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Zhan H, Liu J, Fang Q, Huang Y, Chen X, Ni Y, Zhou L, Chen Z. Combining Fast Pure Shift NMR and GEMSTONE-Based Selective TOCSY for Efficient NMR Analysis of Complex Systems. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39115999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
As one of the commonly used intact detection techniques, liquid NMR spectroscopy offers unparalleled insights into the chemical environments, structures, and dynamics of molecules. However, it generally encounters the challenges of crowded or even overlapped spectra, especially when probing complex sample systems containing numerous components and complicated molecular structures. Herein, we exploit a general NMR protocol for efficient NMR analysis of complex systems by combining fast pure shift NMR and GEMSTONE-based selective TOCSY. First, this protocol enables ultrahigh-selective observation on the coupling networks that are totally correlated with targeted resonances or components, even where they are situated in severely overlapped spectral regions. Second, pure shift simplification is introduced to enhance the spectral resolution and further resolve the subspectra containing spectral congestion, thus facilitating the dissection of overlapped spectra. Additionally, sparse sampling accompanied by spectral reconstruction is adopted to significantly accelerate acquisition and improve spectral quality. The advantages of this protocol were demonstrated on different complex sample systems, including a challenging compound of estradiol, a mixture of sucrose and d-glucose, and natural grape juice, verifying its feasibility and power, and boosting the potential application landscapes in various chemical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Zhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and Instrument, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and Instrument, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Qiyuan Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and Instrument, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and Instrument, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yang Ni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and Instrument, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Lingling Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and Instrument, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Zhan H, Liu J, Fang Q, Chen X, Ni Y, Zhou L. Fast Pure Shift NMR Spectroscopy Using Attention-Assisted Deep Neural Network. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309810. [PMID: 38840448 PMCID: PMC11304274 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Pure shift NMR spectroscopy enables the robust probing on molecular structure and dynamics, benefiting from great resolution enhancements. Despite extensive application landscapes in various branches of chemistry, the long experimental times induced by the additional time dimension generally hinder its further developments and practical deployments, especially for multi-dimensional pure shift NMR. Herein, this study proposes and implements the fast, reliable, and robust reconstruction for accelerated pure shift NMR spectroscopy with lightweight attention-assisted deep neural network. This deep learning protocol allows one to regain high-resolution signals and suppress undersampling artifacts, as well as furnish high-fidelity signal intensities along with the accelerated pure shift acquisition, benefitting from the introduction of the attention mechanism to highlight the spectral feature and information of interest. Extensive results of simulated and experimental NMR data demonstrate that this attention-assisted deep learning protocol enables the effective recovery of weak signals that are almost drown in the serious undersampling artifacts, and the distinction and recognition of close chemical shifts even though using merely 5.4% data, highlighting its huge potentials on fast pure shift NMR spectroscopy. As a result, this study affords a promising paradigm for the AI-assisted NMR protocols toward broader applications in chemistry, biology, materials, and life sciences, and among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Zhan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringAnhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and InstrumentAnhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision InstrumentSchool of Instrument Science and Opto‐electronics EngineeringHefei University of TechnologyHefei230009China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringAnhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and InstrumentAnhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision InstrumentSchool of Instrument Science and Opto‐electronics EngineeringHefei University of TechnologyHefei230009China
| | - Qiyuan Fang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringAnhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and InstrumentAnhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision InstrumentSchool of Instrument Science and Opto‐electronics EngineeringHefei University of TechnologyHefei230009China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringAnhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and InstrumentAnhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision InstrumentSchool of Instrument Science and Opto‐electronics EngineeringHefei University of TechnologyHefei230009China
| | - Yang Ni
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringAnhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and InstrumentAnhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision InstrumentSchool of Instrument Science and Opto‐electronics EngineeringHefei University of TechnologyHefei230009China
| | - Lingling Zhou
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringAnhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and InstrumentAnhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision InstrumentSchool of Instrument Science and Opto‐electronics EngineeringHefei University of TechnologyHefei230009China
