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Luu XC, Shida Y, Suzuki Y, Kuwahara D, Fujimoto T, Takahashi Y, Sato N, Nakamura A, Ogasawara W. Ultrahigh-throughput screening of Trichoderma reesei strains capable of carbon catabolite repression release and cellulase hyperproduction using a microfluidic droplet platform. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1393-1406. [PMID: 37550222 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei is the most well-known cellulase producer in the biorefinery industry. Its cellulase biosynthesis is repressed by glucose via carbon catabolite repression (CCR), making CCR-releasing strains with cellulase hyperproduction desirable. Here, we employed a microfluidic droplet platform to culture and screen T. reesei mutants capable of CCR release and cellulase overproduction from extensive mutagenesis libraries. With 3 mutagenesis rounds, about 6.20 × 103 droplets were sorted from a population of 1.51 × 106 droplets in a period of 4.4 h; 76 recovery mutants were screened on flask fermentation, and 2 glucose uptake retarded mutants, MG-9-3 and MG-9-3-30, were eventually isolated. We also generated a hypercellulase producer, M-5, with CCR release via a single mutagenesis round. The hyphal morphology and molecular mechanisms in the mutants were analyzed. This versatile approach combined with a comprehensive understanding of CCR release mechanisms will provide innovative and effective strategies for low-cost cellulase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chinh Luu
- Department of Science of Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shida
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Department of Science of Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daiki Kuwahara
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujimoto
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuka Takahashi
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naomi Sato
- Department of Science of Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Science of Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogasawara
- Department of Science of Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
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Shi Q, Wang X, Liu H, Xie Z, Zheng M. Unadulterated BODIPY nanoparticles as light driven antibacterial agents for treating bacterial infections and promoting wound healing. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 241:112674. [PMID: 36867993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an effective strategy to eliminate bacteria without inducing bacterial resistance. As typical aPDT photosensitizers, most of boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) are hydrophobic, and nanometerization is imperative to render them dispersible in physiological media. Recently, carrier-free nanoparticles (NPs) are formed via the self-assembly of BODIPYs without the help of any surfactants or auxiliaries, arousing people's interest. So as to fabricate carrier-free NPs, BODIPYs usually need to be derived into dimers, trimers, or amphiphiles through complex reactions. Few unadulterated NPs were obtained from BODIPYs with precise structures. Herein, BNP1-BNP3 were synthesized by the self-assembly of BODIPY, which showed excellent anti-Staphylococcus aureus ability. Among them, BNP2 could effectively fight bacterial infections and promote wound healing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxia Shi
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, PR China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, PR China
| | - Hongxin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, PR China
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China
| | - Min Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, PR China.
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3
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Specific discrimination and efficient elimination of gram-positive bacteria by an aggregation-induced emission-active ruthenium (II) photosensitizer. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115249. [PMID: 36893623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria (G+) have seriously endangered public heath due to their high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a multifunctional system for selective recognition, imaging and efficient eradication of G+. Aggregation-induced emission materials have shown great promise for microbial detection and antimicrobial therapy. In this paper, a multifunctional ruthenium (II) polypyridine complex Ru2 with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristic, was developed and used for selective discrimination and efficient extermination of G+ from other bacteria with unique selectivity. The selective G+ recognition benefited from the interaction between lipoteichoic acids (LTA) and Ru2. Accumulation of Ru2 on the G+ membrane turned on its AIE luminescence and allowed specific G+ staining. Meanwhile, Ru2 under light irradiation also possessed robust antibacterial activity for G+in vitro and in vivo antibacterial experiments. To the best of our knowledge, Ru2 is the first Ru-based AIEgen photosensitizer for simultaneous dual applications of G+ detection and treatment, and inspires the development of promising antibacterial agents in the future.
