1
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Amit E, Mondal R, Berg I, Nairoukh Z, Gross E. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers on Metal-Oxide Films: Correlations between Adsorption Mode and Surface Functionality. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10374-10383. [PMID: 38701356 PMCID: PMC11100006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have been self-assembled on various metal and semimetal surfaces, creating a covalent bond with surface metal atoms that led to high thermal and chemical stability of the self-assembled monolayer. This study explores the self-assembly of NHCs on metal-oxide films (CuOx, FeOx, and TiOx) and reveals that the properties of these metal-oxide substrates play a pivotal role in dictating the adsorption behavior of NHCs, influencing the decomposition route of the monolayer and its impact on work function values. While the attachment of NHCs onto CuOx is via coordination with surface oxygen atoms, NHCs interact with TiOx through coordination with surface metal atoms and with FeOx via coordination with both metal and oxygen surface atoms. These distinct binding modes arise due to variances in the electronic properties of the metal atoms within the investigated metal-oxide films. Contact angle and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements have shown a significantly higher impact of F-NHC adsorption on CuOx than on TiOx and FeOx , correlated to a preferred, averaged upright orientation of F-NHC on CuOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Amit
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- The
Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Rajarshi Mondal
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Iris Berg
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- The
Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- The
Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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2
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Zhang T, Khomane SB, Singh I, Crudden CM, McBreen PH. N-heterocyclic carbene adsorption states on Pt(111) and Ru(0001). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4083-4090. [PMID: 38226886 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03539e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (NHCs) are increasingly used to tune the properties of metal surfaces. The generally greater chemical and thermal robustness of NHCs on gold, as compared to thiolate surface ligands, underscores their potential for a range of applications. While much is now known about the adsorption geometry, overlayer structure, dynamics, and stability of NHCs on coinage elements, especially gold and copper, much less is known about their interaction with the surfaces of Pt-group metals, despite the importance of such metals in catalysis and electrochemistry. In this study, reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) is used to probe the structure of benzimidazolylidene NHC ligands on Pt(111) and Ru(0001). The experiments exploit the intense absorption peaks of a CF3 substituent on the phenyl ring of the NHC backbone to provide unprecedented insight into adsorption geometry and chemical stability. The results also permit comparison with literature data for NHC ligands on Au(111) and to DFT predictions for NHCs on Pt(111) and Ru(0001), thereby greatly extending the known surface chemistry of NHCs and providing much needed molecular information for the design of metal-organic hybrid materials involving strongly reactive metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchi Zhang
- Département de chimie et CCVC, Université Laval, Québec (Que), Canada, G1K OA6.
| | - Sonali B Khomane
- Département de chimie et CCVC, Université Laval, Québec (Que), Canada, G1K OA6.
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
| | - Peter H McBreen
- Département de chimie et CCVC, Université Laval, Québec (Que), Canada, G1K OA6.
