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Nguyen M, Zimmer A. A reflection on the improvement of Chinese Hamster ovary cell-based bioprocesses through advances in proteomic techniques. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108141. [PMID: 37001570 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the preferred mammalian host for the large-scale production of recombinant proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry. Research endeavors have been directed to the optimization of CHO-based bioprocesses to increase protein quantity and quality, often in an empirical manner. To provide a rationale for those achievements, a myriad of CHO proteomic studies has arisen in recent decades. This review gives an overview of significant advances in LC-MS-based proteomics and sheds light on CHO proteomic studies, with a particular focus on CHO cells with superior bioprocessing phenotypes (growth, viability, titer, productivity and cQA), that have exploited novel proteomic or sub-omic techniques. These proteomic findings expand the current knowledge and understanding about the underlying protein clusters, protein regulatory networks and biological pathways governing such phenotypic changes. The proteomic studies, highlighted herein, will help in the targeted modulation of these cell factories to the desired needs.
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2
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The potential of emerging sub-omics technologies for CHO cell engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107978. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Bryan L, Henry M, Barron N, Gallagher C, Kelly RM, Frye CC, Osborne MD, Clynes M, Meleady P. Differential expression of miRNAs and functional role of mir-200a in high and low productivity CHO cells expressing an Fc fusion protein. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1551-1563. [PMID: 34131805 PMCID: PMC8254715 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We used miRNA and proteomic profiling to understand intracellular pathways that contribute to high and low specific productivity (Qp) phenotypes in CHO clonally derived cell lines (CDCLs) from the same cell line generation project. Results Differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified which are predicted to target several proteins associated with protein folding. MiR-200a was found to have a number of predicted targets associated with the unfolded protein response (UPR) which were shown to have decreased expression in high Qp CDCLs and have no detected change at the mRNA level. MiR-200a overexpression in a CHO CDCL was found to increase recombinant protein titer by 1.2 fold and Qp by 1.8 fold. Conclusion These results may suggest a role for miR-200a in post-transcriptional regulation of the UPR, presenting miR-200a as a potential target for engineering industrially attractive CHO cell phenotypes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10529-021-03153-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bryan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Niall Barron
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Clair Gallagher
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ronan M Kelly
- Eli Lilly and Company, LTC-North, 1200 Kentucky Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46225, USA
| | - Christopher C Frye
- Eli Lilly and Company, LTC-North, 1200 Kentucky Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46225, USA
| | | | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Klingler F, Mathias S, Schneider H, Buck T, Raab N, Zeh N, Shieh YW, Pfannstiel J, Otte K. Unveiling the CHO surfaceome: Identification of cell surface proteins reveals cell aggregation-relevant mechanisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3015-3028. [PMID: 33951178 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) suspension cells are the main production hosts for biopharmaceuticals. For the improvement of production processes, it is essential to understand the interaction between CHO cells and their microenvironment. While the cellular membrane is the crucial surface barrier between the inner and outer cell compartments, the subgroup of cell surface proteins (surfaceome) is of particular interest due to its potential to react to external factors and initiate cell communication and interaction pathways. Therefore, the CHO surfaceome was explored for the first time by enriching exposed N-glycosylated membrane proteins before tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses, identifying a total of 449 surface proteins, including 34 proteins specific for production cells. Functional annotation and classification located most proteins to the cell surface belonging mainly to the protein classes of receptors, enzymes, and transporters. In addition, adhesion molecules as cadherins, integrins, Ig superfamily and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as collagens, laminins, thrombospondin, fibronectin, and tenascin were significantly enriched, which are involved in mechanisms for the formation of cell junctions, cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion as focal adhesions. As cell adhesion and aggregation counteracts scalable production of biopharmaceuticals, experimental validation confirmed differential expression of integrin β1 (ITGB1) and β3, CD44, laminin, and fibronectin on the surface of aggregation-prone CHO production cells. The subsequent modulation of the central interaction protein ITGB1 by small interfering RNA knockdown substantially counteracted cell aggregation pointing toward novel engineering routes for aggregation reduction in biopharmaceutical production cells and exemplifying the potential of the surfaceome for specified engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Klingler
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Sven Mathias
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany.,Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Helga Schneider
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Theresa Buck
