Modulation of Double Zwitterionic Block Copolymer Aggregates by Zwitterion-Specific Interactions

Chelation-Induced Zwitterion-like Antifouling Behavior on Anionic Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Surfaces

Antifouling properties are crucial for enhancing the longevity and functionality of biomedical implants, drug delivery systems, and biosensors. Zwitterionic polymers are renowned for their exceptional surface hydration and charge neutrality, which effectively resist biomolecular adsorption and protein attachment. We propose an innovative approach to develop zwitterion-like antifouling surfaces by chelating divalent cations with anionic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films, specifically PEDOT-PO4 and PEDOT-COOH. The chelation behavior of these films was systematically evaluated using Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ ions. Divalent ions, particularly Ca2+ and Mg2+, exhibit a strong affinity for the anionic groups, leading to significant antifouling properties. These modified surfaces effectively repelled both negatively charged bovine serum albumin (BSA) and positively charged lysozyme (LYZ) proteins across various pH environments. This study offers valuable insights into the antifouling characteristics of charged surfaces, enhancing our understanding of how ion-mediated surface modifications influence protein adsorption and interactions.

Impact of Zwitterions on the Acidity Constant and Glucose Sensitivity of Block Copolymers with Phenylboronic Acid

Molecular assemblies that transform in response to pH and saccharide concentration are promising nanomaterials in the field of biomedicine, and polymeric micelles of amphiphilic polymers with phenylboronic acids (PBAs) have been studied. Herein, we report the impact of zwitterions on the acidity constant for the collapse and the glucose sensitivity of a polymeric micelle produced from a diblock copolymer comprising polyacrylamides with PBA and zwitterionic carboxybetaine (PAEBB-b-PCBAAm). The diblock copolymer was synthesized through reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization followed by deprotection. PAEBB-b-PCBAAm produced micellar aggregates in aqueous solutions at a neutral pH, and the polymeric micelles collapsed at a pH of 11.0 because the PBA transformed into a hydroxyboronate anion. The pKa decreased in the presence of glucose owing to boronate ester formation. The PCBAAm chain significantly increased the pH at which the molecular assemblies dissociated. This is probably because the pKa of boronic acid increased through the dipolar interaction of zwitterions, and/or the zwitterionic polymer corona is valid for screening of PBA ionization and electrostatic repulsion of boronate anions. This study on the modulation of pKa through the zwitterionic interaction can facilitate the molecular design of pH- and saccharide-responsive biomaterials.

Multihydrogen Bond Modulated Polyzwitterionic Removable Adhesive Hydrogel with Antibacterial and Hemostatic Function for Wound Healing

Wound management is a major challenge worldwide, placing a huge financial burden on the government of every nation. Wound dressings that can protect wounds, accelerate healing, prevent infection, and avoid secondary damage continue to be a major focus of research in the health care and clinical communities. Herein, a novel zwitterionic polymer (LST) hydrogel incorporated with [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide (SBMA), mussel-inspired N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl] acrylamide (THMA), and lithium magnesium salt was prepared for functional wound dressings. The incorporation of the THMA monomer containing three hydroxyl groups gives the hydrogel suitable adhesion properties (∼6.0 KPa). This allows the LST zwitterionic hydrogels to bind well to the skin, which not only protects the wound and ensures its therapeutic efficacy but also allows for painless removal and reduced patient pain. Zwitterionic sulfobetaine units of SBMA provide antimicrobial and mechanical properties. The chemical structure and microscopic morphology of LST zwitterionic hydrogels were systematically studied, along with their swelling ratio, adhesion, and mechanical properties. The results showed that the LST zwitterionic hydrogels had a uniform and compact porous structure with the highest swelling and mechanical strain of 1607% and 1068.74%, respectively. The antibacterial rate of LST zwitterionic hydrogels was as high as 99.49%, and the hemostatic effect was about 1.5 times that of the commercial gelatin hemostatic sponges group. In further studies, a full-thickness mouse skin model was selected to evaluate the wound healing performance. Wounds covered by LST zwitterionic hydrogels had a complete epithelial reformation and new connective tissue, and its vascular regenerative capacity was increased to about 2.4 times that of the commercial group, and the wound could completely heal within 12-13 days. This study provides significant advances in the design and construction of multifunctional zwitterionic hydrogel adhesives and wound dressings.

The Effect of Block Ratio and Structure on the Thermosensitivity of Double and Triple Betaine Block Copolymers

AB-type and BAB-type betaine block copolymers composed of a carboxybetaine methacrylate and a sulfobetaine methacrylate, PGLBT-b-PSPE and PSPE-b-PGLBT-b-PSPE, respectively, were synthesized by one-pot RAFT polymerization. By optimizing the concentration of the monomer, initiator, and chain transfer agent, block extension with precise ratio control was enabled and a full conversion (~99%) of betaine monomers was achieved at each step. Two sets (total degree of polymerization: ~300 and ~600) of diblock copolymers having four different PGLBT:PSPE ratios were prepared to compare the influence of block ratio and molecular weight on the temperature-responsive behavior in aqueous solution. A turbidimetry and dynamic light scattering study revealed a shift to higher temperatures of the cloud point and micelle formation by increasing the ratio of PSPE, which exhibit upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior. PSPE-dominant diblocks created spherical micelles stabilized by PGLBT motifs, and the transition behavior diminished by decreasing the PSPE ratio. No particular change was found in the diblocks that had an identical AB ratio. This trend reappeared in the other set whose entire molecular weight approximately doubled, and each transition point was not recognizably impacted by the total molecular weight. For triblocks, the PSPE double ends provided a higher probability of interchain attractions and resulted in a more turbid solution at higher temperatures, compared to the diblocks which had similar block ratios and molecular weights. The intermediates assumed as network-like soft aggregates eventually rearranged to monodisperse flowerlike micelles. It is expected that the method for obtaining well-defined betaine block copolymers, as well as the relationship of the block ratio and the chain conformation to the temperature-responsive behavior, will be helpful for designing betaine-based polymeric applications.