyhedra. Additionally, diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy unveils an indirect optical gap of approximately ∼3.3 eV, aligning with the calculated value from the B3LYP-DFT method (∼3.2 eV). The material exhibits a positive Seebeck coefficient as high as 6.5 × 104 μV K-1 at 350 K, which evolves down to negative values of -3.0 × 103 μV K-1 at 550 K, surpassing values reported for other halide perovskites. Notably, the thermal conductivity remains exceptionally low, between 0.32 and 0.25 W m-1 K-1.

InCl3-Assisted Surface Defects Restoring to Enhance Lead-Free Cs2ZrCl6 Nanocrystals for X-Ray Imaging and Blue LED Applications

As one type of recent emerging lead-free perovskites, Cs2ZrCl6 nanocrystals are widely concerned, benefiting from the eminent designability, high X-ray cutoff efficiency, and favorable stability. Improving the luminescence performance of Cs2ZrCl6 nanocrystals has great importance to cater for practical applications. In view of the surface defects frequently formed by the liquid phase method, the particle morphology and surface quality of this material are expected to be regulated if certain intervention is made in the synthesis process. In the work, differing from normal cell lattice modulation based on the ion doping, the grain size and surface morphology of Cs2ZrCl6 nanocrystals are optimized via adding a certain amount of InCl3 to the synthetic solution. The surface defects are restored to inhibit the defect-induced non-radiative transition, resulting in the improvement of the luminescence properties. Moreover, a flexible Cs2ZrCl6@polydimethylsiloxane film with excellent heat, water, and bending resistance and a light-emitting diode (LED) device are fabricated, exhibiting excellent application potential for X-ray imaging and blue LED.

Phase-engineering compact and flexible CsPbBr3 microcrystal films for robust X-ray detection

All-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskites have gained significant attention due to their potential in direct X-ray detection. The fabrication of stable, pinhole-free thick films remains challenging, hindering their integration in durable, large-area high-resolution devices. In this study, we propose a facile strategy using a non-conductive polymer to create a flexible, compact thick film under ambient conditions. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of introducing the 2D CsPb2Br5 phase into CsPbBr3 perovskite crystals on their photophysical properties and charge transport. Upon X-ray exposure, the devices consisting of the dual phase exhibit improved stability and more effective operation at higher voltages. Rietveld refinement shows that, due to the presence of the second phase, local distortions and Pb-vacancies are introduced within the CsPbBr3 lattice. This in turn presumably increases the ion migration energy barrier, resulting in a very low dark current and hence, enhanced stability. This feature might benefit local charge extraction and, ultimately, the X-ray image resolution. These findings also suggest that introducing a second phase in the perovskite structure can be advantageous for efficient photon-to-charge carrier conversion, as applied in medical imaging.

Unraveling the Defect-Dominated Broadband Emission Mechanisms in (001)-Preferred Two-Dimensional Layered Antimony-Halide Perovskite Film

By adding molar-controlled SbCl₃ in a Cs₃Sb₂Cl₉ precursor, we employed a low-temperature solution-processed approach to prepare high-quality (001)-preferred Cs₃Sb₂Cl₉ thin film, which demonstrates a stable defect-dominated broadband emission at room temperature. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the defect emission originates from the donor-acceptor pair (DAP) recombination between chlorine vacancy (V_Cl) and cesium vacancy (V_Cs). Furthermore, V_Cl + V_Cs DAP is more stable on the (001) surface. The improved film quality and the more stable V_Cl + V_Cs DAP increase the activation energy related to defect states, resulting in an enhancement of the defect emission for the high-quality (001)-preferred film. This work provides deep insight into the key role of the (001) surface in defect emission and a feasible strategy to enhance the defect emission in 2D halide perovskites A₃B₂X₉ (A = CH₃NH₃, Cs, Rb; B = Bi, Sb; X = Cl, Br, I) by control of the thin film preferred orientation.

