1
|
Oluwatoba DS, Safoah HA, Do TD. The rise and fall of adenine clusters in the gas phase: a glimpse into crystal growth and nucleation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05442-2. [PMID: 39031229 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of a crystal nucleus from disordered states is a critical and challenging aspect of the crystallization process, primarily due to the extremely short length and timescales involved. Methods such as liquid-cell or low-dose focal-series transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are often employed to probe these events. In this study, we demonstrate that ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) offers a complementary and insightful perspective on the nucleation process by examining the sizes and shapes of small clusters, specifically those ranging from n = 2 to 40. Our findings reveal the significant role of sulfate ions in the growth of adeninediium sulfate clusters, which are the precursors to the formation of single crystals. Specifically, sulfate ions stabilize adenine clusters at the 1:1 ratio. In contrast, guanine sulfate forms smaller clusters with varied ratios, which become stable as they approach the 1:2 ratio. The nucleation size is predicted to be between n = 8 and 14, correlating well with the unit cell dimensions of adenine crystals. This correlation suggests that IMS-MS can identify critical nucleation sizes and provide valuable structural information consistent with established crystallographic data. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of IMS-MS in this context. IMS-MS offers rapid and robust experimental protocols, making it a valuable tool for studying the effects of various additives on the assembly of small molecules. Additionally, it aids in elucidating nucleation processes and the growth of different crystal polymorphs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Happy Abena Safoah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Thanh D Do
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jaiswal A, Patel M, Naseer A, Kumari S, Revi N, Rengan A, Jain A, Nazir A, Gour N, Verma S. Amyloid Mimicking Assemblies Formed by Glutamine, Glutamic Acid, and Aspartic Acid. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2253-2264. [PMID: 38768265 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of amino acids into amyloid-like structures is a critical phenomenon for understanding the pathophysiology of various diseases, including inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) associated with amino acid imbalances. Previous studies have primarily focused on self-assembly of aromatic amino acids, leading to a limited understanding of nonaromatic, polar amino acids in this context. To bridge this gap, our study investigates the self-assembly and aggregation behavior of specific nonaromatic charged and uncharged polar amino acids l-glutamine (Gln), l-aspartic acid (Asp), and l-glutamic acid (Glu), which have not been reported widely in the context of amyloid aggregation. Upon aging these amino acids under controlled conditions, we observed the formation of uniform, distinct aggregates, with Gln forming fibrillar gel-like structures and Glu exhibiting fibrous globular morphologies. Computational simulations validated these findings, identifying Gln as the most potent in forming stable aggregates, followed by Glu and Asp. These simulations elucidated the driving forces behind the distinct morphologies and stabilities of the aggregates. Thioflavin T assays were employed to confirm the amyloid-like nature of these aggregates, suggesting their potential cytotoxic impact. To assess toxicity, we performed in vitro studies on neural cell lines and in vivo experiments in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), which demonstrated measurable cytotoxic effects, corroborated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and heat shock survival assays. Importantly, this study fills a critical gap in our understanding on the role of nonaromatic amino acids in amyloidogenesis and its implications for IEMs. Our findings provide a foundation for future investigations into the mechanisms of diseases associated with amino acid accumulation and offer potential avenues for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Monisha Patel
- School of Science, Indrashil University, Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat 382740, India
| | - Anam Naseer
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Simran Kumari
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Neeraja Revi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Aravind Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Alok Jain
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Nidhi Gour
- School of Science, Indrashil University, Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat 382740, India
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Patel M, Jaiswal A, Naseer A, Tripathi A, Joshi A, Minocha T, Kautu A, Gupta S, Joshi KB, Pandey MK, Kumar R, Dubey KD, Nazir A, Verma S, Gour N. Amyloidogenic Propensity of Metabolites in the Uric Acid Pathway and Urea Cycle Critically Impacts the Etiology of Metabolic Disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:916-931. [PMID: 38369717 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel insights into the etiology of metabolic disorders have recently been uncovered through the study of metabolite amyloids. In particular, inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs), including gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS), xanthinuria, citrullinemia, and hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome, are attributed to the dysfunction of the urea cycle and uric acid pathway. In this study, we endeavored to understand and mechanistically characterize the aggregative property exhibited by the principal metabolites of the urea cycle and uric acid pathway, specifically hypoxanthine, xanthine, citrulline, and ornithine. Employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we studied the aggregation profiles of the metabolites. Insights obtained through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation underscore the vital roles of π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions in the self-assembly process, and thioflavin T (ThT) assays further corroborate the amyloid nature of these metabolites. The in vitro MTT assay revealed the cytotoxic trait of these assemblies, a finding that was substantiated by in vivo assays employing the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model, which revealed that the toxic effects were more pronounced and dose-specific in the case of metabolites that had aged via longer preincubation. We hence report a compelling phenomenon wherein these metabolites not only aggregate but transform into a soft, ordered assembly over time, eventually crystallizing upon extended incubation, leading to pathological implications. Our study suggests that the amyloidogenic nature of the involved metabolites could be a common etiological link in IEMs, potentially providing a unified perspective to study their pathophysiology, thus offering exciting insights into the development of targeted interventions for these metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monisha Patel
