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Imwiset KJ, Dudko V, Markus P, Papastavrou G, Breu J, Ogawa M. Forceless spontaneous delamination of high-aspect ratio fluorohectorite into monolayer nanosheets in chloroform. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6383-6386. [PMID: 38814048 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00475b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
One-dimensional dissolution of a layered compound in a nonpolar organic solvent is reported for the first time. A high-aspect ratio fluorohectorite modified with a cationic surfactant (dioctadecyldimethylammonium) showed spontaneous delamination into monolayer nanosheets in chloroform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonnart Jaa Imwiset
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand.
| | - Volodymyr Dudko
- Department of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Paul Markus
- Physical Chemistry II and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Georg Papastavrou
- Physical Chemistry II and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Department of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Makoto Ogawa
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand.
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Nakato T, Kubota M, Otsuka Y, Yane Y, Orio K, Mouri E, Yamauchi Y, Miyata H. Swelling and delamination of inorganic homoionic montmorillonite clay in water-polar organic mixed solvents. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7571-7579. [PMID: 38606499 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00192c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The smectite group of clay minerals (smectites) consists of negatively charged clay layers and interlayer exchangeable cations. They are spontaneously delaminated in water to form single clay layers when the interlayer cations are small alkaline cations such as Na+ or Li+. This phenomenon known as osmotic swelling has fundamental importance in constructing novel clay-based nanomaterials. However, osmotic swelling of smectites has not been systematically investigated in organic solvents although this phenomenon should be useful for developing novel clay-organic nanocomposites. We report herein that montmorillonite, a typical smectite, with monovalent and divalent inorganic interlayer cations shows osmotic swelling accompanied by delamination of clay layers in water-acetonitrile and water-2-propanol mixed solvents, although inorganic interlayer cations have been believed to be inappropriate for delamination of smectites in organic solvents. The delamination is confirmed by a combination of macroscopic sample appearances, XRD patterns, and SEM images. Montmorillonite with interlayer Na+ or Li+ ions shows osmotic swelling in pure water and the mixed solvents but not in pure organic solvents. Montmorillonite with alkaline earth dications in the interlayer spaces is swollen in water-organic mixed solvents but not in either pure water or organic solvents alone. Partial delamination in several systems can be clarified from SEM images even though the sample appearances and XRD patterns do not give firm evidence. Such non-uniform swelling behavior of montmorillonite is related to the disordered stacking of the aluminosilicate layers with different morphologies in the clay powders as observed by SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Nakato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan.
| | - Munehiro Kubota
- Kunimine Industries Co., Ltd, Iwaki, Fukushima 972-8312, Japan
| | - Yuki Otsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan.
| | - Yuta Yane
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan.
| | - Kosei Orio
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan.
| | - Emiko Mouri
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Hirokatsu Miyata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Yu K, Lv Y, Jiang H, Li H, Shao P, Yang L, Shi H, Ren Z, Liu C, Luo X. Integrated effect of bulk cations on nano-confined reactivity of clay-intercalated subnanoscale zero-valent iron in water-tetrahydrofuran mixtures. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131347. [PMID: 37043853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Smectite clay-intercalated subnanoscale zero-valent iron (CSZVI) exhibits superior reactivity toward contaminants due to the small iron clusters (∼0.5 nm) under nano-confinement, which however is significantly influenced by the solution chemistry e.g., various cations, of polluted soil and water. This work was undertaken to elucidate the mechanisms of solution chemistry effects on dehalogenation ability of CSZVI in water-tetrahydrofuran solution using decabromodiphenyl ether as a model contaminant. By combined spectroscopic characterization and molecular dynamics simulation, it was revealed that bulk cations, i.e., Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ collectively affected the interlayer distance, water content and Brønsted acidity of CSZVI and thus its degradation efficiency. Although causing inter-particle aggregation, Mg2+ induced optimal nano-confined interlayers at concentration of 20 mM, exhibiting a superior debromination efficiency with rate constant 9.84 times larger than that by the common nano-sized ZVI. Conversely, K+ rendered the interlayers less reactive, but protected CSZVI from corrosion loss with higher electron utilization efficiency, which was 1.7 times higher than CSZVI in presence of Mg2+. The findings provide new strategies to manipulate the reactivity of nano-confined CSZVI for effective wastewater and contaminated soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Yanni Lv
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Huimin Li
- Jiangxi Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences and Planning, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Penghui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Liming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Hui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Zhong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Cun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Xubiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, PR China.
