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Marie Lößlein S, Merz R, Rodríguez-Martínez Y, Schäfer F, Grützmacher PG, Horwat D, Kopnarski M, Mücklich F. Influence of chemistry and topography on the wettability of copper. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 670:658-675. [PMID: 38772811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
To understand the complex interplay of topography and surface chemistry in wetting, fundamental studies investigating both parameters are needed. Due to the sensitivity of wetting to miniscule changes in one of the parameters it is imperative to precisely control the experimental approach. A profound understanding of their influence on wetting facilitates a tailored design of surfaces with unique functionality. We present a multi-step study: The influence of surface chemistry is analyzed by determining the adsorption of volatile carbonous species (A) and by sputter deposition of metallic copper and copper oxides on flat copper substrates (B). A precise surface topography is created by laser processing. Isotropic topography is created by ps laser processing (C), and hierarchical anisotropic line patterns are produced by direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) with different pulse durations (D). Our results reveal that the long-term wetting response of polished copper surfaces stabilizes with time despite ongoing accumulation of hydrocarbons and is dominated by this adsorption layer over the oxide state of the substrate (Cu, CuO, Cu2O). The surfaces' wetting response can be precisely tuned by tailoring the topography via laser processing. The sub-pattern morphology of primary line-like patterns showed great impact on the static contact angle, wetting anisotropy, and water adhesion. An increased roughness inside the pattern valleys combined with a minor roughness on pattern peaks favors air-inclusions, isotropic hydrophobicity, and low water adhesion. Increasing depth of the primary topography can also induce air-inclusions despite increasing peak roughness while time dependent wetting transitions were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Marie Lößlein
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Rolf Merz
- Institute for Surface and Thin Film Technologies (IFOS) at the University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Germany
| | - Yerila Rodríguez-Martínez
- University of Havana, Photovoltaic Research Laboratory, Institute of Materials Science and Technology - Physics Faculty, San Lázaro y L, 10 400 Havana, Cuba; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Florian Schäfer
- Materials Science and Methods, Department of Materials Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Philipp G Grützmacher
- Institute for Engineering Design and Product Development, Tribology Research Division, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Horwat
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Michael Kopnarski
- Institute for Surface and Thin Film Technologies (IFOS) at the University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Germany
| | - Frank Mücklich
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Zhou Y, Ye Q, Han Y, He G, Chen C. Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Porous Brass by Chemical Dealloying for Efficient Emulsion Separation. Molecules 2023; 28:6509. [PMID: 37764285 PMCID: PMC10534338 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
By taking advantage of typical dealloying and subsequent aging methods, a novel homogeneous porous brass with a micro/nano hierarchical structure was prepared without any chemical modification. The treatment of commercial brass with hot concentrated HCl solution caused preferential etching of Zn from Cu62Zn38 alloy foil, leaving a microporous skeleton with an average tortuous channel size of 1.6 μm for liquid transfer. After storage in the atmosphere for 7 days, the wettability of the dealloyed brass changed from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic with a contact angle > 156° and sliding angle < 7°. The aging treatment enhanced the hydrophobicity of the brass by the formation of Cu2O on the surface. By virtue of the opposite wettability to water and oil, the aged brass separated surfactant-stabilized water-in-oil emulsions with separation efficiency of over 99.4% and permeate flux of about 851 L·m-2·h-1 even after recycling for 60 times. After 10 times of tape peeling or sandpaper abrasion, the aged brass maintained its superhydrophobicity, indicating its excellent mechanical stability. Moreover, the aged brass still retained its superhydrophobicity after exposure to high temperatures or corrosive solutions, displaying high resistance to extreme environments. The reason may be that the bicontinuous porous structure throughout the whole foil endows stable mechanical properties to tolerate extreme environments. This method should have a promising future in expanding the applications of alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbiao Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
| | - Qingqing Ye
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
| | - Yongjun Han
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
| | - Guoxu He
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
| | - Changdong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