- School of Science, Indrashil University, Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India
| | - Ankita Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Anam Naseer
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ankita Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Aayushi Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382009, India
| | - Tarun Minocha
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Aanand Kautu
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Shilpi Gupta
- School of Science, Indrashil University, Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India
| | - Khashti Ballabh Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382009, India
| | - Randhir Kumar
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat 382740, India
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Nidhi Gour
- School of Science, Indrashil University, Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nandi S, Sarkar N. Interactions between Lipid Vesicle Membranes and Single Amino Acid Fibrils: Probable Origin of Specific Neurological Disorders. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1971-1987. [PMID: 38240221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils are known to be responsible for several neurological disorders, like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), etc. For decades, mostly proteins and peptide-based amyloid fibrils have been focused on, and the topic has acknowledged the rise, development, understanding of, and controversy, as well. However, the single amino acid based amyloid fibrils, responsible for several disorders, such as phenylketonuria, tyrosenimia type II, hypermethioninemia, etc., have gotten scientific attention lately. To understand the molecular level pathogenesis of such disorders originated due to the accumulation of single amino acid-based amyloid fibrils, interaction of these fibrils with phospholipid vesicle membranes is found to be an excellent cell-free in vitro setup. Based on such an in vitro setup, these fibrils show a generic mechanism of membrane insertion driven by electrostatic and hydrophobic effects inside the membrane that reduces the integral rigidity of the membrane. Alteration of such fundamental properties of the membrane, therefore, might be referred to as one of the prime pathological factors for the development of these neurological disorders. Hence, such interactions must be investigated in cellular and intracellular compartments to design suitable therapeutic modulators against fibrils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Nandi
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Nilmoni Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Rencus-Lazar S, Zhou H, Yin Y, Jiang X, Cai K, Gazit E, Ji W. Bioinspired Amino Acid Based Materials in Bionanotechnology: From Minimalistic Building Blocks and Assembly Mechanism to Applications. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1257-1288. [PMID: 38157317 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by natural hierarchical self-assembly of proteins and peptides, amino acids, as the basic building units, have been shown to self-assemble to form highly ordered structures through supramolecular interactions. The fabrication of functional biomaterials comprised of extremely simple biomolecules has gained increasing interest due to the advantages of biocompatibility, easy functionalization, and structural modularity. In particular, amino acid based assemblies have shown attractive physical characteristics for various bionanotechnology applications. Herein, we propose a review paper to summarize the design strategies as well as research advances of amino acid based supramolecular assemblies as smart functional materials. We first briefly introduce bioinspired reductionist design strategies and assembly mechanism for amino acid based molecular assembly materials through noncovalent interactions in condensed states, including self-assembly, metal ion mediated coordination assembly, and coassembly. In the following part, we provide an overview of the properties and functions of amino acid based materials toward applications in nanotechnology and biomedicine. Finally, we give an overview of the remaining challenges and future perspectives on the fabrication of amino acid based supramolecular biomaterials with desired properties. We believe that this review will promote the prosperous development of innovative bioinspired functional materials formed by minimalistic building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Sigal Rencus-Lazar
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Haoran Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Ehud Gazit
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Wei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kreiser T, Sogolovsky-Bard I, Zaguri D, Shaham-Niv S, Laor Bar-Yosef D, Gazit E. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Assembly into Amyloid-like Fibrils Provides a New Paradigm for Maple Syrup Urine Disease Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15999. [PMID: 37958982 PMCID: PMC10650742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inborn error of metabolism disorders (IEMs) are a family of diseases resulting from single-gene mutations that lead to the accumulation of metabolites that are usually toxic or interfere with normal cell function. The etiological link between metabolic alteration and the symptoms of IEMs is still elusive. Several metabolites, which accumulate in IEMs, were shown to self-assemble to form ordered structures. These structures display the same biophysical, biochemical, and biological characteristics as proteinaceous amyloid fibrils. Here, we have demonstrated, for the first time, the ability of each of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) that accumulate in maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) to self-assemble into amyloid-like fibrils depicted by characteristic morphology, binding to indicative amyloid-specific dyes and dose-dependent cytotoxicity by a late apoptosis mechanism. We could also detect the presence of the assemblies in living cells. In addition, by employing several in vitro techniques, we demonstrated the ability of known polyphenols to inhibit the formation of the BCAA fibrils. Our study implies that BCAAs possess a pathological role in MSUD, extends the paradigm-shifting concept regarding the toxicity of metabolite amyloid-like structures, and suggests new pathological targets that may lead to highly needed novel therapeutic opportunities for this orphan disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Topaz Kreiser
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (T.K.); (I.S.-B.); (D.Z.); (S.S.-N.); (D.L.B.-Y.)
