1
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Hou Y, Zhu L, Ye X, Ke Q, Zhang Q, Xie X, Piao JG, Wei Y. Integrated oral microgel system ameliorates renal fibrosis by hitchhiking co-delivery and targeted gut flora modulation. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:305. [PMID: 38822364 PMCID: PMC11143587 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal fibrosis is a progressive process associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributing to impaired kidney function. Active constituents in traditional Chinese herbs, such as emodin (EMO) and asiatic acid (AA), exhibit potent anti-fibrotic properties. However, the oral administration of EMO and AA results in low bioavailability and limited kidney accumulation. Additionally, while oral probiotics have been accepted for CKD treatment through gut microbiota modulation, a significant challenge lies in ensuring their viability upon administration. Therefore, our study aims to address both renal fibrosis and gut microbiota imbalance through innovative co-delivery strategies. RESULTS In this study, we developed yeast cell wall particles (YCWPs) encapsulating EMO and AA self-assembled nanoparticles (NPYs) and embedded them, along with Lactobacillus casei Zhang, in chitosan/sodium alginate (CS/SA) microgels. The developed microgels showed significant controlled release properties for the loaded NPYs and prolonged the retention time of Lactobacillus casei Zhang (L. casei Zhang) in the intestine. Furthermore, in vivo biodistribution showed that the microgel-carried NPYs significantly accumulated in the obstructed kidneys of rats, thereby substantially increasing the accumulation of EMO and AA in the impaired kidneys. More importantly, through hitchhiking delivery based on yeast cell wall and positive modulation of gut microbiota, our microgels with this synergistic strategy of therapeutic and modulatory interactions could regulate the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway and thus effectively ameliorate renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rats. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our work provides a new strategy for the treatment of renal fibrosis based on hitchhiking co-delivery of nanodrugs and probiotics to achieve synergistic effects of disease treatment and targeted gut flora modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Qiaoying Ke
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Qibin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Xiaowei Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Ji-Gang Piao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
| | - Yinghui Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
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2
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Zhu Q, Jia Z, Song Y, Dou W, Scharf DH, Wu X, Xu Z, Guan W. Impact of PpSpi1, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell wall glycoprotein, on cell wall defects of N-glycosylation-engineered Pichia pastoris. mBio 2023; 14:e0061723. [PMID: 37606451 PMCID: PMC10653784 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00617-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Engineering of biological pathways in various microorganisms is a promising direction for biotechnology. Since the existing microbial cells have evolved over a long period of time, any artificial engineering may cause some unexpected and harmful effects on them. Systematically studying and evaluating these engineered strains are very important and necessary. In order to produce therapeutic proteins with human-like N-glycan structures, much progress has been achieved toward the humanization of N-glycosylation pathways in yeasts. The properties of a P. pastoris strain with humanized N-glycosylation machinery were carefully evaluated in this study. Our work has identified a key glycoprotein (PpSpi1) responsible for the poor growth and morphological defects of this glycoengineered strain. Overexpression of PpSpi1 could significantly rescue the growth defect of the glycoengineered P. pastoris and facilitate its future industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanchao Zhu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuyuan Jia
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuchao Song
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwang Dou
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daniel Henry Scharf
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Science of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Xu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Guan
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, China
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3
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V. D. dos Santos AC, Hondl N, Ramos-Garcia V, Kuligowski J, Lendl B, Ramer G. AFM-IR for Nanoscale Chemical Characterization in Life Sciences: Recent Developments and Future Directions. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:301-314. [PMID: 37868358 PMCID: PMC10588935 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquitous absorption of mid-infrared (IR) radiation by virtually all molecules that belong to the major biomolecules groups (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids), the application of conventional IR microscopy to the life sciences remained somewhat limited, due to the restrictions on spatial resolution imposed by the diffraction limit (in the order of several micrometers). This issue is addressed by AFM-IR, a scanning probe-based technique that allows for chemical analysis at the nanoscale with resolutions down to 10 nm and thus has the potential to contribute to the investigation of nano and microscale biological processes. In this perspective, in addition to a concise description of the working principles and operating modes of AFM-IR, we present and evaluate the latest key applications of AFM-IR to the life sciences, summarizing what the technique has to offer to this field. Furthermore, we discuss the most relevant current limitations and point out potential future developments and areas for further application for fruitful interdisciplinary collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolaus Hondl
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Ramos-Garcia
- Health
Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Kuligowski
- Health
Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Ramer