Thermodynamic Stability, Structure, and Optical Properties of Perovskite-Related CsPb2Br5 Single Crystals under Pressure

CsPb₂Br₅ belongs to all inorganic perovskite-related quasi-two-dimensional materials that have attracted considerable attention due to their potential for optoelectronic applications. In this study, we solve numerous controversies on the physical properties of this material. We show that optical absorption in the visible spectrum and green photoluminescence are due to microcrystallites of the three-dimensional CsPbBr₃ perovskite settled on the CsPb₂Br₅ plates and that carefully cleaned crystal plates are devoid of these features. The high-pressure structural and spectroscopic experiments, performed on the single crystals free of CsPbBr₃ impurities, evidenced that the layered tetragonal structure of CsPb₂Br₅ is stable at least up to 6 GPa. The absorption edge is located in the ultraviolet at around 350 nm and continuously red shifts under pressure. Moderate band gap narrowing is well correlated to the pressure-induced changes in the crystal structure. Although the compressibility of CsPb₂Br₅ is much higher than for CsPbBr₃, the response in optical properties is weaker because the Pb–Br layers responsible for the optical absorption are much less affected by hydrostatic pressure than those built of Cs⁺ cations. Our study clarifies the confusing data in the literature on the optical properties and thermodynamic stability of CsPb₂Br₅.

The impact of genuinely hydrostatic pressure on the structure and optical properties of pure CsPb₂Br₅ was studied for the first time on single crystals. The results provide new information about the crystal stability, photoluminescence, and optical absorption.

Integration of Highly Luminescent Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals on Transparent Lead Halide Nanowire Waveguides through Morphological Transformation and Spontaneous Growth in Water

The integration of highly luminescent CsPbBr₃ quantum dots on nanowire waveguides has enormous potential applications in nanophotonics, optical sensing, and quantum communications. On the other hand, CsPb₂ Br₅ nanowires have also attracted a lot of attention due to their unique water stability and controversial luminescent property. Here, the growth of CsPbBr₃ nanocrystals on CsPb₂ Br₅ nanowires is reported first by simply immersing CsPbBr₃ powder into pure water, CsPbBr_{3- γ}  X_γ (X = Cl, I) nanocrystals on CsPb₂ Br_{5 -γ}  X_γ nanowires are then synthesized for tunable light sources. Systematic structure and morphology studies, including in situ monitoring, reveal that CsPbBr₃ powder is first converted to CsPb₂ Br₅ microplatelets in water, followed by morphological transformation from CsPb₂ Br₅ microplatelets to nanowires, which is a kinetic dissolution-recrystallization process controlled by electrolytic dissociation and supersaturation of CsPb₂ Br₅ . CsPbBr₃ nanocrystals are spontaneously formed on CsPb₂ Br₅ nanowires when nanowires are collected from the aqueous solution. Raman spectroscopy, combined photoluminescence, and SEM imaging confirm that the bright emission originates from CsPbBr_{3 -γ}  X_γ nanocrystals while CsPb₂ Br_{5 -γ}  X_γ nanowires are transparent waveguides. The intimate integration of nanoscale light sources with a nanowire waveguide is demonstrated through the observation of the wave guiding of light from nanocrystals and Fabry-Perot interference modes of the nanowire cavity.

Water-Triggered Transformation of Ligand-Free Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal-Embedded Pb(OH)Br with Ultrahigh Stability

Lead halide perovskite (LHP) nanomaterials have attracted tremendous attention owing to their remarkable optoelectronic properties. However, they are extremely unstable under moist environments, high temperatures, and light illumination due to their intrinsic structural lability, which has been the critical unsolved problem for practical applications. To address this issue, we propose a facile and environmentally friendly ligand-free approach to design and synthesize rod-like CsPb₂Br₅-embedded Pb(OH)Br with excellent stability under various harsh environments such as soaking in water, heating, and ultraviolet (UV) illumination. Plate-like CsPbBr₃- and Cs₄PbBr₆-embedded Pb(OH)Br powders are first formed by evaporating the solvent in a dispersion of ethanol (or methanol, isopropanol), Cs₂CO₃, and PbBr₂. Upon soaking in water, the plate-like sample undergoes phase transformation from CsPbBr₃ and Cs₄PbBr₆ to CsPb₂Br₅ and shape conversion from nanoplate to a microrod, leading to the formation of rod-like CsPb₂Br₅-embedded Pb(OH)Br. The stable Pb(OH)Br coating effectively prevents the luminescent CsPb₂Br₅ nanocrystals from reacting with water, leading to extremely high aqueous stability of the CsPb₂Br₅-embedded Pb(OH)Br. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity of the representative CsPb₂Br₅-embedded Pb(OH)Br sample can maintain 92.2% of the initial PL intensity value even after soaking in room-temperature water for 165 days; in the meantime, the phase and shape are preserved. The typical sample also shows outstanding stability under hot water, UV illumination, and annealing conditions. The ultrahigh aqueous stability, thermal stability, and photostability of the CsPb₂Br₅-embedded Pb(OH)Br nanomaterials suggest an effective, facile, and environmentally friendly technique to grow perovskite-based nanomaterials for promising practical applications in the optoelectronic field.

