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Pimentel-Filho NDJ, Fuchs S, Baracat-Pereira MC, Mantovani HC, Riedel K, Vanetti MCD. Protein expression profiling of Staphylococcus aureus in response to the bacteriocin bovicin HC5. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7857-7869. [PMID: 34554273 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alternative strategies to antibiotic treatment are required to inhibit pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteriocins, such as the lantibiotic bovicin HC5, have shown potential to control pathogens. This study aims to evaluate the stress response of S. aureus to bovicin HC5 using a proteomic approach. Sublethal concentrations of the bacteriocin repressed the synthesis of 62 cytoplasmic proteins, whereas 42 proteins were induced in S. aureus COL. Specifically, synthesis of several proteins involved in amino acid biosynthesis, mainly products of ilv-leu operon, and DNA metabolism, such as DNA polymerase I, decreased following bovicin treatment while proteins involved in catabolism, mainly tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism, and chaperones were over-expressed. The levels of CodY and CcpA, important regulators involved in the stationary phase adaptation and catabolite repression, respectively, also increased in the presence of the bacteriocin. These results indicate that stress caused by the sublethal concentration of bovicin HC5 in the cell membrane results in growth reduction, reduced protein synthesis, and, at the same time, enhanced the levels of chaperones and enzymes involved in energy-efficient catabolism in an attempt to restore energy and cell homeostasis. These results bring relevant information to amplify the knowledge concerning the bacterial physiological changes in response to the stress caused by the cell exposition to bovicin HC5. New potential targets for controlling this pathogen can also be determined from the new protein expression pattern presented. KEY POINTS: • Bovicin HC5 changed the synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins of S. aureus. • Bovicin HC5 interfered in the synthesis of proteins of amino acids biosynthesis. • Synthesis of chaperones enhanced in the presence of sublethal dosage of bovicin HC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natan de Jesus Pimentel-Filho
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil.,Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.,Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12 - SP 189, Buri, SP, 18290-000, Brazil
| | - Stephan Fuchs
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maria Cristina Baracat-Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Hilário Cuquetto Mantovani
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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Elhawy MI, Molle V, Becker SL, Bischoff M. The Low-Molecular Weight Protein Arginine Phosphatase PtpB Affects Nuclease Production, Cell Wall Integrity, and Uptake Rates of Staphylococcus aureus by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105342. [PMID: 34069497 PMCID: PMC8161221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological success of Staphylococcus aureus as a versatile pathogen in mammals is largely attributed to its virulence factor repertoire and the sophisticated regulatory network controlling this virulon. Here we demonstrate that the low-molecular-weight protein arginine phosphatase PtpB contributes to this regulatory network by affecting the growth phase-dependent transcription of the virulence factor encoding genes/operons aur, nuc, and psmα, and that of the small regulatory RNA RNAIII. Inactivation of ptpB in S. aureus SA564 also significantly decreased the capacity of the mutant to degrade extracellular DNA, to hydrolyze proteins in the extracellular milieu, and to withstand Triton X-100 induced autolysis. SA564 ΔptpB mutant cells were additionally ingested faster by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a whole blood phagocytosis assay, suggesting that PtpB contributes by several ways positively to the ability of S. aureus to evade host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ibrahem Elhawy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (M.I.E.); (S.L.B.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5235, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Sören L. Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (M.I.E.); (S.L.B.)
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (M.I.E.); (S.L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6841-1623963
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Fisher JF, Mobashery S. β-Lactams against the Fortress of the Gram-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Bacterium. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3412-3463. [PMID: 33373523 PMCID: PMC8653850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biological diversity of the unicellular bacteria-whether assessed by shape, food, metabolism, or ecological niche-surely rivals (if not exceeds) that of the multicellular eukaryotes. The relationship between bacteria whose ecological niche is the eukaryote, and the eukaryote, is often symbiosis or stasis. Some bacteria, however, seek advantage in this relationship. One of the most successful-to the disadvantage of the eukaryote-is the small (less than 1 μm diameter) and nearly spherical Staphylococcus aureus bacterium. For decades, successful clinical control of its infection has been accomplished using β-lactam antibiotics such as the penicillins and the cephalosporins. Over these same decades S. aureus has perfected resistance mechanisms against these antibiotics, which are then countered by new generations of β-lactam structure. This review addresses the current breadth of biochemical and microbiological efforts to preserve the future of the β-lactam antibiotics through a better understanding of how S. aureus protects the enzyme targets of the β-lactams, the penicillin-binding proteins. The penicillin-binding proteins are essential enzyme catalysts for the biosynthesis of the cell wall, and understanding how this cell wall is integrated into the protective cell envelope of the bacterium may identify new antibacterials and new adjuvants that preserve the efficacy of the β-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
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The Phosphoarginine Phosphatase PtpB from Staphylococcus aureus Is Involved in Bacterial Stress Adaptation during Infection. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030645. [PMID: 33799337 PMCID: PMC8001253 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus continues to be a public health threat, especially in hospital settings. Studies aimed at deciphering the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie pathogenesis, host adaptation, and virulence are required to develop effective treatment strategies. Numerous host-pathogen interactions were found to be dependent on phosphatases-mediated regulation. This study focused on the analysis of the role of the low-molecular weight phosphatase PtpB, in particular, during infection. Deletion of ptpB in S. aureus strain SA564 significantly reduced the capacity of the mutant to withstand intracellular killing by THP-1 macrophages. When injected into normoglycemic C57BL/6 mice, the SA564 ΔptpB mutant displayed markedly reduced bacterial loads in liver and kidney tissues in a murine S. aureus abscess model when compared to the wild type. We also observed that PtpB phosphatase-activity was sensitive to oxidative stress. Our quantitative transcript analyses revealed that PtpB affects the transcription of various genes involved in oxidative stress adaptation and infectivity. Thus, this study disclosed first insights into the physiological role of PtpB during host interaction allowing us to link phosphatase-dependent regulation to oxidative bacterial stress adaptation during infection.