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Xu XG. Multimodal Nano-IR through Peak Force Infrared (PFIR) Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:563. [PMID: 37613309 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States
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5
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Wang H, Lee D, Wei L. Toward the Next Frontiers of Vibrational Bioimaging. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:3-17. [PMID: 37122829 PMCID: PMC10131268 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemical imaging based on vibrational contrasts can extract molecular information entangled in complex biological systems. To this end, nonlinear Raman scattering microscopy, mid-infrared photothermal (MIP) microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based force-detected photothermal microscopies are emerging with better chemical sensitivity, molecular specificity, and spatial resolution than conventional vibrational methods. Their utilization in bioimaging applications has provided biological knowledge in unprecedented detail. This Perspective outlines key methodological developments, bioimaging applications, and recent technical innovations of the three techniques. Representative biological demonstrations are also highlighted to exemplify the unique advantages of obtaining vibrational contrasts. With years of effort, these three methods compose an expanding vibrational bioimaging toolbox to tackle specific bioimaging needs, benefiting many biological investigations with rich information in both label-free and labeling manners. Each technique will be discussed and compared in the outlook, leading to possible future directions to accommodate growing needs in vibrational bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Wang
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dongkwan Lee
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Lu Wei
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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6
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Ding C, Shrestha R, Zhu X, Geller AE, Wu S, Woeste MR, Li W, Wang H, Yuan F, Xu R, Chariker JH, Hu X, Li H, Tieri D, Zhang HG, Rouchka EC, Mitchell R, Siskind LJ, Zhang X, Xu XG, McMasters KM, Yu Y, Yan J. Inducing trained immunity in pro-metastatic macrophages to control tumor metastasis. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:239-254. [PMID: 36604547 PMCID: PMC10636755 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and myeloid cells are critical in the metastatic microenvironment. Here, we explore the implications of reprogramming pre-metastatic niche myeloid cells by inducing trained immunity with whole beta-glucan particle (WGP). WGP-trained macrophages had increased responsiveness not only to lipopolysaccharide but also to tumor-derived factors. WGP in vivo treatment led to a trained immunity phenotype in lung interstitial macrophages, resulting in inhibition of tumor metastasis and survival prolongation in multiple mouse models of metastasis. WGP-induced trained immunity is mediated by the metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate. Adoptive transfer of WGP-trained bone marrow-derived macrophages reduced tumor lung metastasis. Blockade of sphingosine-1-phosphate synthesis and mitochondrial fission abrogated WGP-induced trained immunity and its inhibition of lung metastases. WGP also induced trained immunity in human monocytes, resulting in antitumor activity. Our study identifies the metabolic sphingolipid-mitochondrial fission pathway for WGP-induced trained immunity and control over metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlin Ding
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Rejeena Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Anne E Geller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shouzhen Wu
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Matthew R Woeste
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Wenqian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Raobo Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Julia H Chariker
- Department of Neuroscience, KBRIN Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Functional Immunomics Core, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David Tieri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Huang-Ge Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Eric C Rouchka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Robert Mitchell
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Leah J Siskind
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Kelly M McMasters
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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7
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Dorsa A, Xie Q, Wagner M, Xu XG. Lock-in amplifier based peak force infrared microscopy. Analyst 2023; 148:227-232. [PMID: 36537473 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01103d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale infrared (nano-IR) microscopy enables label-free chemical imaging with a spatial resolution below Abbe's diffraction limit through the integration of atomic force microscopy and infrared radiation. Peak force infrared (PFIR) microscopy is one of the emerging nano-IR methods that provides non-destructive multimodal chemical and mechanical characterization capabilities using a straightforward photothermal signal generation mechanism. PFIR microscopy has been demonstrated to work for a wide range of heterogeneous samples, and it even allows operation in the fluid phase. However, the current PFIR microscope requires customized hardware configuration and software programming for real-time signal acquisition and processing, which creates a high barrier to PFIR implementation. In this communication, we describe a type of lock-in amplifier-based PFIR microscopy that can be assembled with generic, commercially available equipment without special hardware or software programming. We demonstrate this method on soft matters of structured polymer blends and blocks, as well as biological cells of E. coli. The lock-in amplifier-based PFIR reduces the entry barrier for PFIR microscopy and makes it a competitive nano-IR method for new users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dorsa
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA.
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA.
| | - Martin Wagner
- Bruker Nano Surface, 112 Robin Hill Road, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117 USA
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA.
