Microcrystalline Cellulose-Supported Gold Nanoparticle Catalysts for Homocoupling of Phenylboronic Acids

Light-enhanced catalytic activity of stable and large gold nanoparticles in homocoupling reactions

Validating the direct photocatalytic activity of colloidal plasmonic nanoparticles is challenging due to their limited stability and needed support materials that can often contribute to the chemical reactions. Stable gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with tunable sizes are prepared across porous polymer particles without any chemical bonds where the resulting composite particles exhibit intense surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) in the visible region. These composite particles are then tested as photocatalysts under a broadband solar-simulated light source to examine the contribution degree of photothermal heating and SPR coming from the incorporated AuNPs in the C-C bond forming homocoupling reaction. Generally, the thermal and photothermal heating are the main driving force to increase the reactivity of relatively smaller AuNPs (~ 44 nm in diameter) with a narrower SPR band. However, the SPR-induced catalytic activity is much greater for the composite particles containing larger AuNPs (~ 87 nm in diameter) with a broader SPR. As the polymer particle matrix does not influence the catalytic activity (e.g., inducing charge delocalization and/or separation), the unique SPR role of the colloidal AuNPs in the catalytic reaction is assessable under light irradiation. This study experimentally demonstrates the possibility of evaluating the direct contribution of SPRs to photocatalytic chemical reactions.

Integration of Gold Nanoparticles into Crosslinker-Free Polymer Particles and Their Colloidal Catalytic Property

This work demonstrates the incorporation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into crosslinker-free poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), PNIPAM, particles in situ and the examination of their structural and catalytic properties. The formation process of the AuNPs across the crosslinker-free PNIPAM particles are compared to that of crosslinked PNIPAM particles. Given the relatively larger free volume across the crosslinker-free polymer network, the AuNPs formed by the in situ reduction of gold ions are detectably larger and more polydisperse, but their overall integration efficiency is slightly inferior. The structural features and stability of these composite particles are also examined in basic and alcoholic solvent environments, where the crosslinker-free PNIPAM particles still offer comparable physicochemical properties to the crosslinked PNIPAM particles. Interestingly, the crosslinker-free composite particles as a colloidal catalyst display a higher reactivity toward the homocoupling of phenylboronic acid and reveal the importance of the polymer network density. As such, the capability to prepare composite particles in a controlled polymer network and reactive metal nanoparticles, as well as understanding the structure-dependent physicochemical properties, can allow for the development of highly practical catalytic systems.