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Wang Y, Ren M, Li Y, Liu F, Wang Y, Wang Z, Feng L. Bioactive AIEgens Tailored for Specific and Sensitive Theranostics of Gram-Positive Bacterial Infection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:46340-46350. [PMID: 36194189 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by bacterial infections are increasingly threatening human health. As a major part of the microbial family, Gram-positive bacteria induce severe infections in hospitals and communities. Therefore, developing antibacterial materials that can recognize bacteria and specifically kill them is significant to cope with fatal bacterial infection. To this end, we designed and prepared a series of positively charged photosensitizers with an aggregation-induced emission feature and a type I reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation ability. Based on a molecular engineering strategy, the PS abbreviated to MTTTPy that owns a superior ROS generation ability and red emission in aggregation is obtained by adjusting bridging groups. Due to the unique molecular structure, MTTTPy can sensitively and specifically recognize and light up Gram-positive bacteria through electrostatic adsorption and void permeability. In addition, it can kill 95% of the recognized bacteria at a low concentration of 0.5 μM by generating oxygen-independent ROS under white light irradiation. Both in vitro and in vivo studies verify the sensitive and specific recognition and killing effect of MTTTPy toward Gram-positive bacteria. This work provides superior material-integrated diagnosis and treatment for Gram-positive bacteria-caused infectious diseases and shows potential for addressing bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P.R. China
| | - Min Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P.R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, P.R. China
| | - Liheng Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P.R. China
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Li C, Gu R, Lin F, Xiao H. Sorbicillinoids hyperproduction without affecting the cellulosic enzyme production in Trichoderma reesei JNTR5. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:85. [PMID: 35996177 PMCID: PMC9394075 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Microbial production of bioactive secondary metabolites is challenging as most of the encoding genes are silent; and even if they are activated, the biosynthetic pathways are usually complex. Sorbicillinoids with multifunctional bioactivities are examples of these problems, which if solved can result in a more sustainable, simple supply of these important compounds to the pharmaceutical industry. As an excellent producer of cellulosic enzymes, Trichoderma reesei can secrete various sorbicillinoids. Results Here, we obtained a T. reesei mutant strain JNTR5 from the random mutation during overexpression of gene Tr69957 in T. reesei RUT-C30. JNTR5 exhibited a significant constitutive increase in sorbicillinoids production without affecting the cellulosic enzyme production. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) results indicated that sorbicillinoids were distributed in both mycelium and spores of JNTR5 with blue and green fluorescence. Compared with RUT-C30, JNTR5 displayed different cell morphology, reduced growth rate, and increased sporulation, but a similar biomass accumulation. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed that all genes belonging to the sorbicillinoid gene cluster were upregulated, while most cellulase-encoding genes were downregulated. The cell wall integrity of JNTR5 was damaged, which might benefit the cellulase secretion and contribute to the almost unchanged cellulase and hemicellulase activity given that the damaged cell wall can enhance the secretion of the enzymes. Conclusions For the first time, we constructed a sorbicillinoids hyperproduction T. reesei platform with comparable cellulosic enzymes production. This outperformance of JNTR5, which is strain-specific, is proposed to be attributed to the overexpression of gene Tr69957, causing the chromosome remodeling and subsequently changing the cell morphology, structure, and the global gene expression as shown by phenotype and the transcriptome analysis of JNTR5. Overall, JNTR5 shows great potential for industrial microbial production of sorbicillinoids from cellulose and serves as an excellent model for investigating the distribution and secretion of yellow pigments in T. reesei. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-022-02183-1.
