1
|
Proteomic Discovery and Validation of Novel Fluid Biomarkers for Improved Patient Selection and Prediction of Clinical Outcomes in Alzheimer’s Disease Patient Cohorts. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10030026. [PMID: 35997438 PMCID: PMC9397030 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline. The two cardinal neuropathological hallmarks of AD include the buildup of cerebral β amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau. The current disease-modifying treatments are still not effective enough to lower the rate of cognitive decline. There is an urgent need to identify early detection and disease progression biomarkers that can facilitate AD drug development. The current established readouts based on the expression levels of amyloid beta, tau, and phospho-tau have shown many discrepancies in patient samples when linked to disease progression. There is an urgent need to identify diagnostic and disease progression biomarkers from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or other biofluids that can facilitate the early detection of the disease and provide pharmacodynamic readouts for new drugs being tested in clinical trials. Advances in proteomic approaches using state-of-the-art mass spectrometry are now being increasingly applied to study AD disease mechanisms and identify drug targets and novel disease biomarkers. In this report, we describe the application of quantitative proteomic approaches for understanding AD pathophysiology, summarize the current knowledge gained from proteomic investigations of AD, and discuss the development and validation of new predictive and diagnostic disease biomarkers.
Collapse
|
2
|
Analyzing microglial-associated Aβ in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice with a novel mid-domain Aβ-antibody. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10590. [PMID: 32601313 PMCID: PMC7324359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of amyloid-β (Aβ)-degradation and clearance in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis have been relatively little studied. Short Aβ-fragments form by enzymatic cleavage and alternate amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP)-processing. Here we characterized a novel polyclonal Aβ-antibody raised against an Aβ mid-domain and used it to investigate microglial Aβ-uptake in situ by microscopy at the light- and ultrastructural levels. The rabbit Aβ-mid-domain antibody (ab338), raised against the mid-domain amino acids 21-34 (Aβ21-34), was characterized with biochemical and histological techniques. To identify the epitope in Aβ recognized by ab338, solid phase and solution binding data were compared with peptide folding scores as calculated with the Tango software. The ab338 antibody displayed high average affinity (KD: 6.2 × 10-10 M) and showed preference for C-terminal truncated Aβ-peptides ending at amino acid 34 and Aβ-mid domain peptides with high scores of β-turn structure. In transgenic APP-mouse brain, ab338 labelled amyloid plaques and detected Aβ-fragments in microglia at the ultra- and light microscopic levels. This reinforces a role of microglia/macrophages in Aβ-clearance in vivo. The ab338 antibody might be a valuable tool to study Aβ-clearance by microglial uptake and Aβ-mid-domain peptides generated by enzymatic degradation and alternate production.
Collapse
|
3
|
Spodzieja M, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Szymanska A. Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Techniques in the Diagnosis of Amyloidosis. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:104-120. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171003113019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidoses are a group of diseases caused by the extracellular deposition of proteins forming amyloid fibrils. The amyloidosis is classified according to the main protein or peptide that constitutes the amyloid fibrils. The most effective methods for the diagnosis of amyloidosis are based on mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry enables confirmation of the identity of the protein precursor of amyloid fibrils in biological samples with very high sensitivity and specificity, which is crucial for proper amyloid typing. Due to the fact that biological samples are very complex, mass spectrometry is usually connected with techniques such as liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis, which enable the separation of proteins before MS analysis. Therefore mass spectrometry constitutes an important part of the so called “hyphenated techniques” combining, preferentially in-line, different analytical methods to provide comprehensive information about the studied problem. Hyphenated methods are very useful in the discovery of biomarkers in different types of amyloidosis. In systemic forms of amyloidosis, the analysis of aggregated proteins is usually performed based on the tissues obtained during a biopsy of an affected organ or a subcutaneous adipose tissue. In some cases, when the diagnostic biopsy is not possible due to the fact that amyloid fibrils are formed in organs like the brain (Alzheimer’s disease), the study of biomarkers presented in body fluids can be carried out. Currently, large-scale studies are performed to find and validate more effective biomarkers, which can be used in diagnostic procedures. We would like to present the methods connected with mass spectrometry which are used in the diagnosis of amyloidosis based on the analysis of proteins occurring in tissues, blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Spodzieja
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Rodziewicz-Motowidło
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aneta Szymanska