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3
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Amit E, Berg I, Zhang W, Mondal R, Shema H, Gutkin V, Kravchuk T, Toste FD, Nairoukh Z, Gross E. Selective Deposition of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers on Designated Au Microelectrodes within an Electrode Array. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2302317. [PMID: 37667447 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of organic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in microelectronic devices requires precise spatial control over the self-assembly process. In this work, selective deposition of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) on specific electrodes within a two-microelectrode array is achieved by using pulsed electrodeposition. Spectroscopic analysis of the NHC-coated electrode arrays reveals that each electrode is selectively coated with a designated NHC. The impact of NHC monolayers on the electrodes' work function is quantified using Kelvin probe force microscopy. These measurements demonstrate that the work function values of each electrode can be independently tuned by the adsorption of a specific NHC. The presented deposition method enables to selectively coat designated microelectrodes in an electrode array with chosen NHC monolayers for tuning their chemical and electronic functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Amit
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Rajarshi Mondal
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Hadar Shema
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Vitaly Gutkin
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Tatyana Kravchuk
- Surface Science Laboratory of Solid-State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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4
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Berg I, Schio L, Reitz J, Molteni E, Lahav L, Bolaños CG, Goldoni A, Grazioli C, Fratesi G, Hansmann MM, Floreano L, Gross E. Self-Assembled Monolayers of N-Heterocyclic Olefins on Au(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311832. [PMID: 37743324 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) have been prepared on Au(111) and their thermal stability, adsorption geometry, and molecular order were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, polarized X-ray absorption spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The strong σ-bond character of NHO anchoring to Au induced high geometrical flexibility that enabled a flat-lying adsorption geometry via coordination to a gold adatom. The flat-lying adsorption geometry was utilized to further increase the surface interaction of the NHO monolayer by backbone functionalization with methyl groups that induced high thermal stability and a large impact on work-function values, which outperformed that of N-heterocyclic carbenes. STM measurements, supported by DFT modeling, identified that the NHOs were self-assembled in dimers, trimers, and tetramers constructed of two, three, and four complexes of NHO-Au-adatom. This self-assembly pattern was correlated to strong NHO-Au interactions and steric hindrance between adsorbates, demonstrating the crucial influence of the carbon-metal σ-bond on monolayer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Luca Schio
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Justus Reitz
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elena Molteni
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli'' Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Linoy Lahav
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | | | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Cesare Grazioli
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Guido Fratesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli'' Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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5
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Rikanati L, Shema H, Ben-Tzvi T, Gross E. Nanoimaging of Facet-Dependent Adsorption, Diffusion, and Reactivity of Surface Ligands on Au Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37327381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the influence of dissimilar facets on the adsorption, stability, mobility, and reactivity of surface ligands is essential for designing ligand-coated nanocrystals with optimal functionality. Herein, para-nitrothiophenol and nitronaphthalene were chemisorbed and physisorbed, respectively, on Au nanocrystals, and the influence of different facets within a single Au nanocrystal on ligands properties were identified by IR nanospectroscopy measurements. Preferred adsorption was probed on (001) facets for both ligands, with a lower density on (111) facets. Exposure to reducing conditions led to nitro reduction and diffusion of both ligands toward the top (111) facet. Nitrothiophenol was characterized with a diffusivity higher than that of nitronaphthalene. Moreover, the strong thiol-Au interaction led to the diffusion of Au atoms and the formation of thiol-coated Au nanoparticles on the silicon surface. It is identified that the adsorption and reactivity of surface ligands were mainly influenced by the atomic properties of each facet, while diffusion was controlled by ligand-metal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihi Rikanati
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Hadar Shema
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Tzipora Ben-Tzvi
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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6
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Kundu D, Del Rio N, Cordier M, Vanthuyne N, Puttock EV, Meskers SCJ, Williams JAG, Srebro-Hooper M, Crassous J. Enantiopure cycloplatinated pentahelicenic N-heterocyclic carbenic complexes that display long-lived circularly polarized phosphorescence. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:6484-6493. [PMID: 37096384 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00577a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of the first enantiopure cycloplatinated complexes bearing a bidentate, helicenic N-heterocyclic carbene and a diketonate ancillary ligand is presented, along with their structural and spectroscopic characterization based on both experimental and computational studies. The systems exhibit long-lived circularly polarized phosphorescence in solution and in doped films at room temperature, and also in a frozen glass at 77 K, with dissymmetry factor glum values ≥10-3 in the former and around 10-2 in the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debsouri Kundu
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Natalia Del Rio
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Marie Cordier
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13284 Marseille, France
| | - Emma V Puttock
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Stefan C J Meskers
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, NL 5600, The Netherlands
| | | | - Monika Srebro-Hooper
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France.