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Lößlein SM, Merz R, Müller DW, Kopnarski M, Mücklich F. The Influence of Adventitious Carbon Groups on the Wetting of Copper: A Study on the Effect of Microstructure on the Static Contact Angle. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:12020-12031. [PMID: 37578946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Tuning of the wetting behavior of metallic surfaces by chemical and topographical modification has become popular in recent years. Still, there is a lack in the understanding of fundamental relations between intrinsic properties of the material and its resulting water contact angle. It is widely accepted in the literature that transitions from a hydrophilic to increasingly hydrophobic behavior upon exposure to ambient conditions happen due to the adsorption of adventitious hydrocarbons. In order to investigate the role of metallic bulk microstructure in the wetting behavior and its transition properties, we created three different grain sizes and deformation states on copper by preparation combined with heat treatment. We found that for freshly prepared surfaces, differences in the wetting behavior show a higher static contact angle for mechanically prepared surfaces with a fine-crystalline deformation layer compared to the electropolished cold-rolled copper sheet and the annealed defect-free coarse-grained surface. Already after five days of storage time, most of this difference vanishes, and all surfaces show a wetting behavior with a contact angle in the range of 97-100° after 30 days. Though long-term wetting behavior seems largely independent of microstructure, correlated XPS measurements showed an increased adsorption of organic contaminants of the mechanically polished surface. Preparation-induced near-surface defects seem to accelerate adsorption, while varying grain size and slight bulk deformation from rolling processes did not show significant effects. Complex relations between the amount of adsorbed carbon and the polarity of the adsorption film were found to depend on the sample age and influence the contact angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Marie Lößlein
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science, Saarland University, Campus D3 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Merz
- Institute for Surface and Thin Film Analysis, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Daniel W Müller
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science, Saarland University, Campus D3 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Kopnarski
- Institute for Surface and Thin Film Analysis, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frank Mücklich
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science, Saarland University, Campus D3 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Ahmed AS, Müller DW, Bruyere S, Holtsch A, Müller F, Barrirero J, Brix K, Migot S, Kautenburger R, Jacobs K, Pierson JF, Mücklich F. Surface Modification of Brass via Ultrashort Pulsed Direct Laser Interference Patterning and Its Effect on Bacteria-Substrate Interaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37467050 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, antibiotic resistance has become a crucial challenge for human health. One potential solution to this problem is the use of antibacterial surfaces, i.e., copper and copper alloys. This study investigates the antibacterial properties of brass that underwent topographic surface functionalization via ultrashort pulsed direct laser interference patterning. Periodic line-like patterns in the scale range of single bacterial cells were created on brass with a 37% zinc content to enhance the contact area for rod-shaped Escherichia coli (E. coli). Although the topography facilitates attachment of bacteria to the surface, reduced killing rates for E. coli are observed. In parallel, a high-resolution methodical approach was employed to explore the impact of laser-induced topographical and chemical modifications on the antibacterial properties. The findings reveal the underlying role of the chemical modification concerning the antimicrobial efficiency of the Cu-based alloy within the superficial layers of a few hundred nanometers. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the effect of alloy composition on targeted laser processing for antimicrobial Cu-surfaces, which facilitates the thorough development and optimization of the process concerning antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Saddiqa Ahmed
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Daniel Wyn Müller
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | | | - Anne Holtsch
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Frank Müller
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Jenifer Barrirero
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Kristina Brix
- Department of Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Elemental Analysis, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Sylvie Migot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Ralf Kautenburger
- Department of Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Elemental Analysis, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | | | - Frank Mücklich
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
