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Li HC, Liu DL, Luo X, Yuan T, Zhan K, Gan J. Enhanced Adhesion Properties of Polymer-Metal Interfaces via Nano-injection Molding: A Study on Molecular Kinematic Mechanisms. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-023-2906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Morsch S, Wand CR, Emad S, Lyon S, Siperstein F, Malanin M, Muche J, Caspari A, Drechsler A, Eichhorn KJ, Gibbon S. Molecular origins of Epoxy-Amine/Iron oxide interphase formation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 613:415-425. [PMID: 35042039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Interphase properties in composites, adhesives and protective coatings can be predicted on the basis of interfacial interactions between polymeric precursor molecules and the inorganic surface during network formation. The strength of molecular interactions is expected to determine local segmental mobility (polymer glass transition temperature, Tg) and cure degree. EXPERIMENTS Conventional analysis techniques and atomic force microscopy coupled with infrared (AFM-IR) are applied to nanocomposite specimens to precisely characterise the epoxy-amine/iron oxide interphase, whilst molecular dynamics simulations are applied to identify the molecular interactions underpinning its formation. FINDINGS Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and high-resolution AFM-IR mapping confirm the presence of nanoscale under-cured interphase regions. Interfacial segregation of the molecular triethylenetetraamine (TETA) cross-linker results in an excess of epoxy functionality near synthetic hematite, (Fe2O3) magnetite (Fe3O4) and goethite (Fe(O)OH) particle surfaces. This occurs independently of the variable surface binding energies, as a result of entropic segregation during the cure. Thermal analysis and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that restricted segmental motion is imparted by strong interfacial binding between surface Fe sites in goethite, where the position of surface hydroxyl protons enables synergistic hydrogen bonding and electrostatic binding to Fe atoms at specific sites. This provides a strong driving force for molecular orientation resulting in significantly raised Tg values for the goethite composite samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Morsch
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Charlie R Wand
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Seyedgholamreza Emad
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Stuart Lyon
- Corrosion and Protection Centre, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Flor Siperstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville St, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mikhail Malanin
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Muche
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Caspari
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Astrid Drechsler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus-Jochen Eichhorn
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon Gibbon
- AkzoNobel, Stoneygate Lane, Felling, Gateshead NE10 0JY, UK
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