Defect Origin of Emission in CsCu2I3 and Pressure-Induced Anomalous Enhancement

Lead-free metal halide perovskites CsCu₂X₃ (X = Cl, Br, I) with a high photoluminescence quantum yield are promising materials for optoelectronic devices. However, the origin of photoluminescence (PL) emission is still under debate, and the anomalous dependence of PL on pressure is unclear. Here, we systemically study the effects of high pressure on the structural, electronic, and optical properties of CsCu₂I₃ using a diamond anvil cell (DAC) and first-principles calculations. We argue that the ground state structure of CsCu₂I₃ belongs to the pnma phase rather than the cmcm phase under ambient conditions. There is a structural phase transition from the pnma to the cmcm phase for CsCu₂I₃ at ∼5 GPa. The optical band gap derivative from absorption spectra increases from 3.57 to 3.62 eV within a pressure range of 0 to 4.03 GPa, and it then decreases over 4.03 GPa. There are two major PL emissions peaks at 2.11 and 2.32 eV, which are attributed to the intrinsic defect related trap states in CsCu₂I₃. Interestingly, there is an anomalous dependence of both PL emissions on pressure, such that PL peaks show a blueshift and the PL intensity is enhanced from 0 to ∼4 GPa, with redshifting and decreasing at pressures above ∼4 GPa. The anomalous evolution of the two PL emissions also suggests a defect origin of emissions.

Recent progress of zero-dimensional luminescent metal halides

This review provides in-depth insight into the structure–luminescence–application relationship of 0D all-inorganic/organic–inorganic hybrid metal halide luminescent materials.

In Situ Growth of 3D/2D (CsPbBr3/CsPb2Br5) Perovskite Heterojunctions toward Optoelectronic Devices

Two-dimensional (2D) CsPb₂Br₅ exhibits intriguing functions in enhancing the performance of optoelectronic devices in terms of environmental stability and luminescence properties when composited with other perovskites in different dimensionalities. We built a type I three-dimensional (3D) CsPbBr₃/2D CsPb₂Br₅ heterojunction through phase transition where CsPbBr₃ quantum dots in situ grew into 2D CsPb₂Br₅. A thorough growth mechanism study in combination with excited state dynamic investigations via femtosecond spectroscopy and first-principles calculations revealed that the type I hierarchy enhanced the stability of the heterojunction and spurred its luminous quantum yield by prolonging the lifetime of photogenerated carriers. Mixing the heterojunction with other phosphors yielded white-light-emitting diodes with a color rendering index of 94%. The work thus not only offered one new avenue for building heterojunctions by using the "soft crystal" nature of perovskites but also disentangled the enhanced luminescence mechanism of the heterojunction that can be harnessed for promising applications in the luminescence and display fields.

Versatile vapor phase deposition approach to cesium tin bromide materials CsSnBr3, CsSn2Br5 and Cs2SnBr6

We report on the successful application of RF-magnetron sputtering to deposit, by using a single type of target, three different materials in the form of thin films within the Cs-Sn-Br compositional range, namely, CsSnBr₃, CsSn₂Br₅ and Cs₂SnBr₆. It is shown that, by playing with the deposition parameters and post-deposition treatments, it is possible to stabilize these three perovskites or perovskite related compounds by exploiting the versatility of vapor phase deposition. Full characterization in terms of crystal structure, optical properties and morphology is reported. The power of vapor phase methods in growing all-inorganic materials of interest for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications is demonstrated here, indicating the advantageous use of sputtering for these complex materials.