| | - Ilana Sogolovsky-Bard
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (T.K.); (I.S.-B.); (D.Z.); (S.S.-N.); (D.L.B.-Y.)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Dor Zaguri
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (T.K.); (I.S.-B.); (D.Z.); (S.S.-N.); (D.L.B.-Y.)
| | - Shira Shaham-Niv
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (T.K.); (I.S.-B.); (D.Z.); (S.S.-N.); (D.L.B.-Y.)
| | - Dana Laor Bar-Yosef
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (T.K.); (I.S.-B.); (D.Z.); (S.S.-N.); (D.L.B.-Y.)
| | - Ehud Gazit
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (T.K.); (I.S.-B.); (D.Z.); (S.S.-N.); (D.L.B.-Y.)
- Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Levkovich SA, Gazit E, Laor Bar-Yosef D. The Metabolostasis Network and the Cellular Depository of Aggregation-Prone Metabolites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217622. [PMID: 37266966 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The vital role of metabolites across all branches of life and their involvement in various disorders have been investigated for decades. Many metabolites are poorly soluble in water or in physiological buffers and tend to form supramolecular aggregates. On the other hand, in the cell, they should be preserved in a pool and be readily available for the execution of biochemical functions. We thus propose that a quality-control network, termed "metabolostasis", has evolved to regulate the storage and retrieval of aggregation-prone metabolites. Such a system should control metabolite concentration, subcellular localization, supramolecular arrangement, and interaction in dynamic environments, thus enabling normal cellular physiology, healthy development, and preventing disease onset. The paradigm-shifting concept of metabolostasis calls for a reevaluation of the traditional view of metabolite storage and dynamics in physiology and pathology and proposes unprecedented directions for therapeutic targets under conditions where metabolostasis is imbalanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shon A Levkovich
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Ehud Gazit
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- BLAVATNIK CENTER for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Dana Laor Bar-Yosef
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nandi S, Sarkar N. A review on recent application of proton transfer photophysics of bipyridine-3,3′-diol in organized assemblies. J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-022-02095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
Paul D, Paul A, Mukherjee D, Saroj S, Ghosal M, Pal S, Senapati D, Chakrabarti J, Pal SK, Rakshit T. A Mechanoelastic Glimpse on Hyaluronan-Coated Extracellular Vesicles. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8564-8572. [PMID: 36069730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) covered with a carbohydrate polymer, hyaluronan (HA), linked to tumor malignancy. Herein, we have unravelled the contour lengths of HA on a single cancer cell-derived EV surface using single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS), which divulges the presence of low molecular weight HA (LMW-HA < 200 kDa). We also discovered that these LMW-HA-EVs are significantly more elastic than the normal cell-derived EVs. This intrinsic elasticity of cancer EVs could be directly allied to the LMW-HA abundance and associated labile water network on EV surface as revealed by correlative SMFS, hydration dynamics with fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. This method emerges as a molecular biosensor of the cancer microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debashish Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence, Delhi-NCR, Tehsil Dadri UP 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anirban Paul
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Dipanjan Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Saroj Saroj
- Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence, Delhi-NCR, Tehsil Dadri UP 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manorama Ghosal
- Chemical Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Suchetan Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhilai, CG 492015, India
| | - Dulal Senapati
- Chemical Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Jaydeb Chakrabarti
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata 700106, India
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Samir Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Tatini Rakshit
- Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence, Delhi-NCR, Tehsil Dadri UP 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|