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Sandoval-Rivas D, Morales DV, Hepp MI. Toxicity evaluation of Pinus radiata D.Don bark wax for potential cosmetic application. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 178:113896. [PMID: 37339695 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Radiata pine bark is a widely available organic waste, requiring alternative uses due to its environmental impact on soil, fauna, and forest fires. Pine bark waxes could be used as cosmetic substitutes, but their toxicity requires evaluation since pine bark may contain toxic substances or xenobiotics, depending on the extraction process. This study evaluates the toxicity of radiata pine bark waxes obtained through various extraction methods on human skin cells grown in vitro. The assessment includes using XTT to evaluate mitochondrial activity, violet crystal dye to assess cell membrane integrity, and ApoTox-Glo triple assay to measure cytotoxicity, viability, and apoptosis signals. Pine bark waxes extracted via T3 (acid hydrolysis and petroleum ether incubation) and T9 (saturated steam cycle, alkaline hydrolysis, and petroleum ether incubation) exhibit non-toxicity up to 2% concentration, making them a potential substitute for petroleum-based cosmetic materials. Integrating the forestry and cosmetic industries through pine bark wax production under circular economy principles could promote development while replacing petroleum-based materials. Extraction methodology affects pine bark wax toxicity in human skin cells due to the retention of xenobiotic compounds including methyl 4-ketohex-5-enoate; 1-naphthalenol; dioctyl adipate; eicosanebioic acid dimethyl ester; among others. Future research will investigate whether the extraction methodology alters the molecular structure of the bark, affecting the release of toxic compounds in the wax mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sandoval-Rivas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, 4090541, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniela V Morales
- Departamento de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, 4090541, Chile; Centro de energía, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, 4090541, Chile
| | - Matías I Hepp
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, 4090541, Chile.
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El Rifaii K, Wensink HH, Dozov I, Bizien T, Michot LJ, Gabriel JCP, Breu J, Davidson P. Do Aqueous Suspensions of Smectite Clays Form a Smectic Liquid-Crystalline Phase? LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14563-14573. [PMID: 36395196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up strategies for the production of well-defined nanostructures often rely on the self-assembly of anisotropic colloidal particles (nanowires and nanosheets). These building blocks can be obtained by delamination in a solvent of low-dimensionality crystallites. To optimize particle availability, determination of the delamination mechanism and the different organization stages of anisotropic particles in dispersion is essential. We address this fundamental issue by exploiting a recently developed system of fluorohectorite smectite clay mineral that delaminates in water, leading to colloidal dispersions of single-layer, very large (≈20 μm) clay sheets at high dilution. We show that when the clay crystallites are dispersed in water, they swell to form periodic one-dimensional stacks of fluorohectorite sheets with very low volume fraction (<1%) and therefore huge (≈100 nm) periods. Using optical microscopy and synchrotron X-ray scattering, we establish that these colloidal stacks bear strong similarities, yet subtle differences, with a smectic liquid-crystalline phase. Despite the high dilution, the colloidal stacks of sheets, called colloidal accordions, are extremely robust mechanically and can persist for years. Moreover, when subjected to AC electric fields, they rotate as solid bodies, which demonstrates their outstanding internal cohesion. Furthermore, our theoretical model captures the dependence of the stacking period on the dispersion concentration and ionic strength and explains, invoking the Donnan effect, why the colloidal accordions are kinetically stable over years and impervious to shear and Brownian motion. Because our model is not system specific, we expect that similar colloidal accordions frequently appear as an intermediate state during the delamination process of two-dimensional crystals in polar solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin El Rifaii
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405Orsay, France
| | - Henricus H Wensink
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405Orsay, France
| | - Ivan Dozov
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405Orsay, France
| | - Thomas Bizien
- SWING Beamline, SOLEIL Synchrotron, 91192Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurent J Michot
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Electrolytes and Interfacial Nanosystems (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005Paris, France
| | | | - Josef Breu
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Patrick Davidson
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405Orsay, France
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Dudko V, Rosenfeldt S, Siegel R, Senker J, Matejdes M, Breu J. Delamination by Repulsive Osmotic Swelling of Synthetic Na-Hectorite with Variable Charge in Binary Dimethyl Sulfoxide-Water Mixtures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10781-10790. [PMID: 35863753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Swelling of clays is hampered by increasing layer charge. With vermiculite-type layer charge densities, crystalline swelling is limited to the two-layer hydrate, while osmotic swelling requires ion exchange with bulky and hydrophilic organic molecules or with Li+ cations to trigger repulsive osmotic swelling. Here, we report on surprising and counterintuitive osmotic swelling behavior of a vermiculite-type synthetic clay [Na0.7]inter[Mg2.3Li0.7]oct[Si4]tetO10F2 in mixtures of water and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Although swelling in pure water is restricted to crystalline swelling, with the addition of DMSO, osmotic swelling sets in at some threshold composition. Finally, when the DMSO concentration is increased further to 75 vol %, swelling is restricted again to crystalline swelling as expected. Repulsive osmotic swelling thus is observed in a narrow composition range of the binary water-DMSO mixture, where a freezing point suppression is observed. This suppression is related to DMSO and water molecules exhibiting strong interactions leading to stable molecular clusters. Based on this phenomenological observation, we hypothesize that the unexpected swelling behavior might be related to the formation of different complexes of interlayer cations being formed at different compositions. Powder X-ray diffraction and 23Na magic angle spinning-NMR evidence is presented that supports this hypothesis. We propose that the synergistic solvation of the interlayer sodium at favorable compositions exerts a steric pressure by the complexes formed in the interlayer. Concomitantly, the basal spacing is increased to a level, where entropic contributions of interlayer species lead to a spontaneous thermodynamically allowed one-dimensional dissolution of the clay stack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Dudko
