Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Down-Regulated Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis in the Large-Duct Type Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

O-GlcNAcylation Facilitates the Interaction between Keratin 18 and Isocitrate Dehydrogenases and Potentially Influencing Cholangiocarcinoma Progression

Glycosylation plays a pivotal role in the intricate landscape of human cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), actively participating in key pathophysiological processes driving tumor progression. Among the various glycosylation modifications, O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) emerges as a dynamic regulator influencing diverse tumor-associated biological activities. In this study, we employed a state-of-the-art chemical proteomic approach to analyze intact glycopeptides, unveiling the critical role of O-GlcNAcylation in orchestrating Keratin 18 (K18) and its interplay with tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes, specifically isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs), to propel CCA progression. Our findings shed light on the mechanistic intricacies of O-GlcNAcylation, revealing that site-specific modification of K18 on Ser 30 serves as a stabilizing factor, amplifying the expression of cell cycle checkpoints. This molecular event intricately fosters cell cycle progression and augments cellular growth in CCA. Notably, the interaction between O-GlcNAcylated K18 and IDHs orchestrates metabolic reprogramming by down-regulating citrate and isocitrate levels while elevating α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). These metabolic shifts further contribute to the overall tumorigenic potential of CCA. Our study thus expands the current understanding of protein O-GlcNAcylation and introduces a new layer of complexity to post-translational control over metabolism and tumorigenesis.

Triosephosphate isomerase 1 may be a risk predictor in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a multi-centered study integrating bulk RNA, single-cell RNA, and protein immunohistochemistry

BACKGROUND

Although great progress has been made in anti-cancer therapy, the prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) patients remains unsatisfied. Quantities of studies demonstrate that glycolytic reprograming is essential for the progression of cancers, where triosephosphate isomerase 1 (TPI1) serves as a catalytic enzyme. However, the clinicopathological significance and potential biological functions of TPI1 underlying LSCC remains obscure.

METHODS

We collected in-house 82 LSCC tissue specimens and 56 non-tumor tissue specimens. Tissue microarrays (TMA) and immunohistochemical (IHC) experiments were performed. External LSCC microarrays and bulk RNA sequencing data were integrated to evaluate the expression of TPI1. We used a log-rank test and the CIBERSORT algorithm to assess the prognostic value of TPI1 and its association with the LSCC microenvironment. Malignant laryngeal epithelial cells and immune-stromal cells were identified using inferCNV and CellTypist. We conducted a comprehensive analysis to elucidate the molecular functions of TPI1 in LSCC tissue and single cells using Pearson correlation analysis, high dimensional weighted gene co-expression analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) screen. We explored intercellular communication patterns between LSCC single cells and immune-stromal cells and predicted several therapeutic agents targeting TPI1.

RESULTS

Based on the in-house TMA and IHC analysis, TPI1 protein was found to have a strong positive expression in the nucleus of LSCC cells but only weakly positive activity in the cytoplasm of normal laryngeal cells (p < 0.0001). Further confirmation of elevated TPI1 mRNA expression was obtained from external datasets, comparing 251 LSCC tissue samples to 136 non-LSCC tissue samples (standardized mean difference = 1.06). The upregulated TPI1 mRNA demonstrated a high discriminative ability between LSCC and non-LSCC tissue (area under the curve = 0.91; sensitivity = 0.87; specificity = 0.79), suggesting its potential as a predictive marker for poor prognosis (p = 0.037). Lower infiltration abundance was found for plasma cells, naïve B cells, monocytes, and neutrophils in TPI-high expression LSCC tissue. Glycolysis and cell cycle were significantly enriched pathways for both LSCC tissue and single cells, where heat shock protein family B member 1, TPI1, and enolase 1 occupied a central position. Four outgoing communication patterns and two incoming communication patterns were identified from the intercellular communication networks. TPI1 was predicted as an oncogene in LSCC, with CRISPR scores less than -1 across 71.43% of the LSCC cell lines. TPI1 was positively correlated with the half maximal inhibitory concentration of gemcitabine and cladribine.

CONCLUSIONS

TPI1 is dramatically overexpressed in LSCC than in normal tissue, and the high expression of TPI1 may promote LSCC deterioration through its metabolic and non-metabolic functions. This study contributes to advancing our knowledge of LSCC pathogenesis and may have implications for the development of targeted therapies in the future.