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7
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Ikemoto S, Muratsugu S, Koitaya T, Tsuji Y, Das M, Yoshizawa K, Glorius F, Tada M. Coordination-Induced Trigger for Activity: N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Decorated Ceria Catalysts Incorporating Cr and Rh with Activity Induction by Surface Adsorption Site Control. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1497-1504. [PMID: 36511728 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A coordination-induced trigger for catalytic activity is proposed on an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-decorated ceria catalyst incorporating Cr and Rh (ICy-r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz). ICy-r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz was prepared by grafting 1,3-dicyclohexylimidazol-2-ylidene (ICy) onto H2-reduced Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz (r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz) surfaces, which went on to exhibit substantial catalytic activity for the 1,4-arylation of cyclohexenone with phenylboronic acid, whereas r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz without ICy was inactive. FT-IR, Rh K-edge XAFS, XPS, and photoluminescence spectroscopy showed that the ICy carbene-coordinated Rh nanoclusters were the key active species. The coordination-induced trigger for catalytic activity on the ICy-bearing Rh nanoclusters could not be attributed to electronic donation from ICy to the Rh nanoclusters. DFT calculations suggested that ICy controlled the adsorption sites of the phenyl group on the Rh nanocluster to promote the C-C bond formation of the phenyl group and cyclohexenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ikemoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Satoshi Muratsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takanori Koitaya
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mizuki Tada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.,Research Center for Materials Science (RCMS), Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), and Institute for Advanced Study, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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8
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Berg I, Eisenberg H, Dery S, Shahar T, Cossaro A, Verdini A, Floreano L, Stein T, Gross E. The influence of adsorption geometry on the reduction affinity of nitroaromatics on Au(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22960-22970. [PMID: 36125248 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02832h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemoselective reduction of nitro groups in multifunctional nitroaromatics is a challenging catalytic process with high interest due to the importance of the resulting anilines for the chemical industry. Molecular-level understanding of the ways by which adsorption geometry of nitroaromatics influence their affinity toward nitro reduction will enable the development of highly selective reactions. Herein, taking advantage of the well-ordered self-assembly of para- and ortho-nitrothiophenol (p-NTP and o-NTP, respectively) monolayers on Au(111), we examined the correlation between adsorption geometry and nitro reduction affinity. The anchoring geometry of NTPs and their nitro reduction affinity were determined by conducting polarized X-ray absorption spectroscopy while the influence of NTPs' adsorption geometry on the interaction with the Au surface was analyzed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Exposure of surface anchored p-NTPs to reducing conditions led to their reorientation from a tilt angle of 52° to 25°, which enabled strong interactions between the π system of the molecules and the Au surface. Direct correlation was identified between the surface proximity of the nitro group, its parallel position to the surface and the resulting reduction yield. The asymmetric structure of o-NTP led to a tilted adsorption geometry in which the nitro group was rotated away from the plane of the aromatic ring and therefore was positioned parallel and in high proximity to the Au surface. This positioning led to surface-bonding that involved the oxygen atoms of o-NTP. The higher surface proximity and stronger surface interactions of the nitro group in o-NTP enabled nitro reduction already at 180 °C, while in p-NTP nitro reduction was achieved only at 230 °C, due to the longer distance between the NO2 group and the Au surface that led to weaker adsorbate-surface interactions. Thus, parallel positioning of the nitro group and high surface proximity were found as essential descriptors for nitro reduction affinity in both p-NTP and o-NTP on the Au surface. These findings provide explicit guidelines for tuning the reactant and surface properties in order to control the reactant's adsorption geometry for selective nitro reduction in multifunctional nitroaromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. .,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Helen Eisenberg
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. .,The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. .,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Tehila Shahar
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. .,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Albano Cossaro
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Alberto Verdini
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Tamar Stein
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. .,The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. .,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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9