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Zhan H, Chen Y, Cui Y, Zeng Y, Feng X, Tan C, Huang C, Lin E, Huang Y, Chen Z. Pure-Shift-Based Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for High-Resolution Studies of Biological Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4698. [PMID: 38731917 PMCID: PMC11083948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) presents a powerful tool for revealing molecular-level metabolite information, complementary to the anatomical insight delivered by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), thus playing a significant role in in vivo/in vitro biological studies. However, its further applications are generally confined by spectral congestion caused by numerous biological metabolites contained within the limited proton frequency range. Herein, we propose a pure-shift-based 1H localized MRS method as a proof of concept for high-resolution studies of biological samples. Benefitting from the spectral simplification from multiplets to singlet peaks, this method addresses the challenge of spectral congestion encountered in conventional MRS experiments and facilitates metabolite analysis from crowded NMR resonances. The performance of the proposed pure-shift 1H MRS method is demonstrated on different kinds of samples, including brain metabolite phantom and in vitro biological samples of intact pig brain tissue and grape tissue, using a 7.0 T animal MRI scanner. This proposed MRS method is readily implemented in common commercial NMR/MRI instruments because of its generally adopted pulse-sequence modules. Therefore, this study takes a meaningful step for MRS studies toward potential applications in metabolite analysis and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Zhan
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and Instrument, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yulei Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yinping Cui
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yunsong Zeng
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaozhen Feng
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chunhua Tan
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chengda Huang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Enping Lin
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Zhan H, Liu J, Fang Q, Chen X, Hu L. Accelerated Pure Shift NMR Spectroscopy with Deep Learning. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1515-1521. [PMID: 38232235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Pure shift nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy presents a promising solution to provide sufficient spectral resolution and has been increasingly applied in various branches of chemistry, but the optimal resolution is generally accompanied by long experimental times. We present a proof of concept of deep learning for fast, high-quality, and reliable pure shift NMR reconstruction. The deep learning (DL) protocol allows one to eliminate undersampling artifacts, distinguish peaks with close chemical shifts, and reconstruct high-resolution pure shift NMR spectroscopy along with accelerated acquisition. More meaningfully, the lightweight neural network delivers satisfactory reconstruction performance on personal computers by several hundred simulated data learning, which somewhat lifts the prohibiting demand for a large volume of real training samples and advanced computing hardware generally required in DL projects. Additionally, an M-to-S strategy applicable to common DL cases is further exploited to boost the network generalization capability. As a result, this study takes a meaningful step toward deep learning protocols for broad chemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Zhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Qiyuan Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Liangliang Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Theillet FX, Luchinat E. In-cell NMR: Why and how? PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 132-133:1-112. [PMID: 36496255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has been applied to cells and tissues analysis since its beginnings, as early as 1950. We have attempted to gather here in a didactic fashion the broad diversity of data and ideas that emerged from NMR investigations on living cells. Covering a large proportion of the periodic table, NMR spectroscopy permits scrutiny of a great variety of atomic nuclei in all living organisms non-invasively. It has thus provided quantitative information on cellular atoms and their chemical environment, dynamics, or interactions. We will show that NMR studies have generated valuable knowledge on a vast array of cellular molecules and events, from water, salts, metabolites, cell walls, proteins, nucleic acids, drugs and drug targets, to pH, redox equilibria and chemical reactions. The characterization of such a multitude of objects at the atomic scale has thus shaped our mental representation of cellular life at multiple levels, together with major techniques like mass-spectrometry or microscopies. NMR studies on cells has accompanied the developments of MRI and metabolomics, and various subfields have flourished, coined with appealing names: fluxomics, foodomics, MRI and MRS (i.e. imaging and localized spectroscopy of living tissues, respectively), whole-cell NMR, on-cell ligand-based NMR, systems NMR, cellular structural biology, in-cell NMR… All these have not grown separately, but rather by reinforcing each other like a braided trunk. Hence, we try here to provide an analytical account of a large ensemble of intricately linked approaches, whose integration has been and will be key to their success. We present extensive overviews, firstly on the various types of information provided by NMR in a cellular environment (the "why", oriented towards a broad readership), and secondly on the employed NMR techniques and setups (the "how", where we discuss the past, current and future methods). Each subsection is constructed as a historical anthology, showing how the intrinsic properties of NMR spectroscopy and its developments structured the accessible knowledge on cellular phenomena. Using this systematic approach, we sought i) to make this review accessible to the broadest audience and ii) to highlight some early techniques that may find renewed interest. Finally, we present a brief discussion on what may be potential and desirable developments in the context of integrative studies in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Xavier Theillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy; CERM - Magnetic Resonance Center, and Neurofarba Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Abstract