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Grasso G. Mass spectrometry is a multifaceted weapon to be used in the battle against Alzheimer's disease: Amyloid beta peptides and beyond. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:34-48. [PMID: 29905953 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) accumulation and aggregation have been considered for many years the main cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and therefore have been the principal target of investigation as well as of the proposed therapeutic approaches (Grasso [2011] Mass Spectrom Rev. 30: 347-365). However, the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which considers Aβ accumulation the only causative agent of the disease, has proven to be incomplete if not wrong. In recent years, actors such as metal ions, oxidative stress, and other cofactors have been proposed as possible co-agents or, in some cases, main causative factors of AD. In this scenario, MS investigation has proven to be fundamental to design possible diagnostic strategies of this elusive disease, as well as to understand the biomolecular mechanisms involved, in the attempt to find a possible therapeutic solution. We review the current applications of MS in the search for possible Aβ biomarkers of AD to help the diagnosis of the disease. Recent examples of the important contributions that MS has given to prove or build theories on the molecular pathways involved with such terrible disease are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pekov S, Indeykina M, Popov I, Kononikhin A, Bocharov K, Kozin SA, Makarov AA, Nikolaev E. Application of MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS for relative quantitation of α- and β-Asp7 isoforms of amyloid-β peptide. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2018; 24:141-144. [PMID: 29232976 DOI: 10.1177/1469066717730544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is known that aspartic acid isomerization process plays a role in aging processes and may be used as a marker for aging of natural materials. As for Alzheimer's disease, the most abundant modification in the peptide profile is the aspartate isomerization of amyloid-β. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry-based approaches with Collision Induced Dissociation (CID) or Electron Capture Dissociation (ECD) fragmentation provide a good and precise method for the relative quantitation of iso- to normal amyloid-β peptides but require additional time consuming steps. In this study, MALDI-TOF/TOF-matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MS) method was developed as a high-throughput approach for the relative quantitation of the isomerized form of the amyloid-β peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Pekov
- 1 65014 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , Moscow, Russia
- 2 V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Indeykina
- 2 V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- 3 Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Popov
- 1 65014 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , Moscow, Russia
- 2 V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Kononikhin
- 1 65014 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , Moscow, Russia
- 2 V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Bocharov
- 1 65014 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , Moscow, Russia
- 2 V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A Kozin
- 5 Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Makarov
- 5 Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene Nikolaev
- 2 V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- 3 Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- 4 Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Avila-Vazquez MF, Altamirano-Bustamante NF, Altamirano-Bustamante MM. Amyloid Biomarkers in Conformational Diseases at Face Value: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2017; 23:molecules23010079. [PMID: 29286329 PMCID: PMC6017595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformational diseases represent a new aspect of proteomic medicine where diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms are evolving. In this context, the early biomarkers for target cell failure (neurons, β-cells, etc.) represent a challenge to translational medicine and play a multidimensional role as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. This systematic review, which follows the PICO and Prisma methods, analyses this new-fangled multidimensionality, its strengths and limitations, and presents the future possibilities it opens up. The nuclear diagnosis methods are immunoassays: ELISA, immunodot, western blot, etc., while the therapeutic approach is focused on pharmaco- and molecular chaperones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Avila-Vazquez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City 06720, Mexico.
- Health Department, Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City 01219, Mexico.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Portelius E, Brinkmalm G, Pannee J, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Dahlén R, Brinkmalm A, Gobom J. Proteomic studies of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: an update. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:1007-1020. [PMID: 28942688 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1384697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the brain. Today there are three cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, amyloid-β consisting of 42 amino acids (Aβ42), total-tau (t-tau) and phosphorylated-tau (p-tau), which combined have sensitivity and specificity figures around 80%. However, pathological studies have shown that comorbidity is a common feature in AD and that the three currently used CSF biomarkers do not optimally reflect the activity of the disease process. Thus, additional markers are needed. Areas covered: In the present review, we screened PubMed for articles published the last five years (2012-2017) for proteomic studies in CSF with the criteria that AD had to be included as one of the diagnostic groups. Based on inclusion criteria, 28 papers were included reporting in total 224 biomarker-data that were altered in AD compared to control. Both mass spectrometry and multi-panel immunoassays were considered as proteomic studies. Expert commentary: A large number of pilot studies have been reported but so far there is a lack of replicated findings and to date no CSF biomarker discovered in proteomic studies has reached the clinic to aid in the diagnostic work-up of patients with cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Portelius
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Josef Pannee
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden.,c Department of Molecular Neuroscience , UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Rahil Dahlén
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Johan Gobom
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|