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Guo S, Wang X, Li Z, Pan D, Dai Y, Ye Y, Tian X, Gu Z, Gong Q, Zhang H, Luo K. A nitroxides-based macromolecular MRI contrast agent with an extraordinary longitudinal relaxivity for tumor imaging via clinical T1WI SE sequence. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:244. [PMID: 34391417 PMCID: PMC8364710 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macromoleculization of nitroxides has been an effective strategy to improve low relaxivities and poor in vivo stability, however, nitroxides-based metal-free magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) macromolecular contrast agents (mCAs) are still under-performed. These mCAs do not possess a high nitroxides content sufficient for a cumulative effect. Amphiphilic nanostructures in these mCAs are not stable enough for highly efficient protection of nitroxides and do not have adequate molecular flexibility for full contact of the paramagnetic center with the peripheral water molecules. In addition, these mCAs still raise the concerns over biocompatibility and biodegradability due to the presence of macromolecules in these mCAs. RESULTS Herein, a water-soluble biodegradable nitroxides-based mCA (Linear pDHPMA-mPEG-Ppa-PROXYL) was prepared via covalent conjugation of a nitroxides (2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-N-oxyl, PROXYL) onto an enzyme-sensitive linear di-block poly[N-(1, 3-dihydroxypropyl) methacrylamide] (pDHPMA). A high content of PROXYL up to 0.111 mmol/g in Linear pDHPMA-mPEG-Ppa-PROXYL was achieved and a stable nano-sized self-assembled aggregate in an aqueous environment (ca. 23 nm) was formed. Its longitudinal relaxivity (r1 = 0.93 mM- 1 s- 1) was the highest compared to reported nitroxides-based mCAs. The blood retention time of PROXYL from the prepared mCA in vivo was up to ca. 8 h and great accumulation of the mCA was realized in the tumor site due to its passive targeting ability to tumors. Thus, Linear pDHPMA-mPEG-Ppa-PROXYL could provide a clearly detectable MRI enhancement at the tumor site of mice via the T1WI SE sequence conventionally used in clinical Gd3+-based contrast agents, although it cannot be compared with DTPA-Gd in the longitudinal relaxivity and the continuous enhancement time at the tumor site of mice. Additionally, it was demonstrated to have great biosafety, hemocompatibility and biocompatibility. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, Linear pDHPMA-mPEG-Ppa-PROXYL could be a potential candidate as a substitute of metal-based MRI CAs for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Guo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy of the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), No.104 Pipashan Main Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Zhiqian Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Dayi Pan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Pharmacy of the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Ye
- Department of Pharmacy of the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Amgen Bioprocessing Centre, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Kui Luo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Koi H, Takahashi N, Fuchi Y, Umeno T, Muramatsu Y, Seimiya H, Karasawa S, Oguri H. A fully synthetic 6-aza-artemisinin bearing an amphiphilic chain generates aggregates and exhibits anti-cancer activities. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:5339-5343. [PMID: 32618320 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Installation of a nitrogen at the C6 position of artemisinin facilitates the addition of a functional unit on the cyclohexane moiety (C-ring). In this study, conjugation of an amphiphilic chain, composed of sequentially connected hydrophilic oligoethylene glycol, hydrophobic alkyl chain, urea, and 4,4'-disubstituted biphenyl linker, imparted self-assembling properties. The fully synthetic mid-molecular weight 6-aza-artemisinin 6 bearing the amphiphilic moiety formed aggregates (approx. 200 nm) at ambient temperature and exhibited increased in vitro anti-cancer activities compared to the N-benzylated aza-artemisinin 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Koi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Norihito Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Fuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Umeno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Muramatsu
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seimiya
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Satoru Karasawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Oguri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Zaytseva EV, Mazhukin DG. Spirocyclic Nitroxides as Versatile Tools in Modern Natural Sciences: From Synthesis to Applications. Part I. Old and New Synthetic Approaches to Spirocyclic Nitroxyl Radicals. Molecules 2021; 26:677. [PMID: 33525514 PMCID: PMC7865516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirocyclic nitroxyl radicals (SNRs) are stable paramagnetics bearing spiro-junction at a-, b-, or g-carbon atom of the nitroxide fragment, which is part of the heterocyclic system. Despite the fact that the first representatives of SNRs were obtained about 50 years ago, the methodology of their synthesis and their usage in chemistry and biochemical applications have begun to develop rapidly only in the last two decades. Due to the presence of spiro-function in the SNRs molecules, the latter have increased stability to various reducing agents (including biogenic ones), while the structures of the biradicals (SNBRs) comprises a rigid spiro-fused core that fixes mutual position and orientation of nitroxide moieties that favors their use in dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments. This first review on SNRs will give a glance at various strategies for the synthesis of spiro-substituted, mono-, and bis-nitroxides on the base of six-membered (piperidine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, 9,9'(10H,10H')-spirobiacridine, piperazine, and morpholine) or five-membered (2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole, pyrrolidine, 2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole, 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole, imidazolidine, and oxazolidine) heterocyclic cores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitrii G. Mazhukin
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Academician Lavrentiev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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Hagihara R, Umeno T, Ueki S, Yoshihara D, Fuchi Y, Usui K, Sakuma M, Yamada KI, Karasawa S. Push-Pull Bisnaphthyridylamine Supramolecular Nanoparticles: Polarity-Induced Aggregation and Crystallization-Induced Emission Enhancement and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Chemistry 2020; 27:3039-3046. [PMID: 32935395 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Emissive push-pull-type bisnaphthyridylamine derivatives (BNA-X: X=Me, Et, Bzl, Ph, BuBr, and BuTEMPO) aggregate in aqueous methanol. Furthermore, a two-step emission and aggregation process is controllable by varying the methanol-to-water ratio. At 2:3 MeOH/H2 O, crystallization-induced emission enhancement (CIEE) occurs via formation of an emissive crystal phase, whereas, at 1:9 MeOH/H2 O, aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) occurs, induced by emissive supramolecular nanoparticles (NPs). For BNA-Ph, the emission quantum yield was 25 times higher in aqueous methanol than that in pure methanol. Despite the high hydrophobicity of BNA-X (C log P=6.1-8.0), the spherical NPs were monodisperse (polydispersity indices <0.2). Moreover, the emissive NPs exhibited fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) with pyrene; however, for BNA-X bearing the TEMPO radical (BNA-BuTEMPO), no FRET was observed because of quenching. In particular, the BNA-BuTEMPO NPs have a slow rotational correlation time (1.3 ns), suggesting applications as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents with large relaxivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Hagihara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Umeno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Shoji Ueki
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki City, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshihara
- Materials Open Laboratory (BUNSEKI-NEXT), Institute of Systems Information Technologies and Nanotechnologies (ISIT), 4-1 Kyudaishinmachi, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0388, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Fuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Kazuteru Usui
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Masaomi Sakuma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoru Karasawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
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