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Berg I, Amit E, Hale L, Toste FD, Gross E. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Based Nanolayer for Copper Film Oxidation Mitigation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201093. [PMID: 35315187 PMCID: PMC9321544 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The wide use of copper is limited by its rapid oxidation. Main oxidation mitigation approaches involve alloying or surface passivation technologies. However, surface alloying often modifies the physical properties of copper, while surface passivation is characterized by limited thermal and chemical stability. Herein, we demonstrate an electrochemical approach for surface‐anchoring of an N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) nanolayer on a copper electrode by electro‐deposition of alkyne‐functionalized imidazolium cations. Water reduction reaction generated a high concentration of hydroxide ions that induced deprotonation of imidazolium cations and self‐assembly of NHCs on the copper electrode. In addition, alkyne group deprotonation enabled on‐surface polymerization by coupling surface‐anchored and solvated NHCs, which resulted in a 2 nm thick NHC‐nanolayer. Copper film coated with a NHC‐nanolayer demonstrated high oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures and under alkaline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Einav Amit
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Lillian Hale
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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10
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Berg I, Amit E, Hale L, Toste FD, Gross E. N
‐Heterocyclic Carbene Nanolayer for Copper Film Oxidation Mitigation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology The Hebrew University Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Einav Amit
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology The Hebrew University Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Lillian Hale
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology The Hebrew University Jerusalem 91904 Israel
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11
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Ren J, Freitag M, Gao Y, Bellotti P, Das M, Schulze Lammers B, Mönig H, Zhang Y, Daniliuc CG, Du S, Fuchs H, Glorius F. Reversible Self-Assembly of an N-Heterocyclic Carbene on Metal Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115104. [PMID: 34985795 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of cyclohexyl cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (cyCAAC) can be realized and reversibly switched from a close-packed trimer phase to a chainlike dimer phase, enabled by the ring-flip of the cyclohexyl wingtip. Multiple methods including scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations identified a distinct isomer (axial or equatorial chair conformer) in each phase, and consequently support the conclusion regarding the determination of molecular surface geometry on the self-assembly of cyCAAC. Moreover, various substrates such as Ag (111) and Cu (111) are tested to elucidate the importance of cyCAAC-surface interactions on cyCAAC based nanopatterns. These investigations of patterned surfaces prompted a deep understanding of cyCAAC binding mode, surface geometry and reversible self-assembly, which are of paramount significance in the areas of catalysis, biosensor design and surface functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key, Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nano-technology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Yuxiang Gao
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Shixuan Du
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P.R. China
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P.R. China
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Ren J, Freitag M, Gao Y, Bellotti P, Das M, Lammers BS, Mönig H, Zhang Y, Daniliuc CG, Du S, Fuchs H, Glorius F. Reversible Self‐Assembly of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene on Metal Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Ren
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Physics GERMANY
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Yuxiang Gao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics CHINA
| | - Peter Bellotti
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Physics GERMANY
| | - Harry Mönig
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Physics GERMANY
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics CHINA
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Shixuan Du
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics CHINA
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Physics CHINA
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster GERMANY
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Rikanati L, Dery S, Gross E. AFM-IR and s-SNOM-IR measurements of chemically addressable monolayers on Au nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:204704. [PMID: 34852499 DOI: 10.1063/5.0072079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of catalysts depends on their nanoscale properties, and local variations in structure and composition can have a dramatic impact on the catalytic reactivity. Therefore, probing the localized reactivity of catalytic surfaces using high spatial resolution vibrational spectroscopy, such as infrared (IR) nanospectroscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, is essential for mapping their reactivity pattern. Two fundamentally different scanning probe IR nanospectroscopy techniques, namely, scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), provide the capabilities for mapping the reactivity pattern of catalytic surfaces with a spatial resolution of ∼20 nm. Herein, we compare these two techniques with regard to their applicability for probing the vibrational signature of reactive molecules on catalytic nanoparticles. For this purpose, we use chemically addressable self-assembled molecules on Au nanoparticles as model systems. We identified significant spectral differences depending on the measurement technique, which originate from the fundamentally different working principles of the applied methods. While AFM-IR spectra provided information from all the molecules that were positioned underneath the tip, the s-SNOM spectra were more orientation-sensitive. Due to its field-enhancement factor, the s-SNOM spectra showed higher vibrational signals for dipoles that were perpendicularly oriented to the surface. The s-SNOM sensitivity to the molecular orientation influenced the amplitude, position, and signal-to-noise ratio of the collected spectra. Ensemble-based IR measurements verified that differences in the localized IR spectra stem from the enhanced sensitivity of s-SNOM measurements to the adsorption geometry of the probed molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihi Rikanati
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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