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Wang L, Liu J, Li X, Lyu X, Liu Z, Zhao H, Jiao X, Zhang W, Xie J, Liu W. A histone H3K9 methyltransferase Dim5 mediates repression of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis in Trichoderma reesei. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2533-2546. [PMID: 35921310 PMCID: PMC9518983 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorbicillinoids (also termed yellow pigment) are derived from either marine or terrestrial fungi, exhibit various biological activities and therefore show potential as commercial products for human or animal health. The cellulolytic filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is capable to biosynthesize sorbicillinoids, but the underlying regulatory mechanism is not yet completely clear. Herein, we identified a histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methyltransferase, Dim5, in T. reesei. TrDIM5 deletion caused an impaired vegetative growth as well as conidiation, whereas the ∆Trdim5 strain displayed a remarkable increase in sorbicillinoid production. Post TrDIM5 deletion, the transcription of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis‐related (SOR) genes was significantly upregulated with a more open chromatin structure. Intriguingly, hardly any expression changes occurred amongst those genes located on both flanks of the SOR gene cluster. In addition, the assays provided evidence that H3K9 triple methylation (H3K9me3) modification acted as a repressive marker at the SOR gene cluster and thus directly mediated the repression of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis. Transcription factor Ypr1 activated the SOR gene cluster by antagonizing TrDim5‐mediated repression and therefore contributed to forming a relatively more open local chromatin environment, which further facilitated its binding and SOR gene expression. The results of this study will contribute to understanding the intricate regulatory network in sorbicillinoid biosynthesis and facilitate the endowment of T. reesei with preferred features for sorbicillinoid production by genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Reverse Microbial Etiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jialong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Reverse Microbial Etiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Reverse Microbial Etiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinxing Lyu
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhizhen Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Reverse Microbial Etiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Reverse Microbial Etiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiangying Jiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Reverse Microbial Etiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Reverse Microbial Etiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Recent Advances in Sorbicillinoids from Fungi and Their Bioactivities (Covering 2016–2021). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010062. [PMID: 35050002 PMCID: PMC8779745 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorbicillinoids are a family of hexaketide metabolites with a characteristic sorbyl side chain residue. Sixty-nine sorbicillinoids from fungi, newly identified from 2016 to 2021, are summarized in this review, including their structures and bioactivities. They are classified into monomeric, dimeric, trimeric, and hybrid sorbicillinoids according to their basic structural features, with the main groups comprising both monomeric and dimeric sorbicillinoids. Some of the identified sorbicillinoids have special structures such as ustilobisorbicillinol A, and sorbicillasins A and B. The majority of sorbicillinoids have been reported from fungi genera such as Acremonium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, and Ustilaginoidea, with some sorbicillinoids exhibiting cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, phytotoxic, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. In recent years, marine-derived, extremophilic, plant endophytic, and phytopathogenic fungi have emerged as important resources for diverse sorbicillinoids with unique skeletons. The recently revealed biological activities of sorbicillinoids discovered before 2016 are also described in this review.
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Digby EM, Ma T, Zipfel WR, Milstein JN, Beharry AA. Highly Potent Photoinactivation of Bacteria Using a Water-Soluble, Cell-Permeable, DNA-Binding Photosensitizer. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:3052-3061. [PMID: 34617443 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) employs a photosensitizer, light, and molecular oxygen to treat infectious diseases via oxidative damage, with a low likelihood for the development of resistance. For optimal APDT efficacy, photosensitizers with cationic charges that can permeate bacteria cells and bind intracellular targets are desired to not limit oxidative damage to the outer bacterial structure. Here we report the application of brominated DAPI (Br-DAPI), a water-soluble, DNA-binding photosensitizer for the eradication of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (as demonstrated on N99 Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, respectively). We observe intracellular uptake of Br-DAPI, ROS-mediated bacterial cell death via one- and two-photon excitation, and selective photocytotoxicity of bacteria over mammalian cells. Photocytotoxicity of both N99 E. coli and B. subtilis occurred at submicromolar concentrations (IC50 = 0.2-0.4 μM) and low light doses (5 min irradiation times, 4.5 J cm-2 dose), making it superior to commonly employed APDT phenothiazinium photosensitizers such as methylene blue. Given its high potency and two-photon excitability, Br-DAPI is a promising novel photosensitizer for in vivo APDT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse M. Digby
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Tianyi Ma
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Warren R. Zipfel
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Joshua N. Milstein
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Andrew A. Beharry
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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