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Ogura M. Glucose-Mediated Protein Arginine Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation Regulates ylxR Encoding Nucleoid-Associated Protein and Cell Growth in Bacillus subtilis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:590828. [PMID: 33101263 PMCID: PMC7546277 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.590828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the most favorable carbon source for many bacteria, and these bacteria have several glucose-responsive networks. We proposed new glucose responsive system, which includes protein acetylation and probable translation control through TsaEBD, which is a tRNA modification enzyme required for the synthesis of threonylcarbamoyl adenosine (t6A)-tRNA. The system also includes nucleoid-associated protein YlxR, regulating more than 400 genes including many metabolic genes and the ylxR-containing operon driven by the PylxS promoter is induced by glucose. Thus, transposon mutagenesis was performed for searching regulatory factors for PylxS expression. As a result, ywlE was identified. The McsB kinase phosphorylates arginine (Arg) residues of proteins and the YwlE phosphatase counteracts against McsB through Arg-dephosphorylation. Phosphorylated Arg has been known to function as a tag for ClpCP-dependent protein degradation. The previous analysis identified TsaD as an Arg-phosphorylated protein. Our results showed that the McsB/YwlE system regulates PylxS expression through ClpCP-mediated protein degradation of TsaD. In addition, we observed that glucose induced ywlE expression and repressed mcsB expression. It was concluded that these phenomena would cause glucose induction (GI) of PylxS, based on the Western blot analyses of TsaD-FLAG. These observations and the previous those that many glycolytic enzymes are Arg-phosphorylated suggested that the McsB/YwlE system might be involved in cell growth in glucose-containing medium. We observed that the disruption of mcsB and ywlE resulted in an increase of cell mass and delayed growth, respectively, in semi-synthetic medium. These results provide us broader insights to the physiological roles of the McsB/YwlE system and protein Arg-phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Ogura
- Institute of Oceanic Research and Development, Tokai University, Shizuoka, Japan
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Hentschker C, Maaß S, Junker S, Hecker M, Hammerschmidt S, Otto A, Becher D. Comprehensive Spectral Library from the Pathogenic Bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae with Focus on Phosphoproteins. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1435-1446. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hentschker
- Department of Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology; University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Maaß
- Department of Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology; University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sabryna Junker
- Department of Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology; University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Hecker
- Department of Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology; University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Otto
- Department of Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology; University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Department of Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology; University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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Petkowski JJ, Bains W, Seager S. Natural Products Containing 'Rare' Organophosphorus Functional Groups. Molecules 2019; 24:E866. [PMID: 30823503 PMCID: PMC6429109 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorous-containing molecules are essential constituents of all living cells. While the phosphate functional group is very common in small molecule natural products, nucleic acids, and as chemical modification in protein and peptides, phosphorous can form P⁻N (phosphoramidate), P⁻S (phosphorothioate), and P⁻C (e.g., phosphonate and phosphinate) linkages. While rare, these moieties play critical roles in many processes and in all forms of life. In this review we thoroughly categorize P⁻N, P⁻S, and P⁻C natural organophosphorus compounds. Information on biological source, biological activity, and biosynthesis is included, if known. This review also summarizes the role of phosphorylation on unusual amino acids in proteins (N- and S-phosphorylation) and reviews the natural phosphorothioate (P⁻S) and phosphoramidate (P⁻N) modifications of DNA and nucleotides with an emphasis on their role in the metabolism of the cell. We challenge the commonly held notion that nonphosphate organophosphorus functional groups are an oddity of biochemistry, with no central role in the metabolism of the cell. We postulate that the extent of utilization of some phosphorus groups by life, especially those containing P⁻N bonds, is likely severely underestimated and has been largely overlooked, mainly due to the technological limitations in their detection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz J Petkowski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - William Bains
- Rufus Scientific, 37 The Moor, Melbourn, Royston, Herts SG8 6ED, UK.
| | - Sara Seager
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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