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8
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Lin B, Huang G. An important polysaccharide from fermentum. Food Chem X 2022; 15:100388. [PMID: 36211774 PMCID: PMC9532711 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraction, structure and modification of polysaccharides from fermentum were summarized. Structure-activity relationship and application of polysaccharides from fermentum were reviewed. It provided a strong basis for the development and application of polysaccharides from fermentum.
Fermentum is a common unicellular fungus with many biological activities attributed to β-polysaccharides. Different in vivo and in vivo experimental studies have long proven that fermentum β-polysaccharides have antioxidant, anti-tumor, and fungal toxin adsorption properties. However, there are many uncertainties regarding the relationship between the structure and biological activity of fermentum β-polysaccharides, and a systematic summary of fermentum β-polysaccharides is still lacking. Herein, we reviewed the research progress about the extraction, structure and modification, structure–activity relationship, activity and application of fermentum β-polysaccharides, compared the extraction methods of fermentum β-polysaccharide, and paid special attention to the structure–activity relationship and application of fermentum β-polysaccharide, which provided a strong basis for the development and application of fermentum β-polysaccharide.
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9
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Wang L, Wang H, Xu XG. Principle and applications of peak force infrared microscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5268-5286. [PMID: 35703031 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00096b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Peak force infrared (PFIR) microscopy is an emerging atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based infrared microscopy that bypasses Abbe's diffraction limit on spatial resolution. The PFIR microscopy utilizes a nanoscopically sharp AFM tip to mechanically detect the tip-enhanced infrared photothermal response of the sample in the time domain. The time-gated mechanical signals of cantilever deflections transduce the infrared absorption of the sample, delivering infrared imaging and spectroscopy capability at sub 10 nm spatial resolution. Both the infrared absorption response and mechanical properties of the sample are obtained in parallel while preserving the surface integrity of the sample. This review describes the constructions of the PFIR microscope and several variations, including multiple-pulse excitation, total internal reflection geometry, dual-color configuration, liquid-phase operations, and integrations with simultaneous surface potential measurement. Representative applications of PFIR microscopy are also included in this review. In the outlook section, we lay out several future directions of innovations in PFIR microscopy and applications in chemical and material research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA.
| | - Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA.
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA.
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10
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Tan Y, Chen L, Li K, Lou B, Liu Y, Liu Z. Yeast as carrier for drug delivery and vaccine construction. J Control Release 2022; 346:358-379. [PMID: 35483637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Yeast has been employed as an effective derived drug carrier as a unicellular microorganism. Many research works have been devoted to the encapsulation of nucleic acid compounds, insoluble small molecule drugs, small molecules, liposomes, polymers, and various nanoparticles in yeast for the treatment of disease. Recombinant yeast-based vaccine carriers (WYV) have played a major role in the development of vaccines. Herein, the latest reports on the application of yeast carriers and the development of related research are summarized, a conceptual description of gastrointestinal absorption of yeast carriers, as well as the various package forms of different drug molecules and nanoparticles in yeast carriers are introduced. In addition, the advantages and development of recombinant yeast vaccine carriers for the disease, veterinary and aquaculture applications are discussed. Moreover, the current challenges and future directions of yeast carriers are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifu Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Beibei Lou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, PR China.
| | - Zhenbao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, PR China; Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China.