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nadja Raab
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nikolas Zeh
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Yu-Wei Shieh
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Jens Pfannstiel
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
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5
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Martinez-Lopez JE, Coleman O, Meleady P, Clynes M. Transfection of miR-31* boosts oxidative phosphorylation metabolism in the mitochondria and enhances recombinant protein production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biotechnol 2021; 333:86-96. [PMID: 33940052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are increasingly being used to enhance relevant pathways of interest during CHO cell line development and to optimise biopharmaceutical production processes. Previous studies have demonstrated that genetic manipulation of microRNAs has led to the development of highly productive phenotypes by increasing cell density through modifying the cell cycle, extending the culture lifespan by delaying apoptotic mechanisms, or improving the energetic flux by targeting mitochondrial metabolism. Re-programming mitochondrial metabolism has arisen as a potential area of interest due to the potential to decrease the Warburg effect and increase cell specific productivity with significant impact on the manufacture of recombinant therapeutic proteins. In this study, we have demonstrated a role for miR-31* to enhance specific productivity in CHO cells by boosting oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. A detailed analysis of the mitochondrial metabolism revealed that miR-31* transfection increases basal oxygen consumption and spare respiratory capacity that leads to an increase in ATP production. Additionally, a proteomic analysis unveiled a number of potential targets involved in fatty acid metabolism and the TCA cycle, both implicated in mitochondrial metabolism. This data demonstrates a potential role for miR-31* to reprogramme the mitochondrial energetic metabolism and increase recombinant protein production in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus E Martinez-Lopez
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, D09 NR58, Ireland
| | - Orla Coleman
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, D09 NR58, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, D09 NR58, Ireland.
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, D09 NR58, Ireland
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Bryan L, Clynes M, Meleady P. The emerging role of cellular post-translational modifications in modulating growth and productivity of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107757. [PMID: 33895332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are one of the most commonly used host cell lines used for the production human therapeutic proteins. Much research over the past two decades has focussed on improving the growth, titre and cell specific productivity of CHO cells and in turn lowering the costs associated with production of recombinant proteins. CHO cell engineering has become of particular interest in recent years following the publication of the CHO cell genome and the availability of data relating to the proteome, transcriptome and metabolome of CHO cells. However, data relating to the cellular post-translational modification (PTMs) which can affect the functionality of CHO cellular proteins has only begun to be presented in recent years. PTMs are important to many cellular processes and can further alter proteins by increasing the complexity of proteins and their interactions. In this review, we describe the research presented from CHO cells to date related on three of the most important PTMs; glycosylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bryan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Bryan L, Henry M, Kelly RM, Lloyd M, Frye CC, Osborne MD, Clynes M, Meleady P. Global phosphoproteomic study of high/low specific productivity industrially relevant mAb producing recombinant CHO cell lines. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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8
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LC-MS/MS-based quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of CHO-K1 cells adapted to growth in glutamine-free media. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:2523-2536. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Dahodwala H, Kaushik P, Tejwani V, Kuo CC, Menard P, Henry M, Voldborg BG, Lewis NE, Meleady P, Sharfstein ST. Increased mAb production in amplified CHO cell lines is associated with increased interaction of CREB1 with transgene promoter. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 1:49-57. [PMID: 32577618 PMCID: PMC7311070 DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in biopharmaceutical processes are produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Technological advances have rendered the selection procedure for higher producers a robust protocol. However, information on molecular mechanisms that impart the property of hyper-productivity in the final selected clones is currently lacking. In this study, an IgG-producing industrial cell line and its methotrexate (MTX)-amplified progeny cell line were analyzed using transcriptomic, proteomic, phosphoproteomic, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) techniques. Computational prediction of transcription factor binding to the transgene cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter by the Transcription Element Search System and upstream regulator analysis of the differential transcriptomic data suggested increased in vivo CMV promoter-cAMP response element binding protein (CREB1) interaction in the higher producing cell line. Differential nuclear proteomic analysis detected 1.3-fold less CREB1 in the nucleus of the high productivity cell line compared with the parental cell line. However, the differential abundance of multiple CREB1 phosphopeptides suggested an increase in CREB1 activity in the higher producing cell line, which was confirmed by increased association of the CMV promotor with CREB1 in the high producer cell line. Thus, we show here that the nuclear proteome and phosphoproteome have an important role in regulating final productivity of recombinant proteins from CHO cells, and that CREB1 may play a role in transcriptional enhancement. Moreover, CREB1 phosphosites may be potential targets for cell engineering for increased productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Dahodwala
