1
|
Rojas-Gatjens E, Yallum KM, Shi Y, Zheng Y, Bills T, Perini CAR, Correa-Baena JP, Ginger DS, Banerji N, Silva-Acuña C. Resolving Nonlinear Recombination Dynamics in Semiconductors via Ultrafast Excitation Correlation Spectroscopy: Photoluminescence versus Photocurrent Detection. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:15969-15977. [PMID: 37609378 PMCID: PMC10440815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c04755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
We explore the application of excitation correlation spectroscopy to detect nonlinear photophysical dynamics in two distinct semiconductor classes through time-integrated photoluminescence and photocurrent measurements. In this experiment, two variably delayed femtosecond pulses excite the semiconductor, and the time-integrated photoluminescence or photocurrent component arising from the nonlinear dynamics of the populations induced by each pulse is measured as a function of inter-pulse delay by phase-sensitive detection with a lock-in amplifier. We focus on two limiting materials systems with contrasting optical properties: a prototypical lead-halide perovskite (LHP) solar cell, in which primary photoexcitations are charge photocarriers, and a single-component organic-semiconductor diode, which features Frenkel excitons as primary photoexcitations. The photoexcitation dynamics perceived by the two detection schemes in these contrasting systems are distinct. Nonlinear-dynamic contributions in the photoluminescence detection scheme arise from contributions to radiative recombination in both materials systems, while photocurrent arises directly in the LHP but indirectly following exciton dissociation in the organic system. Consequently, the basic photophysics of the two systems are reflected differently when comparing measurements with the two detection schemes. Our results indicate that photoluminescence detection in the LHP system provides valuable information about trap-assisted and Auger recombination processes, but that these processes are convoluted in a nontrivial way in the photocurrent response and are therefore difficult to differentiate. In contrast, the organic-semiconductor system exhibits more directly correlated responses in the nonlinear photoluminescence and photocurrent measurements, as charge carriers are secondary excitations only generated through exciton dissociation processes. We propose that bimolecular annihilation pathways mainly contribute to the generation of charge carriers in single-component organic semiconductor devices. Overall, our work highlights the utility of excitation correlation spectroscopy in modern semiconductor materials research, particularly in the analysis of nonlinear photophysical processes, which are deterministic for their electronic and optical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Rojas-Gatjens
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kaila M. Yallum
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Yangwei Shi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Molecular
Engineering & Sciences Institute, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yulong Zheng
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Tyler Bills
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Carlo A. R. Perini
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - David S. Ginger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Natalie Banerji
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Silva-Acuña
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of
Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin H, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Lin KT, Wen X, Liang Y, Fu Y, Lau AKT, Ma T, Qiu CW, Jia B. Engineering van der Waals Materials for Advanced Metaphotonics. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15204-15355. [PMID: 35749269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The outstanding chemical and physical properties of 2D materials, together with their atomically thin nature, make them ideal candidates for metaphotonic device integration and construction, which requires deep subwavelength light-matter interaction to achieve optical functionalities beyond conventional optical phenomena observed in naturally available materials. In addition to their intrinsic properties, the possibility to further manipulate the properties of 2D materials via chemical or physical engineering dramatically enhances their capability, evoking new science on light-matter interaction, leading to leaped performance of existing functional devices and giving birth to new metaphotonic devices that were unattainable previously. Comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic properties of 2D materials, approaches and capabilities for chemical and physical engineering methods, the resulting property modifications and novel functionalities, and applications of metaphotonic devices are provided in this review. Through reviewing the detailed progress in each aspect and the state-of-the-art achievement, insightful analyses of the outstanding challenges and future directions are elucidated in this cross-disciplinary comprehensive review with the aim to provide an overall development picture in the field of 2D material metaphotonics and promote rapid progress in this fast emerging and prosperous field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training, Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Zhenfang Zhang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Keng-Te Lin
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Xiaoming Wen
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Yao Liang
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Yang Fu
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Alan Kin Tak Lau
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Tianyi Ma
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Baohua Jia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training, Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.,Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ouyang Z, Zhou N, McNamee M, Yan L, Williams OF, Gan Z, Gao R, You W, Moran AM. Origin of Layered Perovskite Device Efficiencies Revealed by Multidimensional Time-of-Flight Spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 156:084202. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0072976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Ouyang