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Sun W, Wang P, Jiang Y, Jiang Z, Long R, Chen Z, Song P, Sheng T, Wu Z, Xiong Y. V-Doped Cu 2 Se Hierarchical Nanotubes Enabling Flow-Cell CO 2 Electroreduction to Ethanol with High Efficiency and Selectivity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2207691. [PMID: 36193772 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CO2 electrocatalytic reduction (CO2 ER) to multicarbon (C2+ ) products is heavily pursued because of their commercial values, and the efficiency and selectivity have both attracted tremendous attention. A flow-cell is a device configuration that can greatly enhance the conversion efficiency but requires catalysts to possess high electrical conductivity and gas permeability; meanwhile, the catalysts should enable the reaction pathway to specific products. Herein, it is reported that V-doped Cu2 Se nanotubes with a hierarchical structure can be perfectly compatible with flow-cells and fulfil such a task, achieving CO2 electroreduction to ethanol with high efficiency and selectivity. As revealed by the experimental characterization and theoretical calculation, the substitutional vanadium doping alters the local charge distribution of Cu2 Se and diversifies the active sites. The unique active sites promote the formation of bridge *COB and its further hydrogenation to *COH, and, as such, the subsequent coupling of *COH and *COL eventually generates ethanol. As a result, the optimal Cu1.22 V0.19 Se nanotubes can electrocatalyze CO2 to ethanol with a Faradaic efficiency of 68.3% and a partial current density of -207.9 mA cm-2 for the single liquid product of ethanol at -0.8 V in a flow-cell. This work provides insights into the materials design for steering the reaction pathway toward C2+ products, and opens an avenue for flow-cell CO2 ER toward a single C2+ liquid fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Jiang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Ran Long
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Pin Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Tian Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Zhengcui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, P. R. China
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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Lößlein SM, Merz R, Müller DW, Kopnarski M, Mücklich F. An in-depth evaluation of sample and measurement induced influences on static contact angle measurements. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19389. [PMID: 36371459 PMCID: PMC9653445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Static contact angle measurements are one of the most popular methods to analyze the wetting behavior of materials of any kind. Although this method is readily applicable without the need of sophisticated machinery, the results obtained for the very same material may vary strongly. The sensitivity of the measurement against environmental conditions, sample preparation and measurement conduction is a main factor for inconsistent results. Since often no detailed measurement protocols exist alongside published data, contact angle values as well as elaborated wetting studies do not allow for any comparison. This paper therefore aims to discuss possible influences on static contact angle measurements and to experimentally demonstrate the extent of these effects. Sample storage conditions, cleaning procedures, droplet volume, water grade and droplet application as well as the influence of evaporation on the static contact angle are investigated in detail. Especially sample storage led to differences in the contact angle up to 60%. Depending on the wetting state, evaporation can reduce the contact angle by 30–50% within 10 min in dry atmospheres. Therefore, this paper reviews an existing approach for a climate chamber and introduces a new measuring setup based on these results. It allows for the observation of the wetting behavior for several minutes by successfully suppressing evaporation without negatively affecting the surface prior to measurement by exposure to high humidity environments.
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One-step fabrication of brass filter with reversible wettability by nanosecond fiber laser ablation for highly efficient oil/water separation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Laser Thermochemical High-Contrast Recording on Thin Metal Films. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 11:nano11010067. [PMID: 33396706 PMCID: PMC7823985 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Laser-induced thermochemical recording of nano- and microsized structures on thin films has attracted intense interest over the last few decades due to essential applications in the photonics industry. Nevertheless, the relationship between the laser parameters and the properties of the formed oxide structures, both geometrical and optical, is still implicit. In this work, direct laser interference patterning of the titanium (Ti) film in the oxidative regime was applied to form submicron periodical structures. Depending on the number of laser pulses, the regime of high contrast structures recording was observed with the maximum achievable thickness of the oxide layer. The investigation revealed high transmittance of the formed oxide layers, i.e., the contrast of recorded structures reached up to 90% in the visible range. To analyze the experimental results obtained, a theoretical model was developed based on calculations of the oxide formation dynamics. The model operates on Wagner oxidation law and the corresponding optical properties of the oxide–metal–glass substrate system changing nonlinearly after each pulse. A good agreement of the experimental results with the modeling estimations allowed us to extend the model application to other metals, specifically to those with optically transparent oxides, such as zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), and tantalum (Ta). The performed analysis highlighted the importance of choosing the correct laser parameters due to the complexity and nonlinearity of optical, thermal, and chemical processes in the metal film during its laser-induced oxidation in the air. The developed model allowed selecting the suitable temporal–energetic regimes and predicting the optical characteristics of the structures formed with an accuracy of 10%. The results are promising in terms of their implementation in the photonics industry for the production of optical converters.
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