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Prashant Kaushik
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Vijay Tejwani
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Chih-Chung Kuo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Patrice Menard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Bjorn G Voldborg
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Susan T Sharfstein
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
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Schelletter L, Albaum S, Walter S, Noll T, Hoffrogge R. Clonal variations in CHO IGF signaling investigated by SILAC-based phosphoproteomics and LFQ-MS. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8127-8143. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Coleman O, Suda S, Meiller J, Henry M, Riedl M, Barron N, Clynes M, Meleady P. Increased growth rate and productivity following stable depletion of miR-7 in a mAb producing CHO cell line causes an increase in proteins associated with the Akt pathway and ribosome biogenesis. J Proteomics 2019; 195:23-32. [PMID: 30641232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell line engineering using microRNAs represents a desirable route for improving the efficiency of recombinant protein production by CHO cells. In this study we generated stable CHO DP12 cells expressing a miR-7 sponge transcript which sequesters miR-7 from its endogenous targets. Depletion of miR-7 results in a 65% increase in cell growth and >3-fold increase in yield of secreted IgG protein. Quantitative labelfree LC-MS/MS proteomic profiling was carried out to identify the targets of miR-7 and understand the functional drivers of the improved CHO cell phenotypes. Subcellular enrichment and total proteome analysis identified more than 3000 proteins per fraction resulting in over 5000 unique proteins identified per timepoint analysed. Early stage culture analysis identified 117 proteins overexpressed in miR-7 depleted cells. A subset of these proteins are involved in the Akt pathway which could be the underlying route for cell density improvement and may be exploited more specifically in the future. Late stage culture identified 160 proteins overexpressed in miR-7 depleted cells with some of these involved in ribosome biogenesis which may be causing the increased productivity through improved translational efficiency. This is the first in-depth proteomic profiling of the IgG producing CHO DP12 cell line stably depleted of miR-7. SIGNIFICANCE: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the mammalian cell expression system of choice for production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. There is much research ongoing to characterise CHO cell factories through the application of systems biology approaches that will enable a fundamental understanding of CHO cell physiology, and as a result, a better knowledge and understanding of recombinant protein production. This study profiles the proteomic effects of microRNA-7 depletion on the IgG producing CHO DP12 cell line. This is one of the very few studies that attempts to identify the functioning proteins driving improved CHO cell phenotypes resulting from microRNA manipulation. Using subcellular enrichment and total proteome analysis we identified over 5000 unique proteins in miR-7 depleted CHO cells. This work has identified a cohort of proteins involved in the Akt pathway and ribosome biogenesis. These proteins may drive improved CHO cell phenotypes and are of great interest for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Coleman
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Srinivas Suda
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Justine Meiller
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Markus Riedl
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Niall Barron
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research & Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Depletion of endogenous miRNA-378-3p increases peak cell density of CHO DP12 cells and is correlated with elevated levels of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 14. J Biotechnol 2018; 288:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Zhang H, Chingin K, Li J, Lu H, Huang K, Chen H. Selective Enrichment of Phosphopeptides and Phospholipids from Biological Matrixes on TiO2 Nanowire Arrays for Direct Molecular Characterization by Internal Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12101-12107. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Keke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
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Kaushik P, Henry M, Clynes M, Meleady P. The Expression Pattern of the Phosphoproteome Is Significantly Changed During the Growth Phases of Recombinant CHO Cell Culture. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700221. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kaushik
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology; Dublin City University; Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology; Dublin City University; Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology; Dublin City University; Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology; Dublin City University; Dublin 9 Ireland
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Murphy S, Ohlendieck K. Proteomic profiling of large myofibrillar proteins from dried and long-term stored polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 2018; 543:8-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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