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11
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Wang H, Xie Q, Xu XG. Super-resolution mid-infrared spectro-microscopy of biological applications through tapping mode and peak force tapping mode atomic force microscope. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114080. [PMID: 34906646 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Small biomolecules at the subcellular level are building blocks for the manifestation of complex biological activities. However, non-intrusive in situ investigation of biological systems has been long daunted by the low spatial resolution and poor sensitivity of conventional light microscopies. Traditional infrared (IR) spectro-microscopy can enable label-free visualization of chemical bonds without extrinsic labeling but is still bound by Abbe's diffraction limit. This review article introduces a way to bypass the optical diffraction limit and improve the sensitivity for mid-IR methods - using tip-enhanced light nearfield in atomic force microscopy (AFM) operated in tapping and peak force tapping modes. Working principles of well-established scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and two relatively new techniques, namely, photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) and peak force infrared (PFIR) microscopy, will be briefly presented. With ∼ 10-20 nm spatial resolution and monolayer sensitivity, their recent applications in revealing nanoscale chemical heterogeneities in a wide range of biological systems, including biomolecules, cells, tissues, and biomaterials, will be reviewed and discussed. We also envision several future improvements of AFM-based tapping and peak force tapping mode nano-IR methods that permit them to better serve as a versatile platform for uncovering biological mechanisms at the fundamental level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
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12
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González-Fialkowski JM, Wang L, Li Y, Xu XG. Nano-Chemical and Mechanical Mapping of Fine and Ultrafine Indoor Aerosols with Peak Force Infrared Microscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16845-16852. [PMID: 34871494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Indoor aerosols can adversely affect human health as we increasingly spend more time indoors. One of the aerosol research challenges is measuring fine and ultrafine aerosol particles with nanoscale dimensions. Spectroscopic tools, often diffraction-limited, cannot access the intra-particle heterogeneity. In this work, we extend the non-invasive nanoscopy method of peak force infrared (PFIR) microscopy to study indoor aerosols. Laboratory-generated fine bioaerosols were collected after filtration with a surgical face mask to serve as a benchmark sample, followed by a variety of field-collected indoor aerosols with and without the filtration of a facemask. A general heterogeneity is observed in individual aerosol particles, despite their nanoscale dimension. The presence of protein, triglycerides, and salt is detected through chemical and mechanical mapping. The PFIR microscopy is suitable to identify the composition of fine and ultrafine aerosols. Its application is particularly meaningful for understanding the particle structure to reduce aerosol-related transmission of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Avenue, Bethlehem 18015, Pennsylvania
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Avenue, Bethlehem 18015, Pennsylvania
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13
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Wang H, González-Fialkowski JM, Li W, Xie Q, Yu Y, Xu XG. Liquid-Phase Peak Force Infrared Microscopy for Chemical Nanoimaging and Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3567-3575. [PMID: 33573375 PMCID: PMC7988711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peak force infrared (PFIR) microscopy is an emerging atomic force microscopy that bypasses Abbe's diffraction limit in achieving chemical nanoimaging and spectroscopy. The PFIR microscopy mechanically detects the infrared photothermal responses in the dynamic tip-sample contact of peak force tapping mode and has been applied for a variety of samples, ranging from soft matters, photovoltaic heterojunctions, to polaritonic materials under the air conditions. In this article, we develop and demonstrate the PFIR microscopy in the liquid phase for soft matters and biological samples. With the capability of controlling fluid compositions on demand, the liquid-phase peak force infrared (LiPFIR) microscopy enables in situ tracking of the polymer surface reorganization in fluids and detecting the product of click chemical reaction in the aqueous phase. Both broadband spectroscopy and infrared imaging with ∼10 nm spatial resolution are benchmarked in the fluid phase, together with complementary mechanical information. We also demonstrate the LiPFIR microscopy on revealing the chemical composition of a budding site of yeast cell wall particles in water as an application on biological structures. The label-free, nondestructive chemical nanoimaging and spectroscopic capabilities of the LiPFIR microscopy will facilitate the investigations of soft matters and their transformations at the solid/liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | | | - Wenqian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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14
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Li M, Yu Y. Innate immune receptor clustering and its role in immune regulation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:134/4/jcs249318. [PMID: 33597156 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of receptor clustering in the activation of adaptive immune cells has revolutionized our understanding of the physical basis of immune signal transduction. In contrast to the extensive studies of adaptive immune cells, particularly T cells, there is a lesser, but emerging, recognition that the formation of receptor clusters is also a key regulatory mechanism in host-pathogen interactions. Many kinds of innate immune receptors have been found to assemble into nano- or micro-sized domains on the surfaces of cells. The clusters formed between diverse categories of innate immune receptors function as a multi-component apparatus for pathogen detection and immune response regulation. Here, we highlight these pioneering efforts and the outstanding questions that remain to be answered regarding this largely under-explored research topic. We provide a critical analysis of the current literature on the clustering of innate immune receptors. Our emphasis is on studies that draw connections between the phenomenon of receptor clustering and its functional role in innate immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