- Department of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Sabine Rosenfeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Renée Siegel
- Department of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Jürgen Senker
- Department of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Marian Matejdes
- Department of Inorganic Materials, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 36, Slovakia
| | - Josef Breu
- Department of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
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Synthesis, Optical and DFT Characterizations of Laterally Fluorinated Phenyl Cinnamate Liquid Crystal Non-Symmetric System. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13071145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new laterally fluorinated unsymmetric liquid crystalline homologous series, based on cinnamate linkage, named 2-fluoro-4-(4-(alkoxy)phenyl)diazenyl)phenyl cinnamate (In), was synthesized and evaluated via different experimental and computational tools. The series had different terminal alkoxy-chain lengths with a lateral F atom in the meta position with respect to the azo moiety. The experimental mesomorphic and optical investigations were carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy (POM). Theoretical calculations and geometrical parameter predictions were conducted using the DFT program method at B3LYP/6-311G** level of theory. The results revealed that all the designed compounds exhibited the nematic (N) mesophase enantiotropically. The nematic stability and temperature range were impacted by the terminal alkoxy chain length. Compounds with the shortest chains (I6 and I8) showed a monotropic smectic A (SmA) phase, while the longest chain derivative, I16, possessed enantiotropic Sm A phase. Theoretical density functional theory (DFT) predictions were correlated with the practically observed data from the mesomorphic investigations. Data revealed that the terminal alkoxy and lateral F groups had an essential impact on the total energy of possible geometrical structures and their physical and thermal parameters.
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Dudko V, Ottermann K, Rosenfeldt S, Papastavrou G, Breu J. Osmotic Delamination: A Forceless Alternative for the Production of Nanosheets Now in Highly Polar and Aprotic Solvents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:461-468. [PMID: 33356310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Repulsive osmotic delamination is thermodynamically allowed "dissolution" of two-dimensional (2D) materials and therefore represents an attractive alternative to liquid-phase exfoliation to obtain strictly monolayered nanosheets with an appreciable aspect ratio with quantitative yield. However, osmotic delamination was so far restricted to aqueous media, severely limiting the range of accessible 2D materials. Alkali-metal intercalation compounds of MoS2 or graphite are excluded because they cannot tolerate even traces of water. We now succeeded in extending osmotic delamination to polar and aprotic organic solvents. Upon complexation of interlayer cations of synthetic hectorite clay by crown ethers, either 15-crown-5 or 18-crown-6, steric pressure is exerted, which helps in reaching the threshold separation required to trigger osmotic delamination based on translational entropy. This way, complete delamination in water-free solvents like aprotic ethylene and propylene carbonate, N-methylformamide, N-methylacetamide, and glycerol carbonate was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Dudko
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I, Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Katharina Ottermann
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sabine Rosenfeldt
- Department of Physical Chemistry I, Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Georg Papastavrou
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry I, Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Iakunkov A, Talyzin AV. Swelling properties of graphite oxides and graphene oxide multilayered materials. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21060-21093. [PMID: 33084722 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04931j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphite oxide (GtO) and graphene oxide (GO) multilayered laminates are hydrophilic materials easily intercalated by water and other polar solvents. By definition, an increase in the volume of a material connected to the uptake of a liquid or vapour is named swelling. Swelling is a property which defines graphite oxides and graphene oxides. Less oxidized materials not capable of swelling should be named oxidized graphene. The infinite swelling of graphite oxide yields graphene oxide in aqueous dispersions. Graphene oxide sheets dispersed in a polar solvent can be re-assembled into multilayered structures and named depending on applications as films, papers or membranes. The multilayered GO materials exhibit swelling properties which are mostly similar to those of graphite oxides but not identical and in some cases surprisingly different. Swelling is a key property of GO materials in all applications which involve the sorption of water/solvents from vapours, immersion of GO into liquid water/solvents and solution based chemical reactions. These applications include sensors, sorption/removal of pollutants from waste waters, separation of liquid and gas mixtures, nanofiltration, water desalination, water-permeable protective coatings, etc. Swelling defines the distance between graphene oxide sheets in solution-immersed GO materials and the possibility for penetration of ions and molecules inside of interlayers. A high sorption capacity of GO towards many molecules and cations is defined by swelling which makes the very high surface area of GO accessible. GtO and GO swelling is a surprisingly complex phenomenon which is manifested in a variety of different ways. Swelling is strongly different for materials produced using the most common Brodie and Hummers oxidation procedures; it depends on the degree of oxidation, ad temperature and pressure conditions. The value of the GO interlayer distance is especially important in membrane applications. Diffusion of solvent molecules and ions is defined by the size of "permeation channels" provided by the swelled GO structure. According to extensive studies performed over the last decade the exact value of the inter-layer distance in swelled GO depends on the nature of solvent, temperature and pressure conditions, and the pH and concentration of solutions and exhibits pronounced aging effects. This review provides insight into the fundamental swelling properties of multilayered GO and demonstrates links to advanced applications of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Iakunkov
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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