In-cell structural biology aims at extracting structural information about proteins or nucleic acids in their native, cellular environment. This emerging field holds great promise and is already providing new facts and outlooks of interest at both fundamental and applied levels. NMR spectroscopy has important contributions on this stage: It brings information on a broad variety of nuclei at the atomic scale, which ensures its great versatility and uniqueness. Here, we detail the methods, the fundamental knowledge, and the applications in biomedical engineering related to in-cell structural biology by NMR. We finally propose a brief overview of the main other techniques in the field (EPR, smFRET, cryo-ET, etc.) to draw some advisable developments for in-cell NMR. In the era of large-scale screenings and deep learning, both accurate and qualitative experimental evidence are as essential as ever to understand the interior life of cells. In-cell structural biology by NMR spectroscopy can generate such a knowledge, and it does so at the atomic scale. This review is meant to deliver comprehensive but accessible information, with advanced technical details and reflections on the methods, the nature of the results, and the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Xavier Theillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Zhan H, Huang Y, Wang X, Shih TM, Chen Z. Highly Efficient Determination of Complex NMR Multiplet Structures in Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2419-2423. [PMID: 33395270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proton-proton scalar (J) coupling plays an important role in disentangling molecular structures and spatial conformations. But it is challenging to extract J coupling networks from congested 1H NMR spectra, especially in inhomogeneous magnetic fields. Herein, we propose a general liquid NMR protocol, named HR-G-SERF, to implement highly efficient determination of individual J couplings and corresponding coupling networks via simultaneously suppressing effects of spectral congestions and magnetic field inhomogeneity. This method records full-resolved 2D absorption-mode spectra to deliver great convenience for multipet analyses on complex samples. More meaningfully, it is capable of disentangling multiplet structures of biological samples, that is, grape sarcocarp, despite of its heterogeneous semisolid state and extensive compositions. In addition, a modification, named AH-G-SERF, is developed to compress experimental acquisition and subsequently improve unit-time SNR, while maintaining satisfactory spectral performance. This accelerated variant may further boost the applicability for rapid NMR detections and afford the possibility of adopting hyperpolarized substances to enhance the overall sensitivity. Therefore, this study provides a promising tool for molecular structure elucidations and composition analyses in chemistry, biochemistry, and metabonomics among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Zhan
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Siming South Road 422, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Siming South Road 422, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinchang Wang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Siming South Road 422, Xiamen, China
| | - Tien-Mo Shih
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Siming South Road 422, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Siming South Road 422, Xiamen, China
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Zhan H, Hao M, Feng Y, Cao S, Ni Z, Huang Y, Chen Z. Diffusion Analysis on Complex Mixtures under Adverse Magnetic Field Conditions by Spatially-Selective Pure Shift-Based DOSY. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1073-1080. [PMID: 33471531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) serves as a noninvasive spectroscopic method for studying intact mixtures and identifying individual components present in mixtures according to their diffusion behaviors. However, DOSY techniques generally fail to discriminate complex compositions which exhibit crowded or overlapped NMR signals, particularly under adverse magnetic field conditions. Herein, we exploit the spatially selective pure shift-based DOSY strategy to address this challenge by eliminating inhomogeneous line broadenings and extracting pure shift singlets, thereby expediting diffusion analyses on complex mixtures. More importantly, this strategy is further applied to observing and analyzing electro-oxidation processes of blended alcohols, suggesting its potential to monitoring in situ electrochemical reactions. This study demonstrates a meaningful NMR trial for diffusion analysis on complex mixtures under adverse experimental circumstances, and particularly, it provides a proof-of-concept technique for electrochemical studies and shows promising prospects for applications in chemistry, biology, energy, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Zhan
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mengyou Hao
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuohui Cao
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhikai Ni
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Inverse or direct detect experiments and probes: Which are “best” for in-vivo NMR research of 13C enriched organisms? Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1138:168-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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