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Li M, Wang H, Li W, Xu XG, Yu Y. Macrophage activation on "phagocytic synapse" arrays: Spacing of nanoclustered ligands directs TLR1/2 signaling with an intrinsic limit. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/49/eabc8482. [PMID: 33268354 PMCID: PMC7821875 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc8482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The activation of Toll-like receptor heterodimer 1/2 (TLR1/2) by microbial components plays a critical role in host immune responses against pathogens. TLR1/2 signaling is sensitive to the chemical structure of ligands, but its dependence on the spatial distribution of ligands on microbial surfaces remains unexplored. Here, we reveal the quantitative relationship between TLR1/2-triggered immune responses and the spacing of ligand clusters by designing an artificial "phagocytic synapse" nanoarray platform to mimic the cell-microbe interface. The ligand spacing dictates the proximity of receptor clusters on the cell surface and consequently the pro-inflammatory responses of macrophages. However, cell responses reach their maximum at small ligand spacings when the receptor nanoclusters become adjacent to one another. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of using spatially patterned ligands to modulate innate immunity. It shows that the receptor clusters of TLR1/2 act as a driver in integrating the spatial cues of ligands into cell-level activation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Wenqian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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16
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Gusenbauer C, Nypelö T, Jakob DS, Xu XG, Vezenov DV, Asaadi S, Sixta H, Konnerth J. Differences in surface chemistry of regenerated lignocellulose fibers determined by chemically sensitive scanning probe microscopy. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2520-2527. [PMID: 33736273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuning the composition of regenerated lignocellulosic fibers in the production process enables targeting of specific material properties. In composite materials, such properties could be manipulated by controlled heterogeneous distribution of chemical components of regenerated fibers. This attribute requires a visualization method to show their inherent chemical characteristics. We compared complementary microscopic techniques to analyze the surface chemistry of four differently tuned regenerated lignocellulosic fibers. Adhesion properties were visualized with chemical force microscopy and showed contrasts towards hydrophilic and hydrophobic atomic force microscopy tips. Fibers containing xylan showed heterogeneous adhesion properties within the fiber structure towards hydrophilic tips. Additionally, peak force infrared microscopy mapped spectroscopic contrasts with nanometer resolution and provided point infrared spectra, which were consistent to classical infrared microscopy data. With this setup, infrared signals with a spatial resolution below 20 nm reveal chemical gradients in specific fiber types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gusenbauer
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Devon S Jakob
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Dmitri V Vezenov
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Shirin Asaadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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Wang H, Wang L, Shang Y, Yazdanparast Tafti S, Cao W, Ning Z, Zhang XF, Xu XG. Peak force visible microscopy. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8372-8379. [PMID: 32812974 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01104e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The optical responses of molecules and materials provide a basis for chemical measurement and imaging. The optical diffraction limit in conventional light microscopy is exceeded by mechanically probing optical absorption through the photothermal effect with atomic force microscopy (AFM). However, the spatial resolution of AFM-based photothermal optical microscopy is still limited, and the sample surface is prone to damage from scratching due to tip contact, particularly for measurements on soft matter. In this article, we develop peak force visible (PF-vis) microscopy for the measurement of visible optical absorption of soft matter. The spatial resolution of PF-vis microscopy is demonstrated to be 3 nm on green fluorescent protein-labeled virus-like particles, and the imaging sensitivity may approach a single protein molecule. On organic photovoltaic polymers, the spatial distribution of the optical absorption probed by PF-vis microscopy is found to be dependent on the diffusion ranges of excitons in the donor domain. Through finite element modeling and data analysis, the exciton diffusion range of organic photovoltaics can be directly extracted from PF-vis images, saving the need for complex and delicate sample preparations. PF-vis microscopy will enable high-resolution nano-imaging based on light absorption of fluorophores and chromophores, as well as deciphering the correlation between the spatial distribution of photothermal signals and underlying photophysical parameters at the tens of nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Yuequn Shang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | | | - Wenpeng Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Zhijun Ning
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - X Frank Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
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Gusenbauer C, Jakob DS, Xu XG, Vezenov DV, Cabane É, Konnerth J. Nanoscale Chemical Features of the Natural Fibrous Material Wood. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4244-4252. [PMID: 32852940 PMCID: PMC7556540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peak force infrared (PFIR) microscopy is a recently developed approach to acquire multiple chemical and physical material properties simultaneously and with nanometer resolution: topographical features, infrared (IR)-sensitive maps, adhesion, stiffness, and locally resolved IR spectra. This multifunctional mapping is enabled by the ability of an atomic force microscope tip in the peak force tapping mode to detect photothermal expansion of the sample. We report the use of the PFIR to characterize the chemical modification of bio-based native and intact wooden matrices, which has evolved into an increasingly active research field. The distribution of functional groups of wood cellulose aggregates, either in native or carboxylated states, was detected with a remarkable spatial resolution of 16 nm. Furthermore, mechanical and chemical maps of the distinct cell wall layers were obtained on polymerized wooden matrices to localize the exact position of the modified regions. These findings shall support the development and understanding of functionalized wood materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gusenbauer
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Devon S Jakob
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Dmitri V Vezenov
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Étienne Cabane
- Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,EMPA-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Uberlandstrasse 29, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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