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Ninghao Zhou
- Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Meredith McNamee
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Liang Yan
- Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | | | - Zijian Gan
- University of Science and Technology of China School of Chemistry and Materials Science, China
| | - Ran Gao
- Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Chemistry, United States of America
| | - Wei You
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Andrew M Moran
- Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ouyang Z, Zhou N, McNamee MG, Yan L, Williams OF, You W, Moran AM. Multidimensional time-of-flight spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:220901. [PMID: 34241190 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental methods based on a wide range of physical principles are used to determine carrier mobilities for light-harvesting materials in photovoltaic cells. For example, in a time-of-flight experiment, a single laser pulse photoexcites the active layer of a device, and the transit time is determined by the arrival of carriers at an acceptor electrode. With inspiration from this conventional approach, we present a multidimensional time-of-flight technique in which carrier transport is tracked with a second intervening laser pulse. Transient populations of separate material components of an active layer may then be established by tuning the wavelengths of the laser pulses into their respective electronic resonances. This experimental technique is demonstrated using photovoltaic cells based on mixtures of organohalide perovskite quantum wells. In these "layered perovskite" systems, charge carriers are funneled between quantum wells with different thicknesses because of staggered band alignments. Multidimensional time-of-flight measurements show that these funneling processes do not support long-range transport because of carrier trapping. Rather, our data suggest that the photocurrent is dominated by processes in which the phases of the thickest quantum wells absorb light and transport carriers without transitions into domains occupied by quantum wells with smaller sizes. These same conclusions cannot be drawn using conventional one-dimensional techniques for measuring carrier mobilities. Advantages and disadvantages of multidimensional time-of-flight experiments are discussed in the context of a model for the signal generation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ninghao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Meredith G McNamee
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Olivia F Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Andrew M Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou N, Ouyang Z, Yan L, McNamee MG, You W, Moran AM. Elucidation of Quantum-Well-Specific Carrier Mobilities in Layered Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1116-1123. [PMID: 33475365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Layered organohalide perovskite films consist of quantum wells with concentration distributions tailored to enhance long-range charge transport. Whereas cascaded energy and charge funneling behaviors have been detected with conventional optical spectroscopies, it is not clear that such dynamics contribute to the efficiencies of photovoltaic cells. In this Letter, we use nonlinear photocurrent spectroscopy to selectively target charge transport processes within devices based on layered perovskite quantum wells. The photocurrent induced by a pair of laser pulses is directly measured in this "action" spectroscopy to remove ambiguities in signal interpretation. By varying the external bias, we determine carrier mobilities for quantum-well-specific trajectories taken through the active layers of the devices. The results suggest that the largest quantum wells are primarily responsible for photocurrent production, whereas the smallest quantum wells trap charge carriers and are a major source of energy loss in photovoltaic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ninghao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zhenyu Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Meredith G McNamee
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew M Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ouyang Z, Zhou N, Hu J, Williams OF, Yan L, You W, Moran AM. Nonlinear fluorescence spectroscopy of layered perovskite quantum wells. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:134202. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0021759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ninghao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Olivia F. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Andrew M. Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou N, Ouyang Z, Hu J, Williams OF, Yan L, You W, Moran AM. Distinguishing Energy- and Charge-Transfer Processes in Layered Perovskite Quantum Wells with Two-Dimensional Action Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4570-4577. [PMID: 32428411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interest in photovoltaic devices based on layered perovskites is motivated by their tunable optoelectronic properties and stabilities in humid conditions. In these systems, quantum wells with different sizes are organized to direct energy and charge transport between electrodes; however, these relaxation mechanisms are difficult to distinguish based on conventional transient absorption techniques. Here, two-dimensional "action spectroscopies" are employed to separately target processes that lead to the production of photocurrent and energy loss due to fluorescence emission. These measurements show that energy transfer between quantum wells dominates the subnanosecond time scale, whereas electron transfer occurs at later times. Overall, this study suggests that while the intense exciton transitions promote light harvesting, much of the absorbed energy is lost by way of spontaneous emission. This limitation may be overcome with alternate layered perovskite systems that combine smaller exciton binding energies with large absorbance cross sections in the visible spectral range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ninghao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zhenyu